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Komorowicz E, Farkas VJ, Szabó L, Cherrington S, Thelwell C, Kolev K. DNA and histones impair the mechanical stability and lytic susceptibility of fibrin formed by staphylocoagulase. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1233128. [PMID: 37662916 PMCID: PMC10470048 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1233128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Staphylocoagulase (SCG) is a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most lethal pathogens of our times. The complex of SCG with prothrombin (SCG/ProT) can clot fibrinogen, and SCG/ProT-induced fibrin and plasma clots have been described to show decreased mechanical and lytic resistance, which may contribute to septic emboli from infected cardiac vegetations. At infection sites, neutrophils can release DNA and histones, as parts of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which in turn favor thrombosis, inhibit fibrinolysis and strengthen clot structure. Objectives To characterize the combined effects of major NET-components (DNA, histone H1 and H3) on SCG/ProT-induced clot structure, mechanical and lytic stability. Methods Recombinant SCG was used to clot purified fibrinogen and plasma. The kinetics of formation and lysis of fibrin and plasma clots containing H1 or core histones+/-DNA were followed by turbidimetry. Fibrin structure and mechanical stability were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, pressure-driven permeation, and oscillation rheometry. Results Histones and DNA favored the formation of thicker fibrin fibers and a more heterogeneous clot structure including high porosity with H1 histone, whereas low porosity with core histones and DNA. As opposed to previous observations with thrombin-induced clots, SCG/ProT-induced fibrin was not mechanically stabilized by histones. Similarly to thrombin-induced clots, the DNA-histone complexes prolonged fibrinolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator (up to 2-fold). The anti-fibrinolytic effect of the DNA and DNA-H3 complex was observed in plasma clots too. Heparin (low molecular weight) accelerated the lysis of SCG/ProT-clots from plasma, even if DNA and histones were also present. Conclusions In the interplay of NETs and fibrin formed by SCG, DNA and histones promote structural heterogeneity in the clots, and fail to stabilize them against mechanical stress. The DNA-histone complexes render the SCG-fibrin more resistant to lysis and thereby less prone to embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika J. Farkas
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Plasma Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sophie Cherrington
- South Mimms Laboratories, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Thelwell
- South Mimms Laboratories, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Potters Bar, United Kingdom
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Varjú I, Tóth E, Farkas ÁZ, Farkas VJ, Komorowicz E, Feller T, Kiss B, Kellermayer MZ, Szabó L, Wacha A, Bóta A, Longstaff C, Kolev K. Citrullinated fibrinogen forms densely packed clots with decreased permeability. J Thromb Haemost 2022; 20:2862-2872. [PMID: 36083779 PMCID: PMC9828116 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibrin, the main scaffold of thrombi, is susceptible to citrullination by PAD (peptidyl arginine deiminase) 4, secreted from neutrophils during the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. Citrullinated fibrinogen (citFg) has been detected in human plasma as well as in murine venous thrombi, and it decreases the lysability and mechanical resistance of fibrin clots. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of fibrinogen citrullination on the structure of fibrin clots. METHODS Fibrinogen was citrullinated with PAD4 and clotted with thrombin. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to measure fiber thickness, fiber height/width ratio, and fiber persistence length in clots containing citFg. Fiber density was measured with laser scanning microscopy (LSM) and permeability measurements were carried out to estimate the porosity of the clots. The intra-fiber structure of fibrin was analyzed with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). RESULTS SEM images revealed a decrease in the median fiber diameter that correlated with the fraction of citFg in the clot, while the fiber width/length ratio remained unchanged according to AFM. With SAXS we observed that citrullination resulted in the formation of denser clots in line with increased fiber density shown by LSM. The permeability constant of citrullinated fibrin decreased more than 3-fold indicating significantly decreased porosity. SAXS also showed largely preserved periodicity in the longitudinal assembly of fibrin monomers. CONCLUSION The current observations of thin fibers combined with dense packing and low porosity in the presence of citFg can provide a structural framework for the mechanical fragility and lytic resistance of citrullinated fibrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Varjú
- Program in Cellular and Molecular MedicineBoston Children's HospitalBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PediatricsHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Erzsébet Tóth
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Ádám Z. Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Veronika J. Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Tímea Feller
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | - Balázs Kiss
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
| | | | - László Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
- Department of Functional and Structural Materials, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - András Wacha
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Centre for Natural SciencesHungarian Academy of SciencesBudapestHungary
| | - Colin Longstaff
- National Institute for Biological Standards and ControlSouth MimmsUK
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologySemmelweis UniversityBudapestHungary
