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Hsu LY, Pawar RD, Li D, Ghosh P, Nguyen K, Williams C, Song Y, Ding N, Verner E, Miller RA. Abstract 1813: Selective ITK blockade induces antitumor responses and enhances efficacy to immune checkpoint inhibitors in preclinical models. Cancer Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin 2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) plays a role in both T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and T helper cell differentiation. ITK-/- mice exhibit defects in Th2 differentiation while retaining the ability to differentiate into Th1 cells that secrete IFNγ. We generated CPI-818, a covalent inhibitor of ITK (KD 2.5nM) with > 100 fold selectivity over resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK) and other TEC family kinases. This drug is now being evaluated as a single agent in an ongoing Phase 1 clinical trial in refractory T cell lymphoma where objective tumor responses have been observed. In the studies reported here, we have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of specific ITK blockade of human T cells with CPI-818 in vitro and in vivo in murine tumor models.
Analysis of the cytokine profiles in human CD4 T cells differentiated under non-polarizing, Th1 or Th2 polarizing conditions showed that CPI-818 inhibited generation of Th2-associated cytokines whereas, production of Th1 cytokines such as IFNγ were largely unaffected. Suppression of IL-2-mediated proliferative response occurred only at high concentrations of CPI-818 (>1uM). The effect of CPI-818 on anti-tumor immunity was evaluated in both murine syngeneic CT26 colon cancer and EL4 T cell lymphoma models. In vivo treatment of animals with established tumors showed single-agent anti-tumor activity in both models. Combining CPI-818 with suboptimal doses of anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 synergistically inhibited the growth of established CT26 tumors, leading to complete tumor elimination in 100% treated animals. Furthermore, triple combination therapy elicited durable anti-tumor immune memory after animals were rechallenged with a new engraftment of CT26 cells. Enhancement of anti-tumor activity required CD8+ T cells as in vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD8, but not CD4, abolished the efficacy of CPI-818 monotherapy. Consistent with that, we found increased tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells and increased ratio of CD8: Treg in the responding tumors of CPI-818 treated animals. Levels of several exhaustion makers were down-regulated by treatment with CPI-818, suggesting that inhibition of ITK by CPI-818 produces favorable changes in the tumor microenvironment. Our findings provide insights into the effects of selective ITK blockade on tumor immunity and its potential role in immunotherapy.
Citation Format: Lih-Yun Hsu, Rahul D. Pawar, Dan Li, Poorva Ghosh, Kevin Nguyen, Carlene Williams, Yuqin Song, Ning Ding, Erik Verner, Richard A. Miller. Selective ITK blockade induces antitumor responses and enhances efficacy to immune checkpoint inhibitors in preclinical models [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 1813.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih-Yun Hsu
- 1Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Burlingame, CA
| | | | - Dan Li
- 1Corvus Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Burlingame, CA
| | | | | | | | - Yuqin Song
- 2Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ding
- 2Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Erik Verner
- 3Angel Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Jiaxing, China
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2
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Wight J, Hamad N, Campbell BA, Ku M, Lee K, Rose H, Armytage T, Latimer M, Lee HP, Lee ST, Dickinson M, Khor R, Verner E. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: A consensus practice statement from the Australasian Lymphoma Alliance. Intern Med J 2021; 52:1609-1623. [PMID: 34532916 DOI: 10.1111/imj.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common lymphoma subtype, accounting for 30-40% of lymphoma diagnoses. Though aggressive, cure is achievable in approximately 60% of cases with primary chemo-immunotherapy, and in a further substantial minority by salvage therapy and autologous stem cell transplantation. Despite promising activity in early phase clinical trials, no intensified or novel treatment regimen has improved outcomes over R-CHOP21 in randomised studies. However, there remain several areas of controversy including the most appropriate prognostic markers, CNS prophylaxis and the optimal treatment for patients with high-risk disease. This position statement presents an evidence-based synthesis of the literature for application in Australasian practice. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wight
- Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Australia.,Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - N Hamad
- Department of Haematology, St Vincent's Hospital Sydney, Australia.,School of Medicine, Sydney, University of Notre Dame Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Sydney, University of New South UK
| | - B A Campbell
- Department of Radiation oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria.,Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria
| | - M Ku
- St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - K Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Anatomical Pathology Department, NSW Health Pathology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - H Rose
- University Hospital Geelong, Victoria.,School of Medicine, Deakin University Geelong, Victoria
| | - T Armytage
- Department of haematology, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, New South, UK
| | - M Latimer
- Canberra Hospital, Canberra, Australia.,Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - H P Lee
- Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
| | - S T Lee
- Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - M Dickinson
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Parkville, Victoria
| | - R Khor
- Austin Health, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - E Verner
- School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Haematology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Cheah CY, Verner E, Tam CS, Hilger J, Gao Y, Huang J, Simpson D, Opat S. PRELIMINARY SAFETY DATA FROM PATIENTS (PTS) WITH RELAPSED/REFRACTORY (R/R) B‐CELL MALIGNANCIES TREATED WITH THE NOVEL B‐CELL LYMPHOMA 2 (BCL2) INHIBITOR BGB‐11417. Hematol Oncol 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.85_2881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Y. Cheah
- Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital and Pathwest Laboratory Medicine Nedlands; Medical School University of Western Australia Crawley; Linear Clinical Research Department of Haematology Nedlands Australia
| | - E. Verner
- Concord Repatriation General Hospital Concord; University of Sydney Haematology Sydney Australia
| | - C. S. Tam
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre Melbourne; University of Melbourne Parkville; St Vincent’s Hospital Fitzroy; Royal Melbourne Hospital Haematology Parkville Australia
| | - J. Hilger
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Beijing, China and BeiGene USA, Inc. Hematology San Mateo California USA
| | - Y. Gao
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Beijing, China and BeiGene USA, Inc. Hematology San Mateo California USA
| | - J. Huang
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Beijing, China and BeiGene USA, Inc. Hematology San Mateo California USA
| | - D. Simpson
- BeiGene (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Beijing, China and BeiGene USA, Inc. Hematology San Mateo California USA
| | - S. Opat
- Monash Health and Monash University Haematology Clayton Australia
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Janc JW, Hill CM, Ng PP, Hoston AN, Madriaga A, Dao-Pick TP, Yeung KS, Hudson R, Beausoleil AM, Bradley E, Verner E, Thamm DH, Miller RA, Buggy JJ. Abstract 1313: CPI-818: A selective inhibitor of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) that inhibits T-cell receptor signaling, promotes Th1 skewing, and achieves objective tumor responses when administered to dogs with T cell lymphomas. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: ITK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase that modifies T cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Mice deficient in ITK, but not resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK), exhibit defects in Th2 differentiation while retaining the ability to differentiate into Th1 cells and secrete IFNγ. Combined disruption of ITK and RLK in mice leads to more severe T cell functional defects compared to disrupting ITK alone, and paradoxically allows for normal Th2 responses. Thus, selective pharmacologic inhibition of ITK versus RLK is necessary to inhibit Th2 responses without affecting Th1-dependent immunity. ITK is widely expressed in T cell malignancies, and activation of ITK upregulates GATA-3, a transcription factor that drives Th2 differentiation and is associated with poor survival. Here we report the discovery and characterization of CPI-818, an irreversible inhibitor of ITK. CPI-818 is highly selective for ITK over RLK allowing for an assessment of pure ITK inhibition on normal and malignant T cells.
