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Kebisek J, Richards EE, Buckelew V, Hourihan MK, Finder S, Ambrose JF. Norovirus outbreak in Army service members, Camp Arifjan, Kuwait, May 2018. MSMR 2019; 26:8-13. [PMID: 31237762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In May 2018, an outbreak of gastrointestinal illnesses due to norovirus occurred at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait. The outbreak lasted 14 days, and a total of 91 cases, of which 8 were laboratory confirmed and 83 were suspected, were identified. Because the cases occurred among a population of several thousand service members transiting through a crowded, congregate setting of open bays of up to 250 beds, shared bathrooms and showers, and large dining facilities, the risk of hundreds or thousands of cases was significant. The responsible preventive medicine authorities promptly recognized the potential threat and organized and monitored the comprehensive response that limited the spread of the illness and the duration of the outbreak. This report summarizes findings of the field investigation and the preventive medicine response conducted from 18 May-3 June 2018 at Camp Arifjan.
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Dunbar NK, Richards EE, Woldeyohannes D, Van den Bergh R, Wilkinson E, Tamang D, Owiti P. Knockdown and recovery of malaria diagnosis and treatment in Liberia during and after the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Public Health Action 2017; 7:S76-S81. [PMID: 28744443 DOI: 10.5588/pha.16.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Setting: The malaria-endemic country of Liberia, before, during and after the 2014 Ebola outbreak. Objective: To describe the consequences of the Ebola outbreak on Liberia's National Malaria Programme and its post-Ebola recovery. Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study using routine countrywide programme data. Results: Malaria caseloads decreased by 47% during the Ebola outbreak and by 11% after, compared to the pre-Ebola period. In those counties most affected by Ebola, a caseload reduction of >20% was sustained for 12 consecutive months, while this lasted for only 4 consecutive months in the counties least affected by Ebola. Linear regression of monthly proportions of confirmed malaria cases-as a proxy indicator of programme performance-over the pre- and post-Ebola periods indicated that the malaria programme could require 26 months after the end of the acute phase of the Ebola outbreak to recover to pre-Ebola levels. Conclusions: The differential persistence of reduced caseloads in the least- and most-affected counties, all of which experienced similar emergency measures, suggest that factors other than Ebola-related security measures played a key role in the programme's reduced performance. Clear guidance on when to abandon the emergency measures after an outbreak may be needed to ensure faster recovery of malaria programme performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D Woldeyohannes
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - R Van den Bergh
- Médecins Sans Frontières-Operational Centre Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - E Wilkinson
- Institute of Medicine, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - D Tamang
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, South East Asia Office, New Delhi, India
| | - P Owiti
- Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya.,International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France
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Abraham JH, Eick-Cost A, Clark LL, Hu Z, Baird CP, DeFraites R, Tobler SK, Richards EE, Sharkey JM, Lipnick RJ, Ludwig SL. A retrospective cohort study of military deployment and postdeployment medical encounters for respiratory conditions. Mil Med 2015; 179:540-6. [PMID: 24806499 DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-13-00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Deployed military personnel are exposed to inhalational hazards that may increase their risk of chronic lung conditions. This evaluation assessed associations between Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) deployment and postdeployment medical encounters for respiratory symptoms and medical conditions. This retrospective cohort study was conducted among military personnel who, between January 2005 and June 2007, were deployed to either of two locations with burn pits in Iraq, or to either of two locations without burn pits in Kuwait. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were estimated using two nondeployed reference groups. Rates among personnel deployed to burn pit locations were also compared directly to those among personnel deployed to locations without burn pits. Significantly elevated rates of encounters for respiratory symptoms (IRR = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20-1.30) and asthma (IRR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.33-1.78) were observed among the formerly deployed personnel relative to U.S.-stationed personnel. Personnel deployed to burn pit locations did not have significantly elevated rates for any of the outcomes relative to personnel deployed to locations without burn pits. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that OIF deployment is associated with subsequent risk of respiratory conditions. Elevated medical encounter rates were not uniquely associated with burn pits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph H Abraham
