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Velásquez PA, Hernandez JC, Galeano E, Hincapié-García J, Rugeles MT, Zapata-Builes W. Effectiveness of Drug Repurposing and Natural Products Against SARS-CoV-2: A Comprehensive Review. Clin Pharmacol 2024; 16:1-25. [PMID: 38197085 PMCID: PMC10773251 DOI: 10.2147/cpaa.s429064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a betacoronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, causing respiratory disorders, and even death in some individuals, if not appropriately treated in time. To face the pandemic, preventive measures have been taken against contagions and the application of vaccines to prevent severe disease and death cases. For the COVID-19 treatment, antiviral, antiparasitic, anticoagulant and other drugs have been reused due to limited specific medicaments for the disease. Drug repurposing is an emerging strategy with therapies that have already tested safe in humans. One promising alternative for systematic experimental screening of a vast pool of compounds is computational drug repurposing (in silico assay). Using these tools, new uses for approved drugs such as chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, zidovudine, ribavirin, lamivudine, remdesivir, lopinavir and tenofovir/emtricitabine have been conducted, showing effectiveness in vitro and in silico against SARS-CoV-2 and some of these, also in clinical trials. Additionally, therapeutic options have been sought in natural products (terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins and phenolics) with promising in vitro and in silico results for use in COVID-19 disease. Among these, the most studied are resveratrol, quercetin, hesperidin, curcumin, myricetin and betulinic acid, which were proposed as SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Among the drugs reused to control the SARS-CoV2, better results have been observed for remdesivir in hospitalized patients and outpatients. Regarding natural products, resveratrol, curcumin, and quercetin have demonstrated in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and in vivo, a nebulized formulation has demonstrated to alleviate the respiratory symptoms of COVID-19. This review shows the evidence of drug repurposing efficacy and the potential use of natural products as a treatment for COVID-19. For this, a search was carried out in PubMed, SciELO and ScienceDirect databases for articles about drugs approved or under study and natural compounds recognized for their antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Andrea Velásquez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan C Hernandez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jaime Hincapié-García
- Grupo de investigación, Promoción y prevención farmacéutica, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - María Teresa Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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Serna-Arbeláez MS, García-Cárcamo V, Rincón-Tabares DS, Guerra D, Loaiza-Cano V, Martinez-Gutierrez M, Pereañez JA, Pastrana-Restrepo M, Galeano E, Zapata W. In Vitro and In Silico Antiviral Activity of Di-Halogenated Compounds Derived from L-Tyrosine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1). Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:8173-8200. [PMID: 37886959 PMCID: PMC10605077 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45100516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is considered one of the major public health problems worldwide. Due to the limited access to antiretroviral therapy, the associated side effects, and the resistance that the virus can generate, it has become necessary to continue the development of new antiviral agents. The study aimed to identify potential antiviral agents for HIV-1 by evaluating the in vitro and in silico activity of 16 synthetic di-halogenated compounds derived from L-Tyrosine. The compounds were tested for cytotoxicity, which was determined using MTT, and a combined antiviral screening strategy (pre- and post-infection treatment) was performed against R5 and X4 strains of HIV-1. The most promising compounds were evaluated against a pseudotyped virus (HIV-GFP-VSV-G), and the effectiveness of these compounds was measured through GFP flow cytometry. Also, the antiviral effect of these compounds was evaluated in PBMCs using flow cytometry and ELISA for p24. The TODB-2M, TODC-2M, TODC-3M, and YDC-3M compounds showed low toxicity and significant inhibitory activity against HIV-1. In silico docking and molecular dynamics assays suggest that the compounds' antiviral activity may be due to interaction with reverse transcriptase, viral protease, or envelope gp120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria S. Serna-Arbeláez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.S.S.-A.); (V.G.-C.)
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Valentina García-Cárcamo
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.S.S.-A.); (V.G.-C.)
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Daniel S. Rincón-Tabares
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Diego Guerra
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina “López-Neyra”, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, PTS Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain;
- Programa de Estudio y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales PECET, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Vanessa Loaiza-Cano
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (M.M.-G.)
| | - Jaime A. Pereañez
- Grupo Toxinología, Alternativas Terapéuticas y Alimentarias, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Manuel Pastrana-Restrepo
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.P.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.P.-R.); (E.G.)
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.S.S.-A.); (V.G.-C.)