Results: CPI-818 irreversibly inhibited ITK (IC502.3 nM) with >100-fold selectivity over RLK (430 nM) and BTK (850 nM). The mechanism of ITK inhibition involves covalent binding to CYS-442 confirmed by mass spectrometry. Irreversible inhibition of ITK in vitroand in vivowas demonstrated using an active site competitive probe. CPI-818 inhibited anti-CD3/28 induced phosphorylation of ERK (T202/Y204) and PLCγ (Y783) in PMBCs, and inhibited IL2 secretion in Jurkat T cells (IC5075 nM). CPI-818 demonstrated dose dependently inhibition of TCR-induced proliferation of malignant T cells from Sezary Syndrome patients. In mice orally treatedwith CPI-818 an increase in the ratio of IFNγ/IL-4 (p<0.05) upon antigen-specific re-stimulation in an OVA transgenic adoptive transfer model was observed, consistent with Th1-skewing. Additionally, toassess the impact of CPI-818 on Th-biasing, activated human PBMCs were cultured for 6 days with CPI-818 and inhibition of IL-4 production (average 64% inhibition, n=12) was significantly greater than IFNγ production (average 19% inhibition), supportive of Th1 skewing. To assess the potential of CPI-818 to treat human T cell lymphoproliferative disorders, the safety and efficacy of CPI-818 in companion dogs with spontaneously-occurring T cell lymphomas were evaluated. CPI-818 was dosed orally at 20 mg/kg BID for 2 weeks to 5 months. Three animals were treated: 1 with peripheral T cell lymphoma and 2 with cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Full ITK occupancy in peripheral blood was confirmed using a probe assay. Evidence of anti-tumor activity was seen in all dogs including complete and partial responses. CPI-818 was well tolerated with no change in normal lymphocyte counts. These data support evaluation of CPI-818 in clinical trials in patients with T cell malignancies.
Citation Format: James W. Janc, Craig M. Hill, Patrick P. Ng, Andrew N. Hoston, Antonett Madriaga, Trang P. Dao-Pick, Kitman S. Yeung, Ryan Hudson, Anne-Marie Beausoleil, Erin Bradley, Erik Verner, Douglas H. Thamm, Richard A. Miller, Joseph J. Buggy. CPI-818: A selective inhibitor of interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) that inhibits T-cell receptor signaling, promotes Th1 skewing, and achieves objective tumor responses when administered to dogs with T cell lymphomas [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1313.
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Venetsanakos E, Brameld KA, Phan VT, Verner E, Owens TD, Xing Y, Tam D, LaStant J, Leung K, Karr DE, Hill RJ, Gerritsen ME, Goldstein DM, Funk JO, Bradshaw JM. The Irreversible Covalent Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor PRN1371 Exhibits Sustained Inhibition of FGFR after Drug Clearance. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2668-2676. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brameld KA, Owens TD, Verner E, Venetsanakos E, Bradshaw JM, Phan VT, Tam D, Leung K, Shu J, LaStant J, Loughhead DG, Ton T, Karr DE, Gerritsen ME, Goldstein DM, Funk JO. Discovery of the Irreversible Covalent FGFR Inhibitor 8-(3-(4-Acryloylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl)-6-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-(methylamino)pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-7(8H)-one (PRN1371) for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6516-6527. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ken A. Brameld
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Timothy D. Owens
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Erik Verner
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Eleni Venetsanakos
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - J. Michael Bradshaw
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Vernon T. Phan
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Danny Tam
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kwan Leung
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jin Shu
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jacob LaStant
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David G. Loughhead
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Tony Ton
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Dane E. Karr
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Mary E. Gerritsen
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - David M. Goldstein
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jens Oliver Funk
- Principia Biopharma, Inc., 400 East Jamie Court, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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Trotman J, Opat S, Marlton P, Gottlieb D, Simpson D, Cull G, Ritchie D, Verner E, Ratnasingam S, Anderson M, Wood P, Wang L, Xue L, Hedrick E, Huang J, Hilger J, Seymour J, Roberts A, Tam C. BRUTON'S TYROSINE KINASE (BTK) INHIBITOR BGB-3111 DEMONSTRATES HIGH VERY GOOD PARTIAL RESPONSE (VGPR) RATE IN PATIENTS WITH WALDENSTRÖM MACROGLOBULINEMIA (WM). Hematol Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.2437_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Trotman
- Department of Haematology; Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Concord Australia
| | - S. Opat
- Clinical Haematology; Monash Health; Clayton Australia
| | - P. Marlton
- Leukaemia and Lymphoma Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital; University of Queensland School of Medicine; Brisbane Australia
| | - D. Gottlieb
- Haematology Department; Westmead Hospital; Westmead Australia
| | - D. Simpson
- Department of Haematology; North Shore Hospital; Aukland New Zealand
| | - G. Cull
- Department of Haematology; Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital; Perth Australia
| | - D. Ritchie
- Department of Haematology; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne Australia
| | - E. Verner
- Department of Haematology; Concord Repatriation General Hospital; Concord Australia
| | | | - M. Anderson
- Cancer and Haematology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - P. Wood
- Leukaemia and Lymphoma Services, Princess Alexandra Hospital; University of Queensland School of Medicine; Brisbane Australia
| | - L. Wang
- Research and Development Center; BeiGene, Beijing and Emeryville; CA, US China
| | - L. Xue
- Research and Development Center; BeiGene, Beijing and Emeryville; CA, US China
| | - E. Hedrick
- Research and Development Center; BeiGene, Beijing and Emeryville; CA, US China
| | - J. Huang
- Research and Development Center; BeiGene, Beijing and Emeryville; CA, US China
| | - J. Hilger
- Research and Development Center; BeiGene, Beijing and Emeryville; CA, US China
| | - J.F. Seymour
- Department of Haematology; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne Australia
| | - A.W. Roberts
- Cancer and Haematology; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Australia
| | - C.S. Tam
- Department of Haematology; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre; Melbourne Australia
