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Psotta C, Nilsson EJ, Sjöberg T, Falk M. Bacteria-Infected Artificial Urine Characterization Based on a Combined Approach Using an Electronic Tongue Complemented with 1H-NMR and Flow Cytometry. Biosensors (Basel) 2023; 13:916. [PMID: 37887109 PMCID: PMC10605348 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The prevailing form of bacterial infection is within the urinary tract, encompassing a wide array of bacteria that harness the urinary metabolome for their growth. Through their metabolic actions, the chemical composition of the growth medium undergoes modifications as the bacteria metabolize urine compounds, leading to the subsequent release of metabolites. These changes can indirectly indicate the existence and proliferation of bacterial organisms. Here, we investigate the use of an electronic tongue, a powerful analytical instrument based on a combination of non-selective chemical sensors with a partial specificity for data gathering combined with principal component analysis, to distinguish between infected and non-infected artificial urine samples. Three prevalent bacteria found in urinary tract infections were investigated, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis. Furthermore, the electronic tongue analysis was supplemented with 1H NMR spectroscopy and flow cytometry. Bacteria-specific changes in compound consumption allowed for a qualitative differentiation between artificial urine medium and bacterial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magnus Falk
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, and Biofilms Research Center, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (C.P.); (E.J.N.); (T.S.)
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Morin M, Björklund S, Nilsson EJ, Engblom J. Bicontinuous Cubic Liquid Crystals as Potential Matrices for Non-Invasive Topical Sampling of Low-Molecular-Weight Biomarkers. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2031. [PMID: 37631245 PMCID: PMC10459996 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Many skin disorders, including cancer, have inflammatory components. The non-invasive detection of related biomarkers could therefore be highly valuable for both diagnosis and follow up on the effect of treatment. This study targets the extraction of tryptophan (Trp) and its metabolite kynurenine (Kyn), two compounds associated with several inflammatory skin disorders. We furthermore hypothesize that lipid-based bicontinuous cubic liquid crystals could be efficient extraction matrices. They comprise a large interfacial area separating interconnected polar and apolar domains, allowing them to accommodate solutes with various properties. We concluded, using the extensively studied GMO-water system as test-platform, that the hydrophilic Kyn and Trp favored the cubic phase over water and revealed a preference for locating at the lipid-water interface. The interfacial area per unit volume of the matrix, as well as the incorporation of ionic molecules at the lipid-water interface, can be used to optimize the extraction of solutes with specific physicochemical characteristics. We also observed that the cubic phases formed at rather extreme water activities (>0.9) and that wearing them resulted in efficient hydration and increased permeability of the skin. Evidently, bicontinuous cubic liquid crystals constitute a promising and versatile platform for non-invasive extraction of biomarkers through skin, as well as for transdermal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Morin
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden (S.B.); (E.J.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Björklund
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden (S.B.); (E.J.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emelie J. Nilsson
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden (S.B.); (E.J.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Engblom
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden (S.B.); (E.J.N.)