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
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Gómez-Archila LG, Palomino-Schätzlein M, Zapata-Builes W, Rugeles MT, Galeano E. Plasma metabolomics by nuclear magnetic resonance reveals biomarkers and metabolic pathways associated with the control of HIV-1 infection/progression. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1204273. [PMID: 37457832 PMCID: PMC10339029 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1204273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
How the human body reacts to the exposure of HIV-1 is an important research goal. Frequently, HIV exposure leads to infection, but some individuals show natural resistance to this infection; they are known as HIV-1-exposed but seronegative (HESN). Others, although infected but without antiretroviral therapy, control HIV-1 replication and progression to AIDS; they are named controllers, maintaining low viral levels and an adequate count of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Biological mechanisms explaining these phenomena are not precise. In this context, metabolomics emerges as a method to find metabolites in response to pathophysiological stimuli, which can help to establish mechanisms of natural resistance to HIV-1 infection and its progression. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 30 HESN, 14 HIV-1 progressors, 14 controllers and 30 healthy controls. Plasma samples (directly and deproteinized) were analyzed through Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolomics to find biomarkers and altered metabolic pathways. The metabolic profile analysis of progressors, controllers and HESN demonstrated significant differences with healthy controls when a discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was applied. In the discriminant models, 13 metabolites associated with HESN, 14 with progressors and 12 with controllers were identified, which presented statistically significant mean differences with healthy controls. In progressors, the metabolites were related to high energy expenditure (creatinine), mood disorders (tyrosine) and immune activation (lipoproteins), phenomena typical of the natural course of the infection. In controllers, they were related to an inflammation-modulating profile (glutamate and pyruvate) and a better adaptive immune system response (acetate) associated with resistance to progression. In the HESN group, with anti-inflammatory (lactate and phosphocholine) and virucidal (lactate) effects which constitute a protective profile in the sexual transmission of HIV. Concerning the significant metabolites of each group, we identified 24 genes involved in HIV-1 replication or virus proteins that were all altered in progressors but only partially in controllers and HESN. In summary, our results indicate that exposure to HIV-1 in HESN, as well as infection in progressors and controllers, affects the metabolism of individuals and that this affectation can be determined using NMR metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- León Gabriel Gómez-Archila
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Farmacéuticas ICIF-CES, Facultad de Ciencias y Biotecnología, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Maria T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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Agudelo C, Acevedo S, Carrillo-Hormaza L, Galeano E, Osorio E. Chemometric Classification of Colombian Cacao Crops: Effects of Different Genotypes and Origins in Different Years of Harvest on Levels of Flavonoid and Methylxanthine Metabolites in Raw Cacao Beans. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072068. [PMID: 35408468 PMCID: PMC9000445 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of chemical markers in raw cacao beans in two clones (introduced and regional) in Colombia over several years. Multivariate statistical methods were used to analyze the flavanol monomers (epicatechin and catechin), flavanol oligomers (procyanidins) and methylxanthine alkaloids (caffeine and theobromine) of cocoa samples. The results identified genotype as the main factor contributing to cacao chemistry, although significant differences were not observed between universal and regional clones in PCA. The univariate analysis allowed us to establish that EET-96 had the highest contents of both flavanol monomers (13.12 ± 2.30 mg/g) and procyanidins (7.56 ± 4.59 mg/g). In addition, the geographic origin, the harvest conditions of each region and the year of harvest may contribute to major discrepancies between results. Turbo cocoa samples are notable for their higher flavanol monomer content, Chigorodó cocoa samples for the presence of both types of polyphenol (monomer and procyanidin contents) and the Northeast cocoa samples for the higher methylxanthine content. We hope that knowledge of the heterogeneity of the metabolites of interest in each clone will contribute to the generation of added value in the cocoa production chain and its sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Agudelo
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
| | - Susana Acevedo
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
| | - Luis Carrillo-Hormaza
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
- Bioingred, Spin-Off Universidad de Antioquia, Itagüí 055412, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 0500100, Colombia; (C.A.); (S.A.); (L.C.-H.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +57-4-219-6590
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Loaiza-Cano V, Monsalve-Escudero LM, Restrepo MP, Quintero-Gil DC, Pulido Muñoz SA, Galeano E, Zapata W, Martinez-Gutierrez M. In Vitro and In Silico Anti-Arboviral Activities of Dihalogenated Phenolic Derivates of L-Tyrosine. Molecules 2021; 26:3430. [PMID: 34198817 PMCID: PMC8201234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the serious public health problem represented by the diseases caused by dengue (DENV), Zika (ZIKV) and chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses, there are still no specific licensed antivirals available for their treatment. Here, we examined the potential anti-arbovirus activity of ten di-halogenated compounds derived from L-tyrosine with modifications in amine and carboxyl groups. The activity of compounds on VERO cell line infection and the possible mechanism of action of the most promising compounds were evaluated. Finally, molecular docking between the compounds and viral and cellular proteins was evaluated in silico with Autodock Vina®, and the molecular dynamic with Gromacs®. Only two compounds (TDC-2M-ME and TDB-2M-ME) inhibited both ZIKV and CHIKV. Within the possible mechanism, in CHIKV, the two compounds decreased the number of genome copies and in the pre-treatment strategy the infectious viral particles. In the ZIKV model, only TDB-2M-ME inhibited the viral protein and demonstrate a virucidal effect. Moreover, in the U937 cell line infected with CHIKV, both compounds inhibited the viral protein and TDB-2M-ME inhibited the viral genome too. Finally, the in silico results showed a favorable binding energy between the compounds and the helicases of both viral models, the NSP3 of CHIKV and cellular proteins DDC and β2 adrenoreceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Loaiza-Cano
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.); (D.C.Q.-G.)