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Bradshaw JM, McFarland JM, Paavilainen VO, Bisconte A, Tam D, Phan VT, Romanov S, Finkle D, Shu J, Patel V, Ton T, Li X, Loughhead DG, Nunn PA, Karr DE, Gerritsen ME, Funk JO, Owens TD, Verner E, Brameld KA, Hill RJ, Goldstein DM, Taunton J. Prolonged and tunable residence time using reversible covalent kinase inhibitors. Nat Chem Biol 2015; 11:525-31. [PMID: 26006010 PMCID: PMC4472506 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Drugs with prolonged, on-target residence time often show superior efficacy, yet general strategies for optimizing drug-target residence time are lacking. Here, we demonstrate progress toward this elusive goal by targeting a noncatalytic cysteine in Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with reversible covalent inhibitors. Utilizing an inverted orientation of the cysteine-reactive cyanoacrylamide electrophile, we identified potent and selective BTK inhibitors that demonstrate biochemical residence times spanning from minutes to 7 days. An inverted cyanoacrylamide with prolonged residence time in vivo remained bound to BTK more than 18 hours after clearance from the circulation. The inverted cyanoacrylamide strategy was further utilized to discover fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) kinase inhibitors with residence times of several days, demonstrating generalizability of the approach. Targeting noncatalytic cysteines with inverted cyanoacrylamides may serve as a broadly applicable platform that facilitates “residence time by design”, the ability to modulate and improve the duration of target engagement in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jesse M McFarland
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ville O Paavilainen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Danny Tam
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vernon T Phan
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - David Finkle
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jin Shu
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Vaishali Patel
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Tony Ton
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Philip A Nunn
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dane E Karr
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erik Verner
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ken A Brameld
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ronald J Hill
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Bisconte A, Hill R, Bradshaw M, Verner E, Finkle D, Brameld K, Funk J, Goldstein D, Nunn P. Efficacy in collagen induced arthritis models with a selective, reversible covalent Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitor PRN473 is driven by durable target occupancy rather than extended plasma exposure (THER5P.904). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.139.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK) is an essential signaling element downstream of the B-cell receptor (BCR). Inhibition of BTK activity in B cells produces phenotypic changes consistent with blockade of the BCR, including inhibition of cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and survival. A selective BTK inhibitor has the potential to treat diseases involving inflammation and autoimmunity. Using Principia Biopharma’s proprietary Tailored Covalency™ technology, we discovered PRN473, a reversible covalent BTK inhibitor that selectively binds BTK with a slow off-rate as assessed in biochemical and cell based assays. A slow off-rate molecule with rapid systemic clearance may lead to a long duration of action and high efficacy, while reducing the potential for off target toxicities. The duration of binding of PRN473 was measured in vivo, with prolonged BTK occupancy confirmed after drug was cleared from plasma. In mouse and rat collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) models, PRN473 when dosed therapeutically demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition, reversal of arthritis, with almost complete abrogation of clinical scores and preservation of joint integrity and histology. BTK occupancy in splenocytes was found to be a robust measure of BTK inhibition and correlated with efficacy in the CIA models. These data in combination with GLP toxicology studies, where no organ specific toxicities were observed, validate using a reversible covalent BTK inhibitor to treat autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald Hill
- 1Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Erik Verner
- 1Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Ken Brameld
- 1Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Jens Funk
- 1Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Phil Nunn
- 1Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA
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Zhong Y, Dong S, Strattan E, Ren L, Butchar JP, Thornton K, Mishra A, Porcu P, Bradshaw JM, Bisconte A, Owens TD, Verner E, Brameld KA, Funk JO, Hill RJ, Johnson AJ, Dubovsky JA. Targeting interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK) using a novel covalent inhibitor PRN694. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5960-78. [PMID: 25593320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK or TXK) are essential mediators of intracellular signaling in both normal and neoplastic T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, ITK and RLK inhibitors have therapeutic potential in a number of human autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Here we describe a novel ITK/RLK inhibitor, PRN694, which covalently binds to cysteine residues 442 of ITK and 350 of RLK and blocks kinase activity. Molecular modeling was utilized to design molecules that interact with cysteine while binding to the ATP binding site in the kinase domain. PRN694 exhibits extended target residence time on ITK and RLK and is highly selective for a subset of the TEC kinase family. In vitro cellular assays confirm that PRN694 prevents T-cell receptor- and Fc receptor-induced cellular and molecular activation, inhibits T-cell receptor-induced T-cell proliferation, and blocks proinflammatory cytokine release as well as activation of Th17 cells. Ex vivo assays demonstrate inhibitory activity against T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia cells, and in vivo assays demonstrate durable pharmacodynamic effects on ITK, which reduces an oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. These data indicate that PRN694 is a highly selective and potent covalent inhibitor of ITK and RLK, and its extended target residence time enables durable attenuation of effector cells in vitro and in vivo. The results from this study highlight potential applications of this dual inhibitor for the treatment of T-cell- or NK cell-mediated inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Shuai Dong
- the Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Ethan Strattan
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Li Ren
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jonathan P Butchar
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Kelsey Thornton
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Anjali Mishra
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | | | | | - Erik Verner