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Komorowicz E, Kolev K. Fibrin structure, viscoelasticity and lysis face the interplay of biorelevant polyions. Curr Opin Hematol 2022; 29:244-250. [PMID: 35916559 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the past 5 decades, heparins have been widely used as anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. Subsequent development of heparin variants of various size and charge facilitated the discovery of their multiple biological actions and nonanticoagulant benefits. Platelet-derived or microbial polyphosphates, as well as DNA released in the course of neutrophil extracellular trap-formation are additional polyanions, which can modulate the development and stability of thrombi associated with cancer or inflammation. In this review, we focus on the size-dependent and electric charge-dependent modulatory effects of the three polyanions of different chemical structure. RECENT FINDINGS The polycationic histones have been recognized as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in several diseases related to inflammation and thrombosis. Since combating histones with activated protein C or heparin could cause unwanted bleeding, the quest for nonanticoagulant histone-neutralizing agents is ongoing. Polyanions may neutralize or exaggerate certain histone-mediated effects depending on their electric charge, size and histone effects under investigation. Several prothrombotic effects of polyphosphates and DNA are also size-dependent. SUMMARY The efficiency of future therapeutics targeting prothrombotic polyanions or histones is not a simple matter of electric charge, but may rely on a delicate combination of size, charge and chemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Gara E, Zucchelli E, Nemes A, Jakus Z, Ajtay K, Kemecsei É, Kiszler G, Hegedűs N, Szigeti K, Földes I, Árvai K, Kósa J, Kolev K, Komorowicz E, Padmanabhan P, Maurovich-Horvat P, Dósa E, Várady G, Pólos M, Hartyánszky I, Harding SE, Merkely B, Máthé D, Szabó G, Radovits T, Földes G. 3D culturing of human pluripotent stem cells-derived endothelial cells for vascular regeneration. Theranostics 2022; 12:4684-4702. [PMID: 35832092 PMCID: PMC9254250 DOI: 10.7150/thno.69938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells can be candidates for engineering therapeutic vascular grafts. Methods: Here, we studied the role of three-dimensional culture on their characteristics and function both in vitro and in vivo. Results: We found that differentiated hPSC-EC can re-populate decellularized biomatrices; they remain viable, undergo maturation and arterial/venous specification. Human PSC-EC develop antifibrotic, vasoactive and anti-inflammatory properties during recellularization. In vivo, a robust increase in perfusion was detected at the engraftment sites after subcutaneous implantation of an hPSC-EC-laden hydrogel in rats. Histology confirmed survival and formation of capillary-like structures, suggesting the incorporation of hPSC-EC into host microvasculature. In a canine model, hiPSC-EC-seeded onto decellularised vascular segments were functional as aortic grafts. Similarly, we showed the retention and maturation of hiPSC-EC and dynamic remodelling of the vessel wall with good maintenance of vascular patency. Conclusions: A combination of hPSC-EC and biomatrices may be a promising approach to repair ischemic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Gara
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - Eleonora Zucchelli
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Annamária Nemes
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Jakus
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
| | - Kitti Ajtay
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
| | - Éva Kemecsei
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
- MTA-SE “Lendület” Lymphatic Physiology Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and the Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
| | | | - Nikolett Hegedűs
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Nanobiotechnology & In vivo Imaging Center, Semmelweis University, H1094, Budapest, Hungary and In vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine. www.hcemm.eu, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Krisztián Szigeti
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Nanobiotechnology & In vivo Imaging Center, Semmelweis University, H1094, Budapest, Hungary and In vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine. www.hcemm.eu, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Iván Földes
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - Kristóf Árvai
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University; PentaCore Laboratory, Budapest, H1083, Hungary
| | - János Kósa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Semmelweis University; PentaCore Laboratory, Budapest, H1083, Hungary
| | - Kraszimir Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1094, Hungary
| | - Parasuraman Padmanabhan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College - Nanyang Technological University, 636921, Singapore
| | | | - Edit Dósa
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - György Várady
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, H1117, Hungary
| | - Miklós Pólos
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - István Hartyánszky
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - Sian E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - Domokos Máthé
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Nanobiotechnology & In vivo Imaging Center, Semmelweis University, H1094, Budapest, Hungary and In vivo Imaging Advanced Core Facility, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine. www.hcemm.eu, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szabó
- Experimentelle Herzchirurgie, Ruprecht-Karls Universität, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Halle, Halle (Saale), 06108, Germany
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
| | - Gábor Földes
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, H1122, Hungary