| | - Laura Milena Monsalve-Escudero
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.); (D.C.Q.-G.)
| | - Manuel Pastrana Restrepo
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales Marinos, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.P.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Diana Carolina Quintero-Gil
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.); (D.C.Q.-G.)
| | | | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Productos Naturales Marinos, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050001, Colombia; (M.P.R.); (E.G.)
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín 050001, Colombia;
| | - Marlen Martinez-Gutierrez
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Animales-GRICA, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Bucaramanga 680005, Colombia; (V.L.-C.); (L.M.M.-E.); (D.C.Q.-G.)
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Gómez-Archila LG, Palomino-Schätzlein M, Zapata-Builes W, Galeano E. Development of an optimized method for processing peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic profiling. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247668. [PMID: 33630921 PMCID: PMC7906414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are part of the innate and adaptive immune system, and form a critical interface between both systems. Studying the metabolic profile of PBMC could provide valuable information about the response to pathogens, toxins or cancer, the detection of drug toxicity, in drug discovery and cell replacement therapy. The primary purpose of this study was to develop an improved processing method for PBMCs metabolomic profiling with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. To this end, an experimental design was applied to develop an alternative method to process PBMCs at low concentrations. The design included the isolation of PBMCs from the whole blood of four different volunteers, of whom 27 cell samples were processed by two different techniques for quenching and extraction of metabolites: a traditional one using organic solvents and an alternative one employing a high-intensity ultrasound probe, the latter with a variation that includes the use of deproteinizing filters. Finally, all the samples were characterized by 1H-NMR and the metabolomic profiles were compared by the method. As a result, two new methods for PBMCs processing, called Ultrasound Method (UM) and Ultrasound and Ultrafiltration Method (UUM), are described and compared to the Folch Method (FM), which is the standard protocol for extracting metabolites from cell samples. We found that UM and UUM were superior to FM in terms of sensitivity, processing time, spectrum quality, amount of identifiable, quantifiable metabolites and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- León Gabriel Gómez-Archila
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medelín, Colombia
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Medellín, Colombia
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Gutiérrez G, Valencia LM, Giraldo-Dávila D, Combariza MY, Galeano E, Balcazar N, Panay AJ, Jerez AM, Montoya G. Pentacyclic Triterpene Profile and Its Biosynthetic Pathway in Cecropia telenitida as a Prospective Dietary Supplement. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26041064. [PMID: 33670502 PMCID: PMC7922737 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Promising research over the past decades has shown that some types of pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are associated with the prevention of type 2 diabetes (T2D), especially those found in foods. The most abundant edible sources of PTs are those belonging to the ursane and oleanane scaffold. The principal finding is that Cecropia telenitida contains abundant oleanane and ursane PT types with similar oxygenation patterns to those found in food matrices. We studied the compositional profile of a rich PT fraction (DE16-R) and carried out a viability test over different cell lines. The biosynthetic pathway connected to the isolated PTs in C. telenitida offers a specific medicinal benefit related to the modulation of T2D. This current study suggests that this plant can assemble isobaric, positional isomers or epimeric PT. Ursane or oleanane scaffolds with the same oxygenation pattern are always shared by the PTs in C. telenitida, as demonstrated by its biosynthetic pathway. Local communities have long used this plant in traditional medicine, and humans have consumed ursane and oleanane PTs in fruits since ancient times, two key points we believe useful in considering the medicinal benefits of C. telenitida and explaining how a group of molecules sharing a closely related scaffold can express effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gutiérrez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia; (G.G.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Laura Marcela Valencia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia; (G.G.); (L.M.V.)
| | - Deisy Giraldo-Dávila
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia; (D.G.-D.); (M.Y.C.)
| | - Marianny Y. Combariza
- Escuela de Química, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga 680003, Colombia; (D.G.-D.); (M.Y.C.)
| | - Elkin Galeano
- Productos Naturales Marinos, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Calle 70 # 52-21, Laboratorio 2-131, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Norman Balcazar
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Carrera 51D Nº 62-29, Medellin 050010, Colombia;
- GENMOL Group, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Aram J. Panay
- Independent Researcher, Calle 28 # 86-70 Apt 712, Cali 760031, Colombia;
| | - Alejandra Maria Jerez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia;
| | - Guillermo Montoya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia; (G.G.); (L.M.V.)