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ken A Brameld
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Ronald J Hill
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Amy J Johnson
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jason A Dubovsky
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210,
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Phan V, Verner E, Gerritsen M, Bradshaw J, Goldstein D, Hill R, Karr D, LaStant J, Nunn P, Tam D, Shu J, Funk J, Brameld K. 483 Irreversible covalent pan-FGFR inhibitors are highly efficacious against FGFR-dependent cancers. Eur J Cancer 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(14)70609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Balasubramanian S, Ramos J, Luo W, Sirisawad M, Verner E, Buggy JJ. A novel histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8)-specific inhibitor PCI-34051 induces apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas. Leukemia 2008; 22:1026-34. [PMID: 18256683 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a potent, histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8)-specific inhibitor PCI-34051 with >200-fold selectivity over the other HDAC isoforms. PCI-34051 induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in cell lines derived from T-cell lymphomas or leukemias, but not in other hematopoietic or solid tumor lines. Unlike broad-spectrum HDAC inhibitors, PCI-34051 does not cause detectable histone or tubulin acetylation. Cells defective in T-cell receptor signaling were still sensitive to PCI-34051-induced apoptosis, whereas a phospholipase C-gamma1 (PLCgamma1)-defective line was resistant. Jurkat cells showed a dose-dependent decrease in PCI-34051-induced apoptosis upon treatment with a PLC inhibitor U73122, but not with an inactive analog. We found that rapid intracellular calcium mobilization from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and later cytochrome c release from mitochondria are essential for the apoptotic mechanism. The rapid Ca(2+) flux was dependent on PCI-34051 concentration, and was blocked by the PLC inhibitor U73122. Further, apoptosis was blocked by Ca(2+) chelators (BAPTA) and enhanced by Ca(2+) effectors (thapsigargin), supporting this model. These studies show that HDAC8-selective inhibitors have a unique mechanism of action involving PLCgamma1 activation and calcium-induced apoptosis, and could offer benefits including a greater therapeutic index for treating T-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Balasubramanian
- Department of Cancer Biology, Pharmacyclics Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA.
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13
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Cao ZA, Bass KE, Balasubramanian S, Liu L, Schultz B, Verner E, Dai Y, Molina RA, Davis JR, Misialek S, Sendzik M, Orr CJ, Leung L, Callan O, Young P, Dalrymple SA, Buggy JJ. CRA-026440: a potent, broad-spectrum, hydroxamic histone deacetylase inhibitor with antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1693-701. [PMID: 16891455 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-06-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CRA-026440 is a novel, broad-spectrum, hydroxamic acid-based inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) that shows antitumor and antiangiogenic activities in vitro and in vivo preclinically. CRA-026440 inhibited pure recombinant isozymes HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3/SMRT, HDAC6, HDAC8, and HDAC10 in the nanomolar range. Treatment of cultured tumor cell lines grown in vitro with CRA-026440 resulted in the accumulation of acetylated histone and acetylated tubulin, leading to an inhibition of tumor cell growth and the induction of apoptosis. CRA-026440 inhibited ex vivo angiogenesis in a dose-dependent manner. CRA-026440 parenterally given to mice harboring HCT116 or U937 human tumor xenografts resulted in a statistically significant reduction in tumor growth. CRA-026440, when used in combination with Avastin, achieved greater preclinical efficacy in HCT 116 colorectal tumor model. Inhibition of tumor growth was accompanied by an increase in the acetylation of alpha-tubulin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and an alteration in the expression of many genes in the tumors, including several involved in angiogenesis, apoptosis, and cell growth. These results reveal CRA-026440 to be a novel HDAC inhibitor with potent antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Alexander Cao
- Celera Genomics, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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14
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Buggy JJ, Cao ZA, Bass KE, Verner E, Balasubramanian S, Liu L, Schultz BE, Young PR, Dalrymple SA. CRA-024781: a novel synthetic inhibitor of histone deacetylase enzymes with antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:1309-17. [PMID: 16731764 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CRA-024781 is a novel, broad spectrum hydroxamic acid-based inhibitor of histone deacetylase (HDAC) that shows antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo preclinically and is under evaluation in phase I clinical trials for cancer. CRA-024781 inhibited pure recombinant HDAC1 with a K(i) of 0.007 mumol/L, and also inhibited the other HDAC isozymes HDAC2, HDAC3/SMRT, HDAC6, HDAC8, and HDAC10 in the nanomolar range. Treatment of cultured tumor cell lines grown in vitro with CRA-024781 resulted in the accumulation of acetylated histone and acetylated tubulin, resulting in an inhibition of tumor cell growth and the induction of apoptosis. CRA-024781 parenterally administered to mice harboring HCT116 or DLD-1 colon tumor xenografts resulted in a statistically significant reduction in tumor growth at doses that were well tolerated as measured by body weight. Inhibition of tumor growth was accompanied by an increase in the acetylation of alpha-tubulin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and an alteration in the expression of many genes in the tumors, including several involved in apoptosis and cell growth. These results reveal CRA-024781 to be a novel HDAC inhibitor with potent antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Buggy
- Celera Genomics, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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15
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Young WB, Sprengeler P, Shrader WD, Li Y, Rai R, Verner E, Jenkins T, Fatheree P, Kolesnikov A, Janc JW, Cregar L, Elrod K, Katz B. Generation of potent coagulation protease inhibitors utilizing zinc-mediated chelation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:710-3. [PMID: 16257204 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of coagulation proteases such as thrombin, fXa, and fVIIa has been a focus of ongoing research to produce safe and effective antithrombotic agents. Herein, we describe a unique zinc-mediated chelation strategy to streamline the discovery of potent inhibitors of fIIa, fXa, and fVIIa. SAR studies that led to the development of selective inhibitors of fXa will also be detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy B Young