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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Riaz A, Gidvall S, Prgomet Z, Hernandez AR, Ruzgas T, Nilsson EJ, Davies J, Valetti S. Three-Dimensional Oral Mucosal Equivalents as Models for Transmucosal Drug Permeation Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051513. [PMID: 37242755 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral transmucosal administration, where drugs are absorbed directly through the non-keratinized, lining mucosa of the mouth, represents a solution to drug delivery with several advantages. Oral mucosal equivalents (OME) developed as 3D in vitro models are of great interest since they express the correct cell differentiation and tissue architecture, simulating the in vivo conditions better than monolayer cultures or animal tissues. The aim of this work was to develop OME to be used as a membrane for drug permeation studies. We developed both full-thickness (i.e., connective plus epithelial tissue) and split-thickness (i.e., only epithelial tissue) OME using non-tumor-derived human keratinocytes OKF6 TERT-2 obtained from the floor of the mouth. All the OME developed here presented similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values, comparable to the commercial EpiOral™. Using eletriptan hydrobromide as a model drug, we found that the full-thickness OME had similar drug flux to EpiOral™ (28.8 vs. 29.6 µg/cm2/h), suggesting that the model had the same permeation barrier properties. Furthermore, full-thickness OME showed an increase in ceramide content together with a decrease in phospholipids in comparison to the monolayer culture, indicating that lipid differentiation occurred due to the tissue-engineering protocols. The split-thickness mucosal model resulted in 4-5 cell layers with basal cells still undergoing mitosis. The optimum period at the air-liquid interface for this model was twenty-one days; after longer times, signs of apoptosis appeared. Following the 3R principles, we found that the addition of Ca2+, retinoic acid, linoleic acid, epidermal growth factor and bovine pituitary extract was important but not sufficient to fully replace the fetal bovine serum. Finally, the OME models presented here offer a longer shelf-life than the pre-existing models, which paves the way for the further investigation of broader pharmaceutical applications (i.e., long-term drug exposure, effect on the keratinocytes' differentiation and inflammatory conditions, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Riaz
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sanna Gidvall
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Zdenka Prgomet
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Aura Rocio Hernandez
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Tautgirdas Ruzgas
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emelie J Nilsson
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Julia Davies
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sabrina Valetti
- Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Biofilms-Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
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Falk M, Nilsson EJ, Cirovic S, Tudosoiu B, Shleev S. Wearable Electronic Tongue for Non-Invasive Assessment of Human Sweat. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21217311. [PMID: 34770617 PMCID: PMC8587441 DOI: 10.3390/s21217311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sweat is a promising biofluid in allowing for non-invasive sampling. Here, we investigate the use of a voltammetric electronic tongue, combining different metal electrodes, for the purpose of non-invasive sample assessment, specifically focusing on sweat. A wearable electronic tongue is presented by incorporating metal electrodes on a flexible circuit board and used to non-invasively monitor sweat on the body. The data obtained from the measurements were treated by multivariate data processing. Using principal component analysis to analyze the data collected by the wearable electronic tongue enabled differentiation of sweat samples of different chemical composition, and when combined with 1H-NMR sample differentiation could be attributed to changing analyte concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Falk
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emelie J. Nilsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Stefan Cirovic
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Sergey Shleev
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden; (M.F.); (E.J.N.); (S.C.)
- Biofilms—Research Center for Biointerfaces (BRCB), Malmö University, 205 06 Malmö, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Lind TK, Nilsson EJ, Wyler B, Scherer D, Skansberger T, Morin M, Kocherbitov V, Engblom J. Effects of ethylene oxide chain length on crystallization of polysorbate 80 and its related compounds. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 592:468-484. [PMID: 33711648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the synthesis protocol polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (polysorbate 80, PS80) is a highly complex mixture of compounds. PS80 was therefore separated into its main constituents, e.g. polyoxyethylene isosorbide esters and polyoxyethylene esters, as well as mono- di- and polyesters using preparative high-performance liquid chromatography. In this comprehensive study the individual components and their ethoxylation level were verified by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight and their thermotropic behavior was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. A distinct correlation was found between the average length of the ethylene oxide (EO) chains in the headgroup and the individual compounds' ability to crystallize. Importantly, a critical number of EO units required for crystallization of the headgroup was determined (6 EO units per chain or 24 per molecule). The investigation also revealed that the hydrocarbon tails only crystallize for polyoxyethylene sorbitan esters if saturated. PS80 is synthesized by reacting with approximately 20 mol of EO per mole of sorbitol, however, the number of EO units in the sorbitan ester in commercial PS80 products is higher than the expected 20 (5 EO units per chain). The complex behavior of all tested compounds revealed that if the amount of several of the linear by-products is reduced, the number of EO units in the chains will stay below the critical number and the product will not be able to crystallize by the EO chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania K Lind
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emelie J Nilsson
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | | | - Tatyana Skansberger
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Maxim Morin
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Vitaly Kocherbitov
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Johan Engblom
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden; Biofilms - Research Center for Biointerfaces, Malmö University, SE-205 06 Malmö, Sweden.