- Center for Specialized and Biotechnological Natural Ingredients (CINEB), School of Natural Sciences, Universidad Icesi, Cali 760031, Colombia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +57-317-331-3187
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Galeano E, Barroso AAM, Vasconcelos TS, López-Rubio A, Albrecht AJP, Victoria Filho R, Carrer H. EPSPS variability, gene expression, and enzymatic activity in glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Digitaria insularis. Genet Mol Res 2016; 15:gmr8730. [PMID: 27525929 DOI: 10.4238/gmr.15038730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Weed resistance to herbicides is a natural phenomenon that exerts selection on individuals in a population. In Brazil, glyphosate resistance was recently detected in Digitaria insularis. The objective of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of weed resistance in this plant, including genetic variability, allelism, amino acid substitutions, gene expression, and enzymatic activity levels. Most of these have not previously been studied in this species. D. insularis DNA sequences were used to analyze genetic variability. cDNA from resistant and susceptible plants was used to identify mutations, alleles, and 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) expression, using real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. In addition, EPSPS activity was measured. We found a decrease in genetic variability between populations related to glyphosate application. Substitutions from proline to threonine and tyrosine to cysteine led to a decrease in EPSPS affinity for the glyphosate. In addition, the EPSPS enzymatic activity was slightly higher in resistant plants, whereas EPSPS gene expression was almost identical in both biotypes, suggesting feedback regulation at different levels. To conclude, our results suggest new molecular mechanisms used by D. insularis to increase glyphosate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galeano
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - A A M Barroso
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - T S Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - A López-Rubio
- Grupo Investigación Ciencias Forenses y Salud, Tecnológico de Antioquia Institución Universitaria, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - A J P Albrecht
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - R Victoria Filho
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - H Carrer
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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Galeano E, Martínez A, Thomas OP, Robledo S, Munoz D. Antiparasitic bromotyrosine derivatives from the Caribbean marine sponge Aiolochroia crassa. QUIM NOVA 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-40422012000600023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Galeano E, Thomas OP, Robledo S, Munoz D, Martinez A. Antiparasitic bromotyrosine derivatives from the marine sponge Verongula rigida. Mar Drugs 2011; 9:1902-1913. [PMID: 22073002 PMCID: PMC3210611 DOI: 10.3390/md9101902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine bromotyrosine-derived compounds were isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Verongula rigida. Two of them, aeroplysinin-1 (1) and dihydroxyaerothionin (2), are known compounds for this species, and the other seven are unknown compounds for this species, namely: 3,5-dibromo-N,N,N-trimethyltyraminium (3), 3,5-dibromo-N,N,N, O-tetramethyltyraminium (4), purealidin R (5), 19-deoxyfistularin 3 (6), purealidin B (7), 11-hydroxyaerothionin (8) and fistularin-3 (9). Structural determination of the isolated compounds was performed using one- and two-dimensional NMR, MS and other spectroscopy data. All isolated compounds were screened for their in vitro activity against three parasitic protozoa: Leishmania panamensis, Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma cruzi. Compounds 7 and 8 showed selective antiparasitic activity at 10 and 5 μM against Leishmania and Plasmodium parasites, respectively. Cytotoxicity of these compounds on a human promonocytic cell line was also assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Galeano
- Marine Natural Products Research Group, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia
| | - Olivier P Thomas
- Chemical Institute of Nice, UMR 6001 CNRS, University of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108, Nice Cedex 02, France
| | - Sara Robledo
- Program for the Study and Control of Tropical Diseases (PECET), University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia
| | - Diana Munoz
- Program for the Study and Control of Tropical Diseases (PECET), University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia
| | - Alejandro Martinez
- Marine Natural Products Research Group, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Faculty, University of Antioquia, Medellin AA 1226, Colombia
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Galeano E, Rojas JJ, Martínez A. Pharmacological developments obtained from marine natural products and current pipeline perspective. Nat Prod Commun 2011; 6:287-300. [PMID: 21425696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms represent a new extensive source for bioactive molecules. They have the potential to provide new therapeutic alternatives to treat human diseases. In this paper, we describe and discuss a variety of isolated and semisynthetic molecules obtained from marine sources. These compounds are in phase II, phase III and at the commercialization stage of new drug development. A description of the mechanism of action, dosage used and side effects are also reported. The positive results obtained from these studies have triggered the development of new studies to evaluate the prospects for utilization of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkin Galeano
- Marine Natural Products Research Group, School of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.
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Galeano E. [To be as they are]. Riv Inferm 1992; 11:43-7. [PMID: 1609198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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