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Liu L, Malagu K, Haughan AF, Khetarpal V, Stott AJ, Esmieu W, Vater HD, Webster SJ, Van de Poël AJ, Clissold C, Cosgrove B, Sutton B, Spencer JA, Breccia P, Gancia E, Bonomo S, Ladduwahetty T, Lazari O, Patel H, Atton HC, Clifton S, Mota DM, Magnani D, O'Neill A, Stebbeds M, Macabuag N, Todd D, Herva ME, Mitchell P, Visser M, Compte Sancerni S, Grand Moursel L, da Silva M, Kritikou E, Heikkinen TT, Bolkvadze T, Fodale V, Spadafora D, Daldin M, Bresciani A, Mangette JE, Doherty EM, Lee MR, Herbst T, Monteagudo E, Macdonald D, Plotnikov NV, Chambers M, McAllister G, Muňoz-Sanjuan I, Dominguez C. Identification and Optimization of RNA-Splicing Modulators as Huntingtin Protein-Lowering Agents for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13205-13246. [PMID: 37712656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. We report the design of a series of HTT pre-mRNA splicing modulators that lower huntingtin (HTT) protein, including the toxic mutant huntingtin (mHTT), by promoting insertion of a pseudoexon containing a premature termination codon at the exon 49-50 junction. The resulting transcript undergoes nonsense-mediated decay, leading to a reduction of HTT mRNA transcripts and protein levels. The starting benzamide core was modified to pyrazine amide and further optimized to give a potent, CNS-penetrant, and orally bioavailable HTT-splicing modulator 27. This compound reduced canonical splicing of the HTT RNA exon 49-50 and demonstrated significant HTT-lowering in both human HD stem cells and mouse BACHD models. Compound 27 is a structurally diverse HTT-splicing modulator that may help understand the mechanism of adverse effects such as peripheral neuropathy associated with branaplam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbin Liu
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Karine Malagu
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Alan F Haughan
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Vinod Khetarpal
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Andrew J Stott
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - William Esmieu
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Huw D Vater
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Stephen J Webster
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Amanda J Van de Poël
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Cole Clissold
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Brett Cosgrove
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Benjamin Sutton
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Jonathan A Spencer
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Perla Breccia
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Emanuela Gancia
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Silvia Bonomo
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Tammy Ladduwahetty
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Ovadia Lazari
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Hiral Patel
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Helen C Atton
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Steve Clifton
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Daniel M Mota
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Dario Magnani
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Amy O'Neill
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Marta Stebbeds
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Natsuko Macabuag
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Daniel Todd
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Maria E Herva
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Philip Mitchell
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - Mijke Visser
- Charles River, Darwinweg 24, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marta da Silva
- Charles River, Darwinweg 24, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Kritikou
- Charles River, Darwinweg 24, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elizabeth M Doherty
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Matthew R Lee
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Todd Herbst
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Edith Monteagudo
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Douglas Macdonald
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Nikolay V Plotnikov
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Mark Chambers
- Discovery from Charles River, Charles River, Chesterford Research Park, Saffron Walden CB10 1XL, U.K
| | - George McAllister
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Ignacio Muňoz-Sanjuan
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
| | - Celia Dominguez
- CHDI Management/CHDI Foundation, 6080 Center Drive, Los Angeles, California 90045, United States