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Nilsson EJ, Lind TK, Scherer D, Skansberger T, Mortensen K, Engblom J, Kocherbitov V. Mechanisms of crystallisation in polysorbates and sorbitan esters. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00236d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state behaviour of the commonly used pharmaceutical excipient polysorbates, and their non-ethoxylated equivalents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie J. Nilsson
- Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Tania K. Lind
- Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | | | - Tatyana Skansberger
- Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Kell Mortensen
- Niels Bohr Institute
- University of Copenhagen
- DK-2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Johan Engblom
- Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
| | - Vitaly Kocherbitov
- Biomedical Sciences
- Faculty of Health and Society
- Malmö University
- SE-205 06 Malmö
- Sweden
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Nilsson EJ, Huber M, Carlström G, Söderman O, Bowron DT, Edler KJ, Alfredsson V. Stability and behaviour in aqueous solutions of the anionic cubic silsesquioxane substituted with tetramethylammonium. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6732-6742. [PMID: 30860209 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05682j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aqueous behaviour of the anionic octa-tetramethylammonium substituted cubic silsesquioxane, [N(CH3)4]8[Si8O20], was studied with quantitative 29Si-NMR. This molecule partially fragments in aqueous solutions, forming several smaller entities. The most abundant silica species are the monomer, dimer, cyclic trimer, cyclic tetramer and double three-ring. Higher concentrations are required in order to prevent complete fragmentation of the cubic structure. Additives such as alcohols and tetraalkylammonium salts have a stabilising effect on the cubic silsesquioxane, unlike sodium salts that destabilise it. A high concentration solution, containing the non-fragmented molecule as well as entities resulting from fragmentations, was investigated with neutron scattering coupled with modelling, using empirical potential structure refinement (EPSR). The modelling reveals that TMA+ ions coordinates to all different silica species, with approximately three TMA+ per cube. These are located at the faces of the cube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie J Nilsson
- Physical Chemistry, KILU, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden.
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Nilsson EJ, Alfredsson V, Bowron DT, Edler KJ. A neutron scattering and modelling study of aqueous solutions of tetramethylammonium and tetrapropylammonium bromide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11193-201. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01389a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Tetrapropylammonium ions cluster and have less structured water arrangements whereas tetramethylammonium ions occur as single molecules with tetrahedral water arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel T. Bowron
- ISIS
- Science and Technology Facilities Council Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
- Didcot OX11 0QX
- UK
| | - Karen J. Edler
- Physical Chemistry
- KILU
- Lund University
- SE-22100 Lund
- Sweden
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Abstract
Knowledge of the relationship between a history of atopic dermatitis and nickel sensitivity as risk factors for hand eczema is limited. Our objective was to study the relative importance of atopic manifestations and nickel sensitivity as risk factors for hand eczema in women. From women referred for patch testing with a dental series, 100 consecutive nickel-positive and 95 nickel-negative patients were studied. A history of atopic manifestations and a history of 5 symptoms of hand eczema, i.e., dry erythemas, maculopapules, vesicles, erosions and hyperkeratoses were recorded. A history of atopic dermatitis was found to increase the risk of the 5 symptoms of hand eczema and sick leave due to hand eczema highly significantly. Nickel sensitivity increased only the risk of vesicles and erosions. Xerosis increased the risk of dry erythemas and vesicles. We concluded that a history of atopic dermatitis was more important than nickel sensitivity as a risk factor for hand eczema in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Nilsson
- Department of Dermatology, Sundsvall Hospital, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is commonly colonized with Staphylococcus aureus in high densities. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to study the effect of topical corticosteroids on the colonization of S. aureus in atopic dermatitis. METHODS Sixty-six patients were treated with moderately potent, or very potent corticosteroids. Quantification of S. aureus and evaluation of the severity of the eczema was performed before, after 1 week, and after 2 weeks of treatment. RESULTS Fifty-three patients carried S. aureus in the most pronounced lesion before treatment. The colonization was significantly correlated with the severity of the eczema. The density of S. aureus was reduced by topical corticosteroids. The reduction increased with the potency of the corticosteroid and was most pronounced during the first week. S. aureus was eliminated after a successful 2-week treatment with a very potent corticosteroid. Propylene glycol 25% added to a moderately potent corticosteroid did not significantly increase the reduction of S. aureus. CONCLUSION Topical corticosteroids of sufficient potency reduce the density of S. aureus in atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Nilsson
- Department of Dermatology, Sundsvall Hospital, Sweden
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