- Celera, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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16
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Somoza JR, Skene RJ, Katz BA, Mol C, Ho JD, Jennings AJ, Luong C, Arvai A, Buggy JJ, Chi E, Tang J, Sang BC, Verner E, Wynands R, Leahy EM, Dougan DR, Snell G, Navre M, Knuth MW, Swanson RV, McRee DE, Tari LW. Structural snapshots of human HDAC8 provide insights into the class I histone deacetylases. Structure 2005; 12:1325-34. [PMID: 15242608 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2004.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the acetylation state of histones plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gene expression. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl groups from lysines near the N termini of histones. This reaction promotes the condensation of chromatin, leading to repression of transcription. HDAC deregulation has been linked to several types of cancer, suggesting a potential use for HDAC inhibitors in oncology. Here we describe the first crystal structures of a human HDAC: the structures of human HDAC8 complexed with four structurally diverse hydroxamate inhibitors. This work sheds light on the catalytic mechanism of the HDACs, and on differences in substrate specificity across the HDAC family. The structure also suggests how phosphorylation of Ser39 affects HDAC8 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Somoza
- Celera, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080 USA.
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17
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Katz BA, Luong C, Ho JD, Somoza JR, Gjerstad E, Tang J, Williams SR, Verner E, Mackman RL, Young WB, Sprengeler PA, Chan H, Mortara K, Janc JW, McGrath ME. Dissecting and Designing Inhibitor Selectivity Determinants at the S1 Site Using an Artificial Ala190 Protease (Ala190 uPA). J Mol Biol 2004; 344:527-47. [PMID: 15522303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Revised: 09/14/2004] [Accepted: 09/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A site-directed mutant of the serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), was produced to assess the contribution of the Ser190 side-chain to the affinity and selectivity of lead uPA inhibitors in the absence of other differences present in comparisons of natural proteases. Crystallography and enzymology involving WT and Ala190 uPA were used to calculate free energy binding contributions of hydrogen bonds involving the Ser190 hydroxyl group (O(gamma)(Ser190)) responsible for the remarkable selectivity of 6-halo-5-amidinoindole and 6-halo-5-amidinobenzimidazole inhibitors toward uPA and against natural Ala190 protease anti-targets. Crystal structures of uPA complexes of novel, active site-directed arylguanidine and 2-aminobenzimidazole inhibitors of WT uPA, together with associated K(i) values for WT and Ala190 uPA, also indicate a significant role of Ser190 in the binding of these classes of uPA inhibitors. Structures and associated K(i) values for a lead inhibitor (CA-11) bound to uPA and to five other proteases, as well as for other leads bound to multiple proteases, help reveal the features responsible for the potency (K(i)=11nM) and selectivity of the remarkably small inhibitor, CA-11. The 6-fluoro-5-amidinobenzimidzole, CA-11, is more than 1000-fold selective against natural Ala190 protease anti-targets, and more than 100-fold selective against other Ser190 anti-targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Katz
- Celera, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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18
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Katz BA, Elrod K, Verner E, Mackman RL, Luong C, Shrader WD, Sendzik M, Spencer JR, Sprengeler PA, Kolesnikov A, Tai VWF, Hui HC, Breitenbucher JG, Allen D, Janc JW. Elaborate manifold of short hydrogen bond arrays mediating binding of active site-directed serine protease inhibitors. J Mol Biol 2003; 329:93-120. [PMID: 12742021 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2836(03)00399-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An extensive structural manifold of short hydrogen bond-mediated, active site-directed, serine protease inhibition motifs is revealed in a set of over 300 crystal structures involving a large suite of small molecule inhibitors (2-(2-phenol)-indoles and 2-(2-phenol)-benzimidazoles) determined over a wide range of pH (3.5-11.4). The active site hydrogen-bonding mode was found to vary markedly with pH, with the steric and electronic properties of the inhibitor, and with the type of protease (trypsin, thrombin or urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA)). The pH dependence of the active site hydrogen-bonding motif is often intricate, constituting a distinct fingerprint of each complex. Isosteric replacements or minor substitutions within the inhibitor that modulate the pK(a) of the phenol hydroxyl involved in short hydrogen bonding, or that affect steric interactions distal to the active site, can significantly shift the pH-dependent structural profile characteristic of the parent scaffold, or produce active site-binding motifs unique to the bound analog. Ionization equilibria at the active site associated with inhibitor binding are probed in a series of the protease-inhibitor complexes through analysis of the pH dependence of the structure and environment of the active site-binding groups involved in short hydrogen bond arrays. Structures determined at high pH (>11), suggest that the pK(a) of His57 is dramatically elevated, to a value as high as approximately 11 in certain complexes. K(i) values involving uPA and trypsin determined as a function of pH for a set of inhibitors show pronounced parabolic pH dependence, the pH for optimal inhibition governed by the pK(a) of the inhibitor phenol involved in short hydrogen bonds. Comparison of structures of trypsin, thrombin and uPA, each bound by the same inhibitor, highlights important structural variations in the S1 and active sites accessible for engineering notable selectivity into remarkably small molecules with low nanomolar K(i) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Katz
- Celera, 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Mackman RL, Hui HC, Breitenbucher JG, Katz BA, Luong C, Martelli A, McGee D, Radika K, Sendzik M, Spencer JR, Sprengeler PA, Tario J, Verner E, Wang J. 2-(2-Hydroxy-3-alkoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxamidine derivatives as potent and selective urokinase-type plasminogen activator inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2019-22. [PMID: 12113832 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The development of potent and selective urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) inhibitors based on the lead molecule 2-(2-hydroxy-3-ethoxyphenyl)-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxamidine (3a) is described.