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, 5158 Blackhawk Road Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010
| | - Angie Eick-Cost
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring, MD, 20910
| | - Leslie L Clark
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring, MD, 20910
| | - Zheng Hu
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring, MD, 20910
| | - Coleen P Baird
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, 5158 Blackhawk Road Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010
| | - Robert DeFraites
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road Bethesda, MD 20814
| | - Steven K Tobler
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring, MD, 20910
| | - Erin E Richards
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring, MD, 20910
| | - Jessica M Sharkey
- U.S. Army Public Health Command, 5158 Blackhawk Road Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21010
| | - Robert J Lipnick
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring, MD, 20910
| | - Sharon L Ludwig
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 11800 Tech Road Silver Spring, MD, 20910
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Richards EE, Wostein HS, Majd S. A Novel and Versatile Approach for Preparation of Single-Vesicle Arrays. Biophys J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.11.3027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Abstract
Since 1991, the U.S. Department of Defense has conducted deployment occupational and environmental health surveillance activities in the geographic combatant commands for major conflicts, military exercises, and humanitarian and peace-building missions. The DoD has made significant improvements in documenting and assessing deployment environmental hazards and threats since 1991, illustrated by accomplishments in Bosnia, Kosovo, and Operations Noble Eagle (following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks); Enduring Freedom-Afghanistan; and Iraqi Freedom (2003-2010). Sampling is now recommended as part of the DoD Exposure Assessment Method, a dynamic process that is performed during all phases of military operations: I--Predeployment, II--Mobilization, III--Conflict, and IV-Postdeployment. From 2001 to 2009, deployed personnel collected over 24,500 air, water, soil, and bulk samples during operations. These efforts have lead to the creation of an environmental health surveillance database that has been used to investigate public health issues. However, gaps exist, especially in the assessment of individual exposures during deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Martin
- Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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DeFraites RF, Richards EE. Assessing Potentially Hazardous Environmental Exposures Among Military Populations: 2010 Symposium and Workshop Summary and Conclusions. Mil Med 2011; 176:17-21. [DOI: 10.7205/milmed-d-11-00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Witt CJ, Richards AL, Masuoka PM, Foley DH, Buczak AL, Musila LA, Richardson JH, Colacicco-Mayhugh MG, Rueda LM, Klein TA, Anyamba A, Small J, Pavlin JA, Fukuda MM, Gaydos J, Russell KL, Wilkerson RC, Gibbons RV, Jarman RG, Myint KS, Pendergast B, Lewis S, Pinzon JE, Collins K, Smith M, Pak E, Tucker C, Linthicum K, Myers T, Mansour M, Earhart K, Kim HC, Jiang J, Schnabel D, Clark JW, Sang RC, Kioko E, Abuom DC, Grieco JP, Richards EE, Tobias S, Kasper MR, Montgomery JM, Florin D, Chretien JP, Philip TL. The AFHSC-Division of GEIS Operations Predictive Surveillance Program: a multidisciplinary approach for the early detection and response to disease outbreaks. BMC Public Health 2011; 11 Suppl 2:S10. [PMID: 21388561 PMCID: PMC3092411 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-s2-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, Division of Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System Operations (AFHSC-GEIS) initiated a coordinated, multidisciplinary program to link data sets and information derived from eco-climatic remote sensing activities, ecologic niche modeling, arthropod vector, animal disease-host/reservoir, and human disease surveillance for febrile illnesses, into a predictive surveillance program that generates advisories and alerts on emerging infectious disease outbreaks. The program’s ultimate goal is pro-active public health practice through pre-event preparedness, prevention and control, and response decision-making and prioritization. This multidisciplinary program is rooted in over 10 years experience in predictive surveillance for Rift Valley fever outbreaks in Eastern Africa. The AFHSC-GEIS Rift Valley fever project is based on the identification and use of disease-emergence critical detection points as reliable signals for increased outbreak risk. The AFHSC-GEIS predictive surveillance program has formalized the Rift Valley fever project into a structured template for extending predictive surveillance capability to other Department of Defense (DoD)-priority vector- and water-borne, and zoonotic diseases and geographic areas. These include leishmaniasis, malaria, and Crimea-Congo and other viral hemorrhagic fevers in Central Asia and Africa, dengue fever in Asia and the Americas, Japanese encephalitis (JE) and chikungunya fever in Asia, and rickettsial and other tick-borne infections in the U.S., Africa and Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara J Witt
- Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Richards EE, Masuoka P, Brett-Major D, Smith M, Klein TA, Kim HC, Anyamba A, Grieco J. The relationship between mosquito abundance and rice field density in the Republic of Korea. Int J Health Geogr 2010; 9:32. [PMID: 20573242 PMCID: PMC2900240 DOI: 10.1186/1476-072x-9-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), the causative agent of Japanese encephalitis (JE), is endemic to the Republic of Korea (ROK) where unvaccinated United States (U.S.) military Service members, civilians and family members are stationed. The primary vector of the JEV in the ROK is Culex tritaeniorhynchus. The ecological relationship between Culex spp. and rice fields has been studied extensively; rice fields have been shown to increase the prevalence of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus. This research was conducted to determine if the quantification of rice field land cover surrounding U.S. military installations in the ROK should be used as a parameter in a larger risk model that predicts the abundance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus populations. Mosquito data from the U.S. Forces Korea (USFK) mosquito surveillance program were used in this project. The average number of female Cx. tritaeniorhynchus collected per trap night for the months of August and September, 2002-2008, was calculated. Rice fields were manually digitized inside 1.5 km buffer zones surrounding U.S. military installations on high-resolution satellite images, and the proportion of rice fields was calculated for each buffer zone. RESULTS Mosquito data collected from seventeen sample sites were analyzed for an association with the proportion of rice field land cover. Results demonstrated that the linear relationship between the proportion of rice fields and mosquito abundance was statistically significant (R2 = 0.62, r = .79, F = 22.72, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The analysis presented shows a statistically significant linear relationship between the two parameters, proportion of rice field land cover and log10 of the average number of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus collected per trap night. The findings confirm that agricultural land cover should be included in future studies to develop JE risk prediction models for non-indigenous personnel living at military installations in the ROK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Richards
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Bishop NC, Walsh NP, Haines DL, Richards EE, Gleeson M. Pre-exercise carbohydrate status and immune responses to prolonged cycling: I. Effect on neutrophil degranulation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001; 11:490-502. [PMID: 11915783 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) beverages during heavy exercise is associated with smaller shifts in numbers of circulating neutrophils and attenuated changes in neutrophil functional responses. The influence of dietary CHO availability on these responses has not been determined. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of pre-exercise CHO status on circulating neutrophil and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated neutrophil degranulation responses to prolonged cycling. Twelve trained male cyclists performed a glycogen-lowering bout of cycling and were randomly assigned to follow a diet ensuring either greater than 70% (HIGH) or less than 10% (LOW) of daily energy intake from CHO for the next 3 days. On day 4, subjects performed an exercise test that comprised cycling for 1 hour at 60% Wmax immediately followed by a time-trial (TT) ensuring an energy expenditure equivalent to cycling for 30 min at 80% Wmax. Subjects repeated the protocol after 7 days, this time following the second diet. The order of the trials was counterbalanced. At TT completion, the HIGH compared with the LOW trial was associated with higher plasma glucose concentration, lower plasma cortisol concentration, and lower circulating neutrophil count. LPS-stimulated neutrophil degranulation per cell fell similarly on both trials. These findings suggest that pre-exercise CHO status influences neutrophil trafficking but not function in response to prolonged cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Bishop
- Department of Physical Education, Sports Science and Recreation Management at Loughborough University, UK