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van Duijn J, Kritikou E, Benne N, van der Heijden T, van Puijvelde GH, Kröner MJ, Schaftenaar FH, Foks AC, Wezel A, Smeets H, Yagita H, Bot I, Jiskoot W, Kuiper J, Slütter B. CD8+ T-cells contribute to lesion stabilization in advanced atherosclerosis by limiting macrophage content and CD4+ T-cell responses. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:729-738. [PMID: 30335148 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS T lymphocytes play an important role in atherosclerosis development, but the role of the CD8+ T-cell remains debated, especially in the clinically relevant advanced stages of atherosclerosis development. Here, we set out to determine the role of CD8+ T-cells in advanced atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS Human endarterectomy samples analysed by flow cytometry showed a negative correlation between the percentage of CD8+ T-cells and macrophages, suggesting a possible protective role for these cells in lesion development. To further test this hypothesis, LDLr-/- mice were fed a western-type diet (WTD) for 10 weeks to induce atherosclerosis, after which they received CD8α-depleting or isotype control antibody for 6 weeks. Depletion of CD8+ T-cells in advanced atherosclerosis resulted in less stable lesions, with significantly reduced collagen content in the trivalve area, increased macrophage content and increased necrotic core area compared with controls. Mechanistically, we observed that CD8 depletion specifically increased the fraction of Th1 CD4+ T-cells in the lesions. Treatment of WTD-fed LDLr-/- mice with a FasL-neutralizing antibody resulted in similar changes in macrophages and CD4+ T-cell skewing as CD8+ T-cell depletion. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate for the first time a local, protective role for CD8+ T-cells in advanced atherosclerosis, through limiting accumulation of Th1 cells and macrophages, identifying a novel regulatory mechanism for these cells in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine van Duijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Kritikou
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi Benne
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas van der Heijden
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs H van Puijvelde
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Frank H Schaftenaar
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Room EE1.17, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
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3
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Kritikou E, van der Heijden T, Swart M, van Duijn J, Slütter B, Wezel A, Smeets HJ, Maffia P, Kuiper J, Bot I. Hypercholesterolemia Induces a Mast Cell-CD4 + T Cell Interaction in Atherosclerosis. J Immunol 2019; 202:1531-1539. [PMID: 30683705 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are potent innate immune cells that aggravate atherosclerosis through the release of proinflammatory mediators inside atherosclerotic plaques. Similarly, CD4+ T cells are constituents of the adaptive immune response and accumulate within the plaques following lipid-specific activation by APCs. Recently it has been proposed that these two cell types can interact in a direct manner. However, no indication of such an interaction has been investigated in the context of atherosclerosis. In our study, we aimed to examine whether MCs can act as APCs in atherosclerosis, thereby modulating CD4+ T cell responses. We observed that MCs increased their MHC class II expression under hyperlipidemic conditions both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we showed that MCs can present Ags in vivo via MHC class II molecules. Serum from high-fat diet-fed mice also enhanced the expression of the costimulatory molecule CD86 on cultured MCs, whereas OVA peptide-loaded MCs increased OT-II CD4+ T cell proliferation in vitro. The aortic CD4+ and TH1 cell content of atherosclerotic mice that lack MCs was reduced as compared with their wild-type counterparts. Importantly, we identified MCs that express HLA-DR in advanced human atheromata, indicating that these cells are capable of Ag presentation within human atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, in this artice, we show that MCs may directly modulate adaptive immunity by acting as APCs in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kritikou
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands;
| | - Thomas van der Heijden
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Swart
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janine van Duijn
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anouk Wezel
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center Westeinde, 2501 CK The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Harm J Smeets
- Department of Surgery, Haaglanden Medical Center Westeinde, 2501 CK The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Pasquale Maffia
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, United Kingdom; and.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, the Netherlands
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Kritikou E, van Duijn J, Nahon JE, van der Heijden T, Bouwman M, Groeneveldt C, Schaftenaar FH, Kröner MJ, Kuiper J, van Puijvelde GH, Bot I. Disruption of a CD1d-mediated interaction between mast cells and NKT cells aggravates atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2019; 280:132-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Kritikou E, Van Der Heijden T, Maarten S, Van Duijn J, Slutter B, Smeets H, Maffia P, Kuiper J, Bot I. Hypercholesterolemia induces a mast cell-CD4+ T-cell interaction in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.06.