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20
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Mackman RL, Katz BA, Breitenbucher JG, Hui HC, Verner E, Luong C, Liu L, Sprengeler PA. Exploiting subsite S1 of trypsin-like serine proteases for selectivity: potent and selective inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator. J Med Chem 2001; 44:3856-71. [PMID: 11689072 DOI: 10.1021/jm010244+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A nonselective inhibitor of trypsin-like serine proteases, 2-(2-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl)-1H-indole-5-carboxamidine (1) (Verner, E.; Katz, B. A.; Spencer, J.; Allen, D.; Hataye, J.; Hruzewicz, W.; Hui, H. C.; Kolesnikov, A.; Li, Y.; Luong, C.; Martelli, A.; Radika. K.; Rai, R.; She, M.; Shrader, W.; Sprengeler, P. A.; Trapp, S.; Wang, J.; Young, W. B.; Mackman, R. L. J. Med. Chem. 2001, 44, 2753-2771) has been optimized through minor structural changes on the S1 binding group to afford remarkably selective and potent inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA). The trypsin-like serine proteases(1) that comprise drug targets can be broadly categorized into two subfamilies, those with Ser190 and those with Ala190. A single-atom modification, for example, replacement of hydrogen for chlorine at the 6-position of the 5-amidinoindole P1 group on 1, generated up to 6700-fold selectivity toward the Ser190 enzymes and against the Ala190 enzymes. The larger chlorine atom displaces a water molecule (H(2)O1(S1)) that binds near residue 190 in all the complexes of 1, and related inhibitors, in uPA, thrombin, and trypsin. The water molecule, H(2)O1(S1), in both the Ser190 or Ala190 enzymes, hydrogen bonds with the amidine N1 nitrogen of the inhibitor. When it is displaced, a reduction in affinity toward the Ala190 enzymes is observed due to the amidine N1 nitrogen of the bound inhibitor being deprived of a key hydrogen-bonding partner. In the Ser190 enzymes the affinity is maintained since the serine hydroxyl oxygen O gamma(Ser190) compensates for the displaced water molecule. High-resolution crystallography provided evidence for the displacement of the water molecule and validated the design rationale. In summation, a novel and powerful method for engineering selectivity toward Ser190 proteases and against Ala190 proteases without substantially increasing molecular weight is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Mackman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Axys Pharmaceuticals Inc., 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.
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21
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Katz BA, Sprengeler PA, Luong C, Verner E, Elrod K, Kirtley M, Janc J, Spencer JR, Breitenbucher JG, Hui H, McGee D, Allen D, Martelli A, Mackman RL. Engineering inhibitors highly selective for the S1 sites of Ser190 trypsin-like serine protease drug targets. Chem Biol 2001; 8:1107-21. [PMID: 11731301 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-5521(01)00084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Involved or implicated in a wide spectrum of diseases, trypsin-like serine proteases comprise well studied drug targets and anti-targets that can be subdivided into two major classes. In one class there is a serine at position 190 at the S1 site, as in urokinase type plasminogen activator (urokinase or uPA) and factor VIIa, and in the other there is an alanine at 190, as in tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) and factor Xa. A hydrogen bond unique to Ser190 protease-arylamidine complexes between O gamma(Ser190) and the inhibitor amidine confers an intrinsic preference for such inhibitors toward Ser190 proteases over Ala190 counterparts. RESULTS Based on the structural differences between the S1 sites of Ser190 and Ala190 protease-arylamidine complexes, we amplified the selectivity of amidine inhibitors toward uPA and against tPA, by factors as high as 220-fold, by incorporating a halo group ortho to the amidine of a lead inhibitor scaffold. Comparison of K(i) values of such halo-substituted and parent inhibitors toward a panel of Ser190 and Ala190 proteases demonstrates pronounced selectivity of the halo analogs for Ser190 proteases over Ala190 counterparts. Crystal structures of Ser190 proteases, uPA and trypsin, and of an Ala190 counterpart, thrombin, bound by a set of ortho (halo, amidino) aryl inhibitors and of non-halo parents reveal the structural basis of the exquisite selectivity and validate the design principle. CONCLUSIONS Remarkable selectivity enhancements of exceptionally small inhibitors are achieved toward the uPA target over the highly similar tPA anti-target through a single atom substitution on an otherwise relatively non-selective scaffold. Overall selectivities for uPA over tPA as high as 980-fold at physiological pH were realized. The increase in selectivity results from the displacement of a single bound water molecule common to the S1 site of both the uPA target and the tPA anti-target because of the ensuing deficit in hydrogen bonding of the arylamidine inhibitor when bound in the Ala190 protease anti-target.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Katz