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Bishop NC, Walsh NP, Haines DL, Richards EE, Gleeson M. Pre-exercise carbohydrate status and immune responses to prolonged cycling: II. Effect on plasma cytokine concentration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2001; 11:503-12. [PMID: 11915784 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.11.4.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ingesting carbohydrate (CHO) beverages during heavy exercise is associated with smaller changes in the plasma concentrations of several cytokines. The influence of dietary CHO availability on these responses has not been determined. Therefore, the present study investigated the influence of pre-exercise CHO status on plasma interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) responses to prolonged cycling. Seven trained male cyclists performed a glycogen-lowering bout of cycling and were randomly assigned to follow a diet ensuring either greater than 70% (HIGH) or less than 10% (LOW) of daily energy intake from CHO for the next 3 days. On day 4 subjects performed an exercise test that comprised cycling for 1 hour at 60% Wmax immediately followed by a time-trial (TT) ensuring an energy expenditure equivalent to cycling for 30 min at 80% Wmax. Subjects repeated the protocol after 7 days, this time following the second diet. The order of the trials was counterbalanced. At 1 and 2 hours post-TT, plasma concentrations of IL-6 and IL-10 were 2-fold greater on the LOW trial than on the HIGH trial, and peak plasma concentrations of IL-1ra were 9-fold greater on the LOW trial than on the HIGH trial. These findings suggest that pre-exercise CHO status can influence the plasma cytokine response to prolonged cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Bishop
- Department of Physical Education, Sports Science and Recreation Management at Loughborough University, UK
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Mertz-Fairhurst EJ, Adair SM, Sams DR, Curtis JW, Ergle JW, Hawkins KI, Mackert JR, O'Dell NL, Richards EE, Rueggeberg F. Cariostatic and ultraconservative sealed restorations: nine-year results among children and adults. ASDC J Dent Child 1995; 62:97-107. [PMID: 7608378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this clinical study was to evaluate the long-term efficacy of placing sealed posterior composite restorations for arresting active caries. The tooth preparation for this bonded and sealed restoration was limited to placing a bevel in the enamel only, without the removal of the carious lesion. The radiographic and clinical performance of these ultraconservative sealed composite restorations placed over caries (CompS/C) was compared over a period of nine years with: 1) ultraconservative, localized sealed amalgam (AGS) restorations with no extension for prevention, and 2) traditional, unsealed amalgam restorations (AGU) with the usual extension for prevention outline form. Sealant retention with > 50 percent to 100 percent of the margins occurred in 64 percent of CompS/C and 82.5 percent of AGS restorations. After nine years the cumulative failure rates were 16 percent for CompS/C, 2.5 percent for AGS, and 17.1 percent for AGU restorations. Thus, the clinical performance of CompS/C restorations was slightly superior to that of the traditional AGU restorations. The AGS restorations were definitely superior to the traditional AGU restorations and to the CompS/C restorations in both children and adults alike. Complete sealant retention over CompS/C and AGS restorations was equivalent between children and adults (P = 0.14 and 0.74, respectively). A higher percentage of open margins in CompS/C restorations was seen, however, in children (17.4 percent) than adults (1.94 percent). This study has shown that Class I caries can be arrested by the CompS/C restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mertz-Fairhurst
- Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, The Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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Mertz-Fairhurst EJ, Smith CD, Williams JE, Sherrer JD, Mackert JR, Richards EE, Schuster GS, O'Dell NL, Pierce KL, Kovarik RE. Cariostatic and ultraconservative sealed restorations: six-year results. Quintessence Int 1992; 23:827-38. [PMID: 1305301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this clinical study was to determine the ability of an ultraconservative, sealed composite resin restoration, without a traditional cavity preparation and without the removal of the carious lesion, to arrest Class I caries. Tooth preparation was limited to placing a bevel in the enamel. These restorations were compared, over 6 years, with (1) ultraconservative, localized, sealed amalgam restorations with no extension for prevention and (2) traditional, unsealed amalgam restorations with the usual extension for prevention outline form. Caries was arrested by the ultraconservative, sealed composite resin restorations for 6 years. Complete sealant retention on the sealed amalgam restorations was somewhat lower than that on the sealed composite resin restorations; conversely, partial sealant retention was higher for the sealed amalgam group. The marginal integrity of the sealed amalgam restorations was significantly superior to that of the unsealed amalgam restorations. The sealant also protected Class I posterior composite resin restorations against wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Mertz-Fairhurst