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Hidi L, Komorowicz E, Kovács GI, Szeberin Z, Garbaisz D, Nikolova N, Tenekedjiev K, Szabó L, Kolev K, Sótonyi P. Cryopreservation moderates the thrombogenicity of arterial allografts during storage. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255114. [PMID: 34293054 PMCID: PMC8297765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Management of vascular infections represents a major challenge in vascular surgery. The use of cryopreserved vascular allografts could be a feasible therapeutic option, but the optimal conditions for their production and use are not precisely defined. AIMS To evaluate the effects of cryopreservation and the duration of storage on the thrombogenicity of femoral artery allografts. METHODS In our prospective study, eleven multi-organ-donation-harvested human femoral arteries were examined at five time points during storage at -80°C: before cryopreservation as a fresh native sample and immediately, one, twelve and twenty-four weeks after the cryopreservation. Cross-sections of allografts were perfused with heparin-anticoagulated blood at shear-rates relevant to medium-sized arteries. The deposited platelets and fibrin were immunostained. The thrombogenicity of the intima, media and adventitia layers of the artery grafts was assessed quantitatively from the relative area covered by fibrin- and platelet-related fluorescent signal in the confocal micrographs. RESULTS Regression analysis of the fibrin and platelet coverage in the course of the 24-week storage excluded the possibility for increase in the graft thrombogenicity in the course of time and supported the hypothesis for a descending trend in fibrin generation and platelet deposition on the arterial wall. The fibrin deposition in the cryopreserved samples did not exceed the level detected in any of the three layers of the native graft. However, an early (up to week 12) shift above the native sample level was observed in the platelet adhesion to the media. CONCLUSIONS The hemostatic potential of cryopreserved arterial allografts was retained, whereas their thrombogenic potential declined during the 6-month storage. The only transient prothrombotic change was observed in the media layer, where the platelet deposition exceeded that of the fresh native grafts in the initial twelve weeks after cryopreservation, suggesting a potential clinical benefit from antiplatelet therapy in this time-window.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Hidi
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Gergely Imre Kovács
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Szeberin
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dávid Garbaisz
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natalia Nikolova
- Department of Information Technology, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria
- Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Kiril Tenekedjiev
- Department of Information Technology, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria
- Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Functional and Structural Materials, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sótonyi
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Varjú I, Sorvillo N, Cherpokova D, Farkas ÁZ, Farkas VJ, Komorowicz E, Feller T, Kiss B, Kellermayer MZ, Szabó L, Wacha A, Bóta A, Longstaff C, Wagner DD, Kolev K. Citrullinated Fibrinogen Renders Clots Mechanically Less Stable, but Lysis-Resistant. Circ Res 2021; 129:342-344. [PMID: 34037437 PMCID: PMC8260470 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imre Varjú
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry (I.V., Á.Z.F., V.J.F., E.K., L.S., K.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY (I.V.)
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
| | - Ádám Z Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry (I.V., Á.Z.F., V.J.F., E.K., L.S., K.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Veronika J Farkas
- Department of Biochemistry (I.V., Á.Z.F., V.J.F., E.K., L.S., K.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry (I.V., Á.Z.F., V.J.F., E.K., L.S., K.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Feller
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology (T.F., B.K., M.Z.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kiss
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology (T.F., B.K., M.Z.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Z Kellermayer
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology (T.F., B.K., M.Z.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry (I.V., Á.Z.F., V.J.F., E.K., L.S., K.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Functional and Structural Materials (L.S.), Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Wacha
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group (A.W., A.B.), Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group (A.W., A.B.), Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Colin Longstaff
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, United Kingdom (C.L.)
| | - Denisa D Wagner
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (I.V., N.S., D.C., D.D.W.)
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, MA (D.D.W.)
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry (I.V., Á.Z.F., V.J.F., E.K., L.S., K.K.), Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Komorowicz E, Balázs N, Tanka-Salamon A, Varga Z, Szabó L, Bóta A, Longstaff C, Kolev K. Size- and charge-dependent modulation of the lytic susceptibility and mechanical stability of fibrin-histone clots by heparin and polyphosphate variants. J Thromb Haemost 2021; 19:1307-1318. [PMID: 33609065 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) containing DNA and histones are expelled from neutrophils in infection and thrombosis. Heparins, anticoagulant polyanions, can neutralize histones with a potential therapeutic advantage in sepsis. Polyphosphates, procoagulant polyanions, are released by platelets and microorganisms. OBJECTIVES To characterize the combined effects of NET components and polyanions on clot structure, mechanical properties and lytic susceptibility. METHODS Scanning electron microscopy, pressure-driven permeation, turbidimetry, and oscillation rheometry were used for the characterization of the structure, viscoelasticity, and kinetics of formation and lysis of fibrin and plasma clots containing histones+/-DNA in combination with unfractionated heparin, its desulfated derivatives, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), pentasaccharide, and polyphosphates of different sizes. RESULTS Histones and DNA inhibited fibrin lysis by plasmin, but this behavior was not neutralized by negatively charged heparins or short polyphosphates. Rather, fibrin lysis was further inhibited by added polyanions. Histones inhibited plasma clot lysis by tissue plasminogen activator and the response to added heparin was size dependent. Unfractionated heparin, LMWH, and pentasaccharide had no effect, exacerbated, or reversed histone inhibition, respectively. Histones increased the mechanical strength of fibrin, which was exacerbated by smaller heparin and polyphosphate molecules. Histones increased fibrin diameter and pore size of fibrin clots and this effect was neutralized by all heparin variants but enhanced by polyphosphates. CONCLUSIONS Despite their common polyanionic character, heparins and polyphosphates exert distinct effects on fibrin mechanical and fibrinolytic stability. Anti-fibrinolytic effects of histones were more often enhanced by polyanions not counteracted. Careful selection of anti-histone strategies is required if they are to be combined with thrombolytic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Balázs
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Tanka-Salamon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Biological Nanochemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Colin Longstaff
- Biotherapeutics, Haemostasis Section, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Komorowicz E, Balázs N, Tanka-Salamon A, Varga Z, Szabó L, Bóta A, Longstaff C, Kolev K. Biorelevant polyanions stabilize fibrin against mechanical and proteolytic decomposition: Effects of polymer size and electric charge. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 102:103459. [PMID: 31604180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) containing DNA and histones is an essential mechanism in the neutrophil-mediated innate immunity. In thrombi the polyanionic DNA confers mechanical and lytic resistance to fibrin and heparins interfere with the effects of NET components. Heparins are polyanions used not only as therapeutic agents, but they are also released by mast cells at entry sites of pathogens. Platelets and microorganisms release a different type of polyanions (polyphosphates) of various size (in the range 60-1000 phosphate monomers). With the current study we aimed to evaluate if the stability of fibrin is influenced by the type of polyanion, its molecular size or relative electric charge. Fibrin structure was approached with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and pressure-driven permeation. An oscillation rheometer was used to investigate viscoelastic properties. Kinetic turbidimetric assays for the generation and dissolution of composite fibrin clots containing unfractionated heparin (UFH), and its partially or fully desulfated derivatives, as well as low molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), pentasaccharide (S5), and polyphosphates composed of 45 (P45), 100 (P100) or 700 (P700) monomers at average. The smaller polyanions P45, P100, LMWH, and S5 accelerated, whereas P700 and UFH retarded clot formation. All polyanions altered the fibrin structure: SEM and clot permeation showed thicker fibers with smaller (LMWH, S5, P700) or larger (UFH, P100) pores. All polyanions stabilized the clots mechanically, but the smaller P45, P100 and LMWH decreased the deformability of fibrin, whereas the large UFH and P700 increased the maximal bearable deformation of clots. Despite the size-dependent structural changes, all heparins caused a 10-15% prolongation of lysis-times with plasmin, and UFH-effects depended on sulfation patterns. The 20-35% prolongation of lysis-times caused by all polyphosphates was a kringle-dependent phenomenon, and was dampened in the presence of 6-aminohexanoate blocking the lysine-binding sites of plasmin. In summary, we found that polyanions of different chemical structure stabilize fibrin clots via size-dependent modulation of fibrin structure and kringle-dependent inhibition of plasmin-mediated fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nóra Balázs
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Tanka-Salamon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Varga
- Department of Biological Nanochemsitry, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Bóta
- Department of Biological Nanochemsitry, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Colin Longstaff
- Biotherapeutics, Haemostasis Section, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar, UK
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Kolev K, Komorowicz E, Owen WG, Machovich R. Quantitative Comparison of Fibrin Degradation with Plasmin, Miniplasmin, Neurophil Leukocyte Elastase and Cathepsin G. Thromb Haemost 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1650234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
SummaryThe relative contribution of plasmin, miniplasmin, PMN-elastase and cathepsin G to the fibrin-gel dissolution is studied. The global kcat/KM ratios are determined as a measure of the fibrinolytic catalytic efficiency using spectrophotometric kinetic analysis of the competition between fibrin and synthetic peptide substrates for the proteases, turbi-dimetric assay for fibrin dissolution and gel-filtration of the partially degraded fibrin. When the substrate is fibrin polymerized in the presence of 3 mM Ca2+, the value of this ratio is 4.3 × 105 M-1·s-1 for plasmin, 1.9 × 105 M-1·s-1 for miniplasmin, 5.0 × 104 M-1·s-1 for PMN-elastase and 2.2 × 103 M-1·s-1 for cathepsin G. When fibrin is polymerized without addition of Ca2+, the kcat/KM values are increased by a factor of 2.3 for plasmin, 2.0 for miniplasmin and 1.6 for cathepsin G, whereas that of PMN-elastase is unchanged. Progressive crosslinking of fibrin decreases the catalytic action of all studied proteases, but no change in their relative contribution to fibrinolysis is observed. When plasmin inhibitor (at physiological concentration) is also crosslinked to fibrin, the most efficient fibrinolytic enzymes are miniplasmin and PMN-elastase. The effect of 6-aminohexanoate on the formation of fibrin degradation products by plasmin and miniplasmin suggests that the high-affinity lysine binding site in the N-terminal kringle domain of plasmin is involved in the interactions with the native polymerized fibrin, whereas the fifth kringle found in both enzymes participates in binding to newly exposed lysine residues. These results provide a quantitative basis for the evaluation of fibrinolytic efficiency and support the concept of synergistic fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krasimir Kolev
- The Department of Biochemistry II, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- The Department of Biochemistry II, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Whyte G Owen
- The Hematology Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Raymund Machovich
- The Department of Biochemistry II, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Tanka-Salamon A, Komorowicz E, Szabó L, Tenekedjiev K, Kolev K. Free Fatty Acids Modulate Thrombin Mediated Fibrin Generation Resulting in Less Stable Clots. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167806. [PMID: 27942000 PMCID: PMC5152833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon platelet activation, free fatty acids are released at the stage of thrombus formation, but their effects on fibrin formation are largely unexplored. Our objective was to characterize the kinetic effects of fatty acids on thrombin activity, as well as the structural and mechanical properties of the resultant fibrin clots. Thrombin activity on fibrinogen was followed by turbidimetry and detailed kinetic characterization was performed using a fluorogenic short peptide substrate. The viscoelastic properties of fibrin were measured with rotatory oscillation rheometer, whereas its structure was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In turbidimetric assays of fibrin generation, oleate and stearate at physiologically relevant concentrations (60–600 μM) produced a bell-shaped inhibitory dose response, increasing 10- to 30-fold the time to half-maximal clotting. Oleate inhibited thrombin activity on a short peptide substrate according to a mixed-type inhibitor pattern (a 9-fold increase of the Michaelis constant, Km and a 20% decrease of the catalytic constant), whereas stearate resulted in only a minor (15%) drop in the catalytic constant without any change in the Km. Morphometric analysis of SEM images showed a 73% increase in the median fiber diameter in the presence of stearate and a 20% decrease in the presence of oleate. Concerning the viscoelastic parameters of the clots, storage and loss moduli, maximal viscosity and critical shear stress decreased by 32–65% in the presence of oleate or stearate, but loss tangent did not change indicating decreased rigidity, higher deformability and decreased internal resistance to shear stress. Our study provides evidence that free fatty acids (at concentrations comparable to those reported in thrombi) reduce the mechanical stability of fibrin through modulation of thrombin activity and the pattern of fibrin assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tanka-Salamon
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Szabó
- IMEC, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kiril Tenekedjiev
- Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria
- Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Australia
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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11
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Kovács A, Sótonyi P, Nagy AI, Tenekedjiev K, Wohner N, Komorowicz E, Kovács E, Nikolova N, Szabó L, Kovalszky I, Machovich R, Szelid Z, Becker D, Merkely B, Kolev K. Ultrastructure and composition of thrombi in coronary and peripheral artery disease: correlations with clinical and laboratory findings. Thromb Res 2015; 135:760-6. [PMID: 25686880 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrin structure and cellular composition of thrombi profoundly affect the clinical outcomes in ischemic coronary and peripheral artery disease. Our study addressed the interrelations of structural features of thrombi and routinely measured laboratory parameters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thrombi removed by thromboaspiration following acute myocardial infarction (n=101) or thrombendarterectomy of peripheral arteries (n=50) were processed by scanning electron microscopy and immunostaining for fibrin and platelet antigen GPIIb/IIIa to determine fibrin fibre diameter and relative occupancy by fibrin and cells. Correlations between the structural characteristics and selected clinical parameters (age, sex, vascular localization, blood cell counts, ECG findings, antiplatelet medication, accompanying diseases, smoking) were assessed. RESULTS We observed significant differences in mean fibre diameter (122 vs. 135 nm), fibrin content (70.5% vs. 83.9%), fluorescent fibrin/platelet coverage ratio (0.18 vs. 1.06) between coronary and peripheral thrombi. Coronary thrombi from smokers contained more fibrin than non-smokers (78.1% vs. 62.2% mean occupancy). In the initial 24 h, fibrin content of coronary thrombi decreased with time, whereas in peripheral thrombi platelet content increased in the first 7 days. In coronaries, higher platelet content and smaller vessel diameter were associated with thinner fibrin fibres, whereas hematocrit higher than 0.35 correlated with larger intrathrombotic platelet occupancy. Smoking and dyslipidaemia strengthened the dependence of clot platelet content on systemic platelet count (the adjusted determination coefficient increased from 0.33 to 0.43 and 0.65, respectively). CONCLUSION Easily accessible clinical parameters could be identified as significant determinants of ultrastructure and composition of coronary and peripheral thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Kovács
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Sótonyi
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anikó Ilona Nagy
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kiril Tenekedjiev
- Department of Information Technology, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria; Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - Nikolett Wohner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Komorowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kovács
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Natalia Nikolova
- Department of Information Technology, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, Bulgaria; Australian Maritime College, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia
| | - László Szabó
- Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1(st) Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Raymund Machovich
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szelid
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - David Becker
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krasimir Kolev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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12
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Rottenberger Z, Komorowicz E, Szabó L, Bóta A, Varga Z, Machovich R, Longstaff C, Kolev K. Lytic and mechanical stability of clots composed of fibrin and blood vessel wall components. J Thromb Haemost 2013; 11:529-38. [PMID: 23279194 PMCID: PMC3618376 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proteases expressed in atherosclerotic plaque lesions generate collagen fragments, release glycosaminoglycans (chondroitin sulfate [CS] and dermatan sulfate [DS]) and expose extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (e.g. decorin) at sites of fibrin formation. OBJECTIVE Here we address the effect of these vessel wall components on the lysis of fibrin by the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/plasminogen system and on the mechanical stability of clots. METHODS AND RESULTS MMP-8-digested collagen fragments, isolated CS, DS, glycosylated decorin and its core protein were used to prepare mixed matrices with fibrin (additives present at a 50-fold lower mass concentration than fibrinogen). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the presence of ECM components resulted in a coarse fibrin structure, most pronounced for glycosylated decorin causing an increase in the median fiber diameter from 85 to 187 nm. Rheological measurements indicated that these structural alterations were coupled to decreased shear resistance (1.8-fold lower shear stress needed for gel/fluid transition of the clots containing glycosylated decorin) and rigidity (reduction of the storage modulus from 54.3 to 33.2 Pa). The lytic susceptibility of the modified fibrin structures was increased. The time to 50% lysis by plasmin was reduced approximately 2-fold for all investigated ECM components (apart from the core protein of decorin which produced a moderate reduction of the lysis time by 25%), whereas fibrin-dependent plasminogen activation by tPA was inhibited by up to 30%. CONCLUSION ECM components compromise the chemical and mechanical stability of fibrin as a result of changes in its ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Rottenberger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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13
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Longstaff C, Varjú I, Sótonyi P, Szabó L, Krumrey M, Hoell A, Bóta A, Varga Z, Komorowicz E, Kolev K. Mechanical stability and fibrinolytic resistance of clots containing fibrin, DNA, and histones. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:6946-56. [PMID: 23293023 PMCID: PMC3591605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps are networks of DNA and associated proteins produced by nucleosome release from activated neutrophils in response to infection stimuli and have recently been identified as key mediators between innate immunity, inflammation, and hemostasis. The interaction of DNA and histones with a number of hemostatic factors has been shown to promote clotting and is associated with increased thrombosis, but little is known about the effects of DNA and histones on the regulation of fibrin stability and fibrinolysis. Here we demonstrate that the addition of histone-DNA complexes to fibrin results in thicker fibers (increase in median diameter from 84 to 123 nm according to scanning electron microscopy data) accompanied by improved stability and rigidity (the critical shear stress causing loss of fibrin viscosity increases from 150 to 376 Pa whereas the storage modulus of the gel increases from 62 to 82 pascals according to oscillation rheometric data). The effects of DNA and histones alone are subtle and suggest that histones affect clot structure whereas DNA changes the way clots are lysed. The combination of histones + DNA significantly prolongs clot lysis. Isothermal titration and confocal microscopy studies suggest that histones and DNA bind large fibrin degradation products with 191 and 136 nm dissociation constants, respectively, interactions that inhibit clot lysis. Heparin, which is known to interfere with the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps, appears to prolong lysis time at a concentration favoring ternary histone-DNA-heparin complex formation, and DNase effectively promotes clot lysis in combination with tissue plasminogen activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Longstaff
- Biotherapeutics, Haemostasis Section, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Potters Bar EN6 3QG, United Kingdom.
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14
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Wohner N, Keresztes Z, Sótonyi P, Szabó L, Komorowicz E, Machovich R, Kolev K. Neutrophil granulocyte-dependent proteolysis enhances platelet adhesion to the arterial wall under high-shear flow. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1624-31. [PMID: 20412433 PMCID: PMC2905611 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND Under high shear stress platelets adhere preferentially to the adventitia layer of the arterial vessel wall in a von Willebrand factor (VWF)-dependent manner. OBJECTIVE The present study was undertaken in an attempt to characterize the structural background of the relative thromboresistance of the media and the impact of neutrophil leukocyte-derived proteases (matrix metalloproteinases, neutrophil elastase) on platelet adhesion in this layer of the arteries. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet adhesion to cross-sections of the human iliac artery was monitored by indirect immunofluorescent detection of GpIIb/IIIa antigen. Exposure of the vessel wall to activated neutrophils or neutrophil-derived proteases increased platelet adhesion to the media about tenfold over the control level at 3350 s(-1) surface shear rate. In parallel with this enhanced thrombogenicity morphological changes in the media were evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The fine proteoglycan meshwork seen with Cupromeronic Blue enhancement of the SEM images was removed by the proteolytic treatment and the typical collagen fiber structure was exposed on the AFM images of the media. CONCLUSION Through their proteases activated neutrophils degrade proteoglycans, unmask VWF binding sites and thus abolish the thromboresistance of the media in human arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wohner
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Tanka-Salamon A, Kolev K, Machovich R, Komorowicz E. Proteolytic resistance conferred to fibrinogen by von Willebrand factor. Thromb Haemost 2009; 103:291-8. [PMID: 20024497 DOI: 10.1160/th09-07-0420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The formation of platelet-rich thrombi under high shear rates requires both fibrinogen and von Willebrand factor (VWF) as molecular adhesives between platelets. We attempted to describe the role of VWF as a potential substrate and modulator of the fibrinolytic system using binding assays, as well as kinetic measurements on the cleavage of fibrin(ogen) and a synthetic plasmin substrate (Spectrozyme-PL). The similar dissociation constants for the binding of plasminogen, plasmin, and active site-blocked plasmin onto immobilised VWF suggest that the primary binding site in plasmin(ogen) is not the active site. The progressive loss of clottability and generation of degradation products during fibrinogen digestion with plasmin were delayed in the presence of VWF at physiological concentrations, while VWF cleavage was not detectable. Determination of kinetic parameters for fibrinogen degradation by plasmin, miniplasmin and microplasmin showed that VWF did not modify the Km, whereas kcat values decreased with increasing VWF concentrations following the kinetic model of non-competitive inhibition. Inhibitory constants calculated for VWF were in the range of its physiological plasma concentration (5.4 mg/ml, 5.7 mg/ml and 10.0 mg/ml for plasmin, miniplasmin and microplasmin, respectively) and their values suggested a modulating role of the kringle 5 domain in the interaction between VWF and (mini)plasmin. VWF had no effect on the amidolytic activity of plasmin on Spectrozyme-PL, or on fibrin dissolution by (mini)plasmin. Our data suggest that VWF, while a poor plasmin substrate relative to fibrinogen, protects fibrinogen against degradation by plasmin preserving its clottability in plasma and its adhesive role in platelet-rich thrombi.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tanka-Salamon
- Semmelweis University, Department of Medical Biochemistry, 1094 Tuzoltó u. 37-47., Budapest, Hungary
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- R Machovich
- Semmelweis University of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Budapest, Hungary
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17
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Abstract
Quantitative characterization of the interaction of des-kringle1-5-plasmin (microplasmin) with fibrin(ogen) and plasma protease inhibitors may serve as a tool for further evaluation of the role of kringle domains in the regulation of fibrinolysis. Comparison of fibrin(ogen) degradation products yielded by plasmin, miniplasmin (des-kringle1-4-plasmin), microplasmin, and trypsin on SDS gel electrophoresis indicates that the differences in the enzyme structure result in different rates of product formation, whereas the products of the four proteases are very similar in molecular weight. Kinetic parameters show that plasmin is the most efficient enzyme in fibrinogen degradation, and the kcat/KM ratio decreases in parallel with the loss of the kringle domains. The catalytic sites of the four proteases have similar affinities for fibrin (KM values between 0.12 and 0.21 microM). Trypsin has the highest catalytic constant for fibrin digestion (kcat = 0.47 s-1), and among plasmins with different kringle structures, the loss of kringle5 results in a markedly lower catalytic rate constant (kcat = 0.0076 s-1 for microplasmin vs 0.048 s-1 for miniplasmin and 0.064 s-1 for plasmin). In addition, microplasmin is inactivated by plasmin inhibitor (k" = 3.9 x 10(5) M-1 s-1) and antithrombin (k" = 1.4 x 10(3) M-1 s-1) and the rate of inactivation decreases in the presence of fibrin(ogen). Heparin (250 nM) accelerates the inactivation of microplasmin by antithrombin (k" = 10.5 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 ), whereas that by plasmin inhibitor is not affected (k" = 4.2 x 10(5) M-1 s-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Komorowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Abstract
The efficiency of plasmin, miniplasmin, and neutrophil leukocyte elastase in fibrin digestion is well characterized in static systems. Since in vivo the components of the fibrinolytic system are permanently exposed to flow, we have developed two in vitro models and studied the effect of shear forces on fibrin dissolution with these proteases. Cylindrical nonocclusive fibrin clots are perfused at various flow rates through their preformed axial channel, and dissolution of fibrin is followed by measuring the absorbance of degradation products released into the circulating fluid phase. In one experimental setting, fibrin surface is degraded with enzymes applied in the recirculating fluid phase; in another setting, clots containing gel-embedded proteases are perfused with enzyme-free buffer. As shear rate at fibrin surface is changed from 25 to 500 s(-1), the rate of product release by recirculated enzymes increases 2.8-, 2.9-, and 4-fold for plasmin, miniplasmin, and porcine pancreatic elastase, respectively. Buffer-perfused fibrin containing gel-embedded plasmin or miniplasmin is disintegrated by shear forces at a relatively early stage of dissolution, and this disassembly is related to the formation of fragment Y (150 kDa) and fragment D (100 kDa) fibrin degradation products. Fibrin clots degraded by incorporated polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase, which yields different degradation products, do not disassemble abruptly, even at the highest shear rate (500 s(-1)). Our results suggest that fibrin surface degradation is accelerated with increasing shear rate and that plasmin or miniplasmin embedded in the clot promotes the release of particular clot remnants into the circulating phase, whereas polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Komorowicz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Kolev K, Tenekedjiev K, Komorowicz E, Machovich R. Functional evaluation of the structural features of proteases and their substrate in fibrin surface degradation. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:13666-75. [PMID: 9153217 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.21.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A new model has been introduced to characterize the action of a fluid phase enzyme on a solid phase substrate. This approach is applied to evaluate the kinetics of fibrin dissolution with several proteases. The model predicts the rate constants for the formation and dissociation of the protease-fibrin complex, the apparent order of the association reaction between the enzyme and the substrate, as well as a global catalytic constant (kcat) for the dissolution process. These kinetic parameters show a strong dependence on the nature of the applied protease and on the structure of the polymerized substrate. The kinetic data for trypsin, PMN-elastase, and three plasminogen-derived proteases with identical catalytic domain, but with a varied N-terminal structure, are compared. The absence of kringle5 in des-kringle1-5-plasmin (microplasmin) is related to a markedly lower kcat (0.008 s-1) compared with plasmin and des-kringle1-4plasmin (miniplasmin) (0.039 s-1). The essentially identical kinetic parameters for miniplasmin and plasmin with the exception of kdiss, which is higher for miniplasmin (81.8 s-1 versus 57.6 s-1), suggest that the first four kringle domains are needed to retain the enzyme in the enzyme-fibrin complex. Trypsin, a protease of similar primary specificity to plasmin, but with a different catalytic domain, shows basically the same kcat as plasmin, but its affinity to fibrin is markedly lower compared with plasmin and even microplasmin. The latter suggests that in addition to the kringle domains, the structure of the catalytic domain in plasmin also contributes to its specificity for fibrin. The thinner and extensively branched fibers of fibrin are more efficiently dissolved than the fibers with greater diameter and lower number of branching points. When the polymer is stabilized through covalent cross-linking, the kcat for plasmin and miniplasmin is 2-4-fold higher than on non-cross-linked fibrin, but the decrease in the association rate constant for the formation of enzyme-substrate complex explains the relative proteolytic resistance of the cross-linked fibrin. Thus, the functional evaluation of the discrete steps of the fibrinolytic process reveals new aspects of the interactions between proteases and their polymer substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kolev
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Semmelweis University of Medicine, H-1088 Budapest, Hungary
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Kolev K, Komorowicz E, Owen WG, Machovich R. Quantitative comparison of fibrin degradation with plasmin, miniplasmin, neurophil leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. Thromb Haemost 1996; 75:140-6. [PMID: 8713793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The relative contribution of plasmin, miniplasmin, PMN-elastase and cathepsin G to the fibrin-gel dissolution is studied. The global kcat/KM ratios are determined as a measure of the fibrinolytic catalytic efficiency using spectrophotometric kinetic analysis of the competition between fibrin and synthetic peptide substrates for the proteases, turbidimetric assay for fibrin dissolution and gel-filtration of the partially degraded fibrin. When the substrate is fibrin polymerized in the presence of 3 mM Ca2+, the value of this ratio is 4.3 x 10(5) M-1.s-1 for plasmin, 1.9 x 10(5) M-1.s-1 for miniplasmin, 5.0 x 10(4) M-1.s-1 for PMN-elastase and 2.2 x 10(3) M-1.s-1 for cathepsin G. When fibrin is polymerized without addition of Ca2+, the kcat/KM values are increased by a factor of 2.3 for plasmin, 2.0 for miniplasmin and 1.6 for cathepsin G, whereas that of PMN-elastase is unchanged. Progressive cross-linking of fibrin decreases the catalytic action of all studied proteases, but no change in their relative contribution to fibrinolysis is observed. When plasmin inhibitor (at physiological concentration) is also cross-linked to fibrin, the most efficient fibrinolytic enzymes are miniplasmin and PMN-elastase. The effect of 6-aminohexanoate on the formation of fibrin degradation products by plasmin and miniplasmin suggests that the high-affinity lysine binding site in the N-terminal kringle domain of plasmin is involved in the interactions with the native polymerized fibrin, whereas the fifth kringle found in both enzymes participates in binding to newly exposed lysine residues. These results provide a quantitative basis for the evaluation of fibrinolytic efficiency and support the concept of synergistic fibrinolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry II, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Kolev K, Komorowicz E, Machovich R. Heparin modulation of the fibrinolytic activity of plasmin, miniplasmin and neutrophil leukocyte elastase in the presence of plasma protease inhibitors. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1994; 5:905-11. [PMID: 7534486 DOI: 10.1097/00001721-199412000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The effect of heparin on the inactivation rates of fibrin-bound plasmin, miniplasmin and neutrophil leukocyte elastase (PMN-elastase) by their plasma inhibitors was studied. While plasmin and miniplasmin bound to fibrin are not inactivated by antithrombin, heparin (800 nM) makes these enzymes available for the inhibitor; the second-order rate constant increases from zero to 1.3 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 and 3.3 x 10(3) M-1 s-1, respectively. Heparin slightly increases the rate of fibrin-bound enzyme inactivation by plasmin inhibitor. alpha 1-Protease inhibitor, on the other hand, is unable to inactivate plasmin or miniplasmin bound to fibrin and heparin has no facilitating effect. In the case of PMN-elastase, heparin (300 nM) further increases enzyme protection against alpha 1-protease inhibitor; the rate constant decreases from 41 x 10(3) M-1 s-1 to 23 x 10(3) M-1 s-1. alpha 2-Macroglobulin inhibits fibrin-bound miniplasmin and PMN-elastase with a second-order rate constant of 1.8 x 10(4) M-1 s-1 and heparin (300 nM) increases the rate insignificantly for miniplasmin and by a factor of two for PMN-elastase. It is remarkable that plasmin bound to fibrin is not inhibited by alpha 2-macroglobulin independently of the presence of heparin. On the basis of the reported kinetic data a lifespan of 420 s for plasmin, 66 s for miniplasmin and 4 s for PMN-elastase was calculated, when the enzymes are bound to fibrin in the presence of the four protease inhibitors at physiological plasma concentration. If heparin is present (300 nM) these values decrease to 240 s for plasmin and 42 s for miniplasmin, whereas that of PMN-elastase is unchanged. Thus, the present in vitro kinetic model suggests an antifibrinolytic effect of heparin in a plasma milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kolev
- Department of Biochemistry II, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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