- Axys Pharmaceutical Corporation, 385 Oyster Point Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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Verner E, Katz BA, Spencer JR, Allen D, Hataye J, Hruzewicz W, Hui HC, Kolesnikov A, Li Y, Luong C, Martelli A, Radika K, Rai R, She M, Shrader W, Sprengeler PA, Trapp S, Wang J, Young WB, Mackman RL. Development of serine protease inhibitors displaying a multicentered short (<2.3 A) hydrogen bond binding mode: inhibitors of urokinase-type plasminogen activator and factor Xa. J Med Chem 2001; 44:2753-71. [PMID: 11495587 DOI: 10.1021/jm0100638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel scaffolds that bind to serine proteases through a unique network of short hydrogen bonds to the catalytic Ser195 have been developed. The resulting potent serine protease inhibitors were designed from lead molecule 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)1H-benzoimidazole-5-carboxamidine, 6b, which is known to display several modes of binding. For instance, 6b can recruit zinc and bind in a manner similar to that reported by bis(5-amidino-2-benzimidazolyl)methane (BABIM) (Nature 1998, 391, 608-612).(1) Alternatively, 6b can bind in the absence of zinc through a multicentered network of short (<2.3 A) hydrogen bonds. The lead structure was optimized in the zinc-independent binding mode toward a panel of six human serine proteases to yield optimized inhibitors such as 2-(3-bromo-2-hydroxy-5-methylphenyl)-1H-indole-5-carboxamidine, 22a, and 2-(2-hydroxybiphenyl-3-yl)-1H-indole-5-carboxamidine, 22f. Structure-activity relationships determined that, apart from the amidine function, an indole or benzimidazole and an ortho substituted phenol group were also essential components for optimal potency. The affinities (K(i)) of 22a and 22f, for example, bearing these groups ranged from 8 to 600 nM toward a panel of six human serine proteases. High-resolution crystal structures revealed that the binding mode of these molecules in several of the enzymes was identical to that of 6b and involved short (<2.3 A) hydrogen bonds among the inhibitor hydroxyl oxygen, Ser195, and a water molecule trapped in the oxyanion hole. In summation, novel and potent trypsin-like serine protease inhibitors possessing a unique mode of binding have been discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Verner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Axys Pharmaceuticals Inc., 180 Kimball Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Rai R, Kolesnikov A, Li Y, Young WB, Leahy E, Sprengeler PA, Verner E, Shrader WD, Burgess-Henry J, Sangalang JC, Allen D, Chen X, Katz BA, Luong C, Elrod K, Cregar L. Development of potent and selective factor Xa inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2001; 11:1797-800. [PMID: 11459634 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)00311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of potent and selective small molecule inhibitors of factor Xa is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rai
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Structural Chemistry and Enzymology, Axys Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 385 Oyster Point Blvd., 94080, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Katz BA, Elrod K, Luong C, Rice MJ, Mackman RL, Sprengeler PA, Spencer J, Hataye J, Janc J, Link J, Litvak J, Rai R, Rice K, Sideris S, Verner E, Young W. A novel serine protease inhibition motif involving a multi-centered short hydrogen bonding network at the active site. J Mol Biol 2001; 307:1451-86. [PMID: 11292354 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new serine protease inhibition motif in which binding is mediated by a cluster of very short hydrogen bonds (<2.3 A) at the active site. This protease-inhibitor binding paradigm is observed at high resolution in a large set of crystal structures of trypsin, thrombin, and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) bound with a series of small molecule inhibitors (2-(2-phenol)indoles and 2-(2-phenol)benzimidazoles). In each complex there are eight enzyme-inhibitor or enzyme-water-inhibitor hydrogen bonds at the active site, three of which are very short. These short hydrogen bonds connect a triangle of oxygen atoms comprising O(gamma)(Ser195), a water molecule co-bound in the oxyanion hole (H(2)O(oxy)), and the phenolate oxygen atom of the inhibitor (O6'). Two of the other hydrogen bonds between the inhibitor and active site of the trypsin and uPA complexes become short in the thrombin counterparts, extending the three-centered short hydrogen-bonding array into a tetrahedral array of atoms (three oxygen and one nitrogen) involved in short hydrogen bonds. In the uPA complexes, the extensive hydrogen-bonding interactions at the active site prevent the inhibitor S1 amidine from forming direct hydrogen bonds with Asp189 because the S1 site is deeper in uPA than in trypsin or thrombin. Ionization equilibria at the active site associated with inhibitor binding are probed through determination and comparison of structures over a wide range of pH (3.5 to 11.4) of thrombin complexes and of trypsin complexes in three different crystal forms. The high-pH trypsin-inhibitor structures suggest that His57 is protonated at pH values as high as 9.5. The pH-dependent inhibition of trypsin, thrombin, uPA and factor Xa by 2-(2-phenol)benzimidazole analogs in which the pK(a) of the phenol group is modulated is shown to be consistent with a binding process involving ionization of both the inhibitor and the enzyme. These data further suggest that the pK(a) of His57 of each protease in the unbound state in solution is about the same, approximately 6.8. By comparing inhibition constants (K(i) values), inhibitor solubilities, inhibitor conformational energies and corresponding structures of short and normal hydrogen bond-mediated complexes, we have estimated the contribution of the short hydrogen bond networks to inhibitor affinity ( approximately 1.7 kcal/mol). The structures and K(i) values associated with the short hydrogen-bonding motif are compared with those corresponding to an alternate, Zn(2+)-mediated inhibition motif at the active site. Structural differences among apo-enzymes, enzyme-inhibitor and enzyme-inhibitor-Zn(2+) complexes are discussed in the context of affinity determinants, selectivity development, and structure-based inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Katz
- Axys Pharmaceuticals Corporation, 385 Oyster Point Boulevard, Suite 3, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.
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25
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26
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Ohana N, Keness J, Verner E, Raz R, Rozenman D, Zuckerman F. Skin-isolated, community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus: in vitro resistance to methicillin and erythromycin. J Am Acad Dermatol 1989; 21:544-6. [PMID: 2789236 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(89)70223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
During a 10-month period, skin culture specimens were taken from 1680 healthy outpatients with a variety of community-acquired skin infections. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 1035 (61.6%) of these patients. In vitro resistance to methicillin and erythromycin was 1.0% and 42.9%, respectively. Resistance rates to erythromycin in patients with furunculosis and impetigo were 51.5% and 26.2%, respectively (p less than 0.001). The emergence of erythromycin-resistant strains may be the result of widespread use of this drug in our geographic area. There is also the possibility that certain bacteriologic features associated with erythromycin resistance may foster the development of furunculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ohana
- Department of Dermatology, Central Emek Hospital, Afula, Israel
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Verner E, Shteinfeld M, Raz R, Sofer N, Sartiel J, Sandbank J, Zuckerman F. Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to Ethiopian immigrants seropositive for syphilis. Isr J Med Sci 1988; 24:151-5. [PMID: 3372222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Serologic tests for syphilis are frequently positive in Ethiopian Jewish immigrants in Israel. Forty-three of 358 adults (greater than 15 years of age) examined were found to have positive treponemal tests. Of the 418 children (1 to 15 years of age) none were found to have positive treponemal serology. Forty seropositive adults were examined for signs of tertiary syphilis and underwent lumbar puncture. No evidence of skin or cardiovascular involvement of tertiary syphilis was found. In three patients whose cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was reactive in treponemal tests, there was no evidence of neuropsychiatric involvement. CSF cell count and protein content were normal in all three, and VDRL in the CSF was negative. None of the subjects was found to have stigmata of congenital syphilis. Negative serological findings in all the children led us to hypothesize whether the disease in question is venereal syphilis with an unusual course rather than endemic syphilis or yaws, both of which are known to exist in Africa. Due to the apparent benign course of syphilis in this ethnic group and recent evidence that lumbar puncture is not mandatory in patients with latent syphilis or asymptomatic neurosyphilis, we suggest that CSF should not be routinely examined in these patients. In view of the recommendations in the literature and the data that we have collected, we strongly feel that treatment with weekly i.m. injections of 2.4 x 10(6) u benzathine penicillin for a 3-week period is sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Verner
- Department of Dermatology, Central Emek Hospital, Afula
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Verner E. [New therapeutic approach in treatment in early latent and asymptomatic neurosyphilis]. Harefuah 1986; 111:441-3. [PMID: 3549482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Verner E, el-On J, Oren J, Zuckerman F. [Cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel]. Harefuah 1986; 111:416-8. [PMID: 3557211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Verner E, Bisharat B, Mendelovitz S, Zuckerman F. [Tinea capitis in Nazareth]. Harefuah 1986; 111:226-8. [PMID: 3817638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Nord KS, Joshi V, Hanna M, Khademi M, Saad S, Marquis J, Pelzman H, Verner E. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with a renal gastrinoma in a child. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1986; 5:980-6. [PMID: 2878987 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-198611000-00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Renal gastrinoma has not been previously reported. A 12-year-old boy with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome was found to have a renal tumor. No other tumor was detectable by imaging techniques, and selective venous sampling for gastrin showed a significant renal vein to vena cava gradient. Nephrectomy was performed, and examination of the tumor showed typical histologic features of an endocrine tumor. G cells were apparent by electron microscopy, and immunoperoxidase staining for gastrin, neuron-specific enolase, and chromogranin were positive. The gastrin content was unusually low for gastrinomas: 128 pg/g. Following nephrectomy, fasting gastrin and secretin stimulation testing were normal. Basal acidity was reduced by 60% but remained elevated at 39 mmol H +/h (hydrogen ion per hour). We speculate that renal gastrinoma may be characterized by uniquely poor gastrin storage and that curative resection of all gastrinoma tissue may not necessarily be associated with immediate complete suppression of hyperacidity.
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Dan M, Verner E, el-On J, Zuckerman F, Michaeli D. Failure of oral ketoconazole to cure cutaneous ulcers caused by Leishmania braziliensis. Cutis 1986; 38:198-9. [PMID: 3769557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ketoconazole failed to cure cutaneous lesions caused by Leishmania braziliensis in two patients. A prior study had suggested that ketoconazole was efficacious against this form of leishmaniasis.
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Verner E, Rosenman D. [Pustular psoriasis during maintenance treatment with etretinate]. Harefuah 1986; 110:132-3. [PMID: 2940160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Verner E, Zuckerman F. [Leishmania brasiliensis infection]. Harefuah 1985; 108:185-6. [PMID: 4007665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Abstract
A comparative study of breast cancer was made among black and white populations admitted to two inner-city hospitals from 1971 through 1976, inclusive. There were 306 patients in the study group of which 162 were black and 144 were white. Age, sex, color, duration of illness, different quadrants of breast involved, staging of cancer, histological diagnosis, treatment given, and incidence of recurrence were studied in each group. A statistically higher incidence of cancer of the breast was found among the black patients in the groups aged 30--50 years and 70--80 years, as compared to the white population. All other parametes studied showed no statistical differences.
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Lender M, Verner E, Stankiewicz H, Menczel J. Intestinal absorption of 47Ca in elderly patients with osteoporosis, Paget's disease and osteomalacia. Effects of calcitonin, oestrogen and vitamin D2. Gerontology 1977; 23:31-6. [PMID: 299726 DOI: 10.1159/000212171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal absorption of 47Ca was studied in elderly patients. A standard dose of 10 muCi of 47Ca was given orally. The radioactivity was measured in the plasma, and expressed as percentage of the administered dose per litre plasma. As a control group served 12 patients aged 60-80 years, hospitalized for observation for various reasons, receiving no medical treatment and not suffering from any known metabolic bone diseases or other metabolic pathological conditions. Results of kinetic curves demonstrate in elderly patients a decreased absorption with maximum specific activity in plasma reached at 120 min, when compared to data from the literature referring to a group of young people with a mean age of 35 years. Oestrogen treatment, given as ethinyl oestradiol 10 mug once daily per os for 10 days proved to increase 47Ca absorption as was demonstrated in 2 patients with osteoporosis. The effect of calcitonin (160 MRC units given 45 min before the test) on calcium absorption, in 5 patients with Paget's disease or osteoporosis appears as biphasic: in the first hour depressing calcium absorption and then in the second and third hours increasing the absorption, suggesting a hyperparathyroid state secondary to the calcitonin effect. The vitamin D2 treatment proved to increase calcium absorption.
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