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, School of Dentistry, Augusta 30912
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Abstract
Removable dental prostheses are lost frequently or stolen in nursing homes. Dental personnel may not be routinely available to many nursing home residents to place identification labels, and nursing staff members are not trained to use traditional denture marking techniques. This article describes a modified simple marking technique that may be used by either dental personnel or nursing staff members. Using ordinary sandpaper, lead pencil or ball pen, art and craft brush, direct light, and a mono-poly sealer of 1 part heat-cured clear methylmethacrylate powder mixed with 10 parts of autopolymerizing clear orthodontic methylmethacrylate liquid, 26 dentures were labeled for 19 nursing home residents. The technique was quick, cheap, easily applied, nonirritating to mouth tissues, and permanent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Richards
- Department of Community Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta
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Mertz-Fairhurst EJ, Richards EE, Williams JE, Smith CD, Mackert JR, Schuster GS, Sherrer JD, O'Dell NL, Pierce KL, Wenner KK. Sealed restorations: 5-year results. Am J Dent 1992; 5:5-10. [PMID: 1524744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This clinical study determined the feasibility of a sealed resin composite restoration to arrest dental caries using a minimal tooth preparation: a bevel in enamel only without removal of the carious lesion. These ultra-conservative sealed composite restorations placed over caries (CompS/C) were compared with ultra-conservative sealed amalgam restorations (AGS) that had no "extension for prevention". The CompS/C restorations were also compared with the traditional (unsealed) amalgam restorations (AGU) with the "extension for prevention" outline form. Caries progress, as determined by standardized radiographs, revealed that after 5 years caries remained arrested under the CompS/C restorations; the marginal integrity was similar for the CompS/C and the AGS groups, and exhibited highly significant superiority to the AGU restorations (Chi square, P less than = 0.00004). Complete sealant retention over the amalgam restorations (AGS group) was less than over the composite restorations (CompS/C), and conversely, partial sealant retention was higher for the AGS group. Sealants also appeared to protect the posterior composite restorations against wear.
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Mertz-Fairhurst EJ, Williams JE, Pierce KL, Smith CD, Schuster GS, Mackert JR, Sherrer JD, Wenner KK, Richards EE, Davis QB. Sealed restorations: 4-year results. Am J Dent 1991; 4:43-9. [PMID: 2003895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The overall objective of this clinical study was to determine the feasibility of using a sealed composite restoration to arrest caries. This objective was to be achieved using minimal tooth preparation for Class I lesions, without the traditional Class I cavity preparation and without the removal of the carious lesion. The minimal tooth preparation consisted of no [corrected] removal of the carious lesion, bevel in enamel only, and usually not requiring any anesthetic injection. These ultra-conservative sealed composite restorations placed over caries (CompS/C) were compared with ultra-conservative sealed amalgam restorations (AGS) and with the traditional (unsealed) amalgam restorations (AGU). This study showed that: 1) caries is arrested under the CompS/C restoration for a period of 4 years; 2) sealant retention is similar in both the CompS/C and the AGS groups; 3) the marginal integrity of the AGS restorations is markedly superior to that of the AGU restorations; and 4) sealant appears to prevent wear of posterior composite restorations.
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Bridgeman JE, Cherry PC, Clegg AS, Evans JM, Jones ER, Kasal A, Kumar V, Meakins GD, Morisawa Y, Richards EE, Woodgate PD. Microbiological hydroxylation of steroids. 1. Proton magnetic resonance spectra of ketones, alcohols, and acetates in the androstane, pregnane, and oestrane series. J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1970; 2:250-7. [PMID: 5460858 DOI: 10.1039/j39700000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Cherry PC, Cottrell WR, Meakins GD, Richards EE. Hydroxy-steroids. IX. The nuclear magnetic resonances of angular methyl groups in steroid ketones. J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1967; 2:181-4. [PMID: 6066697 DOI: 10.1039/j39670000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Cragg GM, Davey CW, Hall DN, Meakins GD, Richards EE, Whateley TL. Hydroxy-steroids. IV. The preparation and spectra of steroid olefins. J Chem Soc Perkin 1 1966; 14:1266-76. [PMID: 5949257 DOI: 10.1039/j39660001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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