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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van der Heijden T, Kritikou E, Venema W, van Duijn J, van Santbrink PJ, Slütter B, Foks AC, Bot I, Kuiper J. NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibition by MCC950 Reduces Atherosclerotic Lesion Development in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice-Brief Report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:1457-1461. [PMID: 28596375 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes, and their activation has been associated with cardiovascular disease. Inflammasome activation leads to secretion of caspase-1 by innate immune cells, resulting in the activation of interleukin-1β. Recently, a potent and selective inhibitor of the NLRP3 inflammasome, MCC950, was described. In this study, we investigated the effect of MCC950 on atherosclerotic lesion development in apoE-/- mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS First, we determined the efficacy of MCC950 in vitro. Bone marrow-derived macrophages and dendritic cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and cholesterol crystals resulting in high levels of interleukin-1β release, which was inhibited by MCC950. In vivo MCC950 treatment reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-1β secretion, without affecting the tumor necrosis factor-α response. Subsequently, atherosclerotic plaques were induced in Western-type diet fed apoE-/- mice by semiconstrictive perivascular collar placement at the carotid arteries, after which the mice received MCC950 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle control 3× per week intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. After euthanize, atherosclerotic plaque size and volume were quantified in hematoxylin-eosin-stained 10-µm cryosections throughout the artery. MCC950 treatment significantly reduced the development of atherosclerotic lesions as determined by maximal stenosis, average plaque size, and plaque volume. Although the amount of collagen and the necrotic core size were not affected, the number of macrophages in the plaque was significantly reduced on treatment. In addition, VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1) and ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1) mRNA expression was significantly reduced in the carotids of MCC950-treated mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that specific inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome using MCC950 can be a promising therapeutic approach to inhibit atherosclerotic lesion development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Kritikou
- From the Cluster BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Venema
- From the Cluster BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Janine van Duijn
- From the Cluster BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bram Slütter
- From the Cluster BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C Foks
- From the Cluster BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- From the Cluster BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- From the Cluster BioTherapeutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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7
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Kritikou E, van Puijvelde GHM, van der Heijden T, van Santbrink PJ, Swart M, Schaftenaar FH, Kröner MJ, Kuiper J, Bot I. Inhibition of lysophosphatidic acid receptors 1 and 3 attenuates atherosclerosis development in LDL-receptor deficient mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37585. [PMID: 27883026 PMCID: PMC5121611 DOI: 10.1038/srep37585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a natural lysophospholipid present at high concentrations within lipid-rich atherosclerotic plaques. Upon local accumulation in the damaged vessels, LPA can act as a potent activator for various types of immune cells through its specific membrane receptors LPA1/3. LPA elicits chemotactic, pro-inflammatory and apoptotic effects that lead to atherosclerotic plaque progression. In this study we aimed to inhibit LPA signaling by means of LPA1/3 antagonism using the small molecule Ki16425. We show that LPA1/3 inhibition significantly impaired atherosclerosis progression. Treatment with Ki16425 also resulted in reduced CCL2 production and secretion, which led to less monocyte and neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, we provide evidence that LPA1/3 blockade enhanced the percentage of non-inflammatory, Ly6Clow monocytes and CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+ T-regulatory cells. Finally, we demonstrate that LPA1/3 antagonism mildly reduced plasma LDL cholesterol levels. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of LPA1/3 receptors may prove a promising approach to diminish atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kritikou
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Maarten Swart
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mara J Kröner
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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8
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Kritikou E, Kuiper J, Kovanen PT, Bot I. The impact of mast cells on cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 778:103-15. [PMID: 25959384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells comprise an innate immune cell population, which accumulates in tissues proximal to the outside environment and, upon activation, augments the progression of immunological reactions through the release and diffusion of either pre-formed or newly generated mediators. The released products of mast cells include histamine, proteases, as well as a variety of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, which act on the surrounding microenvironment thereby shaping the immune responses triggered in various diseased states. Mast cells have also been detected in the arterial wall and are implicated in the onset and progression of numerous cardiovascular diseases. Notably, modulation of distinct mast cell actions using genetic and pharmacological approaches highlights the crucial role of this cell type in cardiovascular syndromes. The acquired evidence renders mast cells and their mediators as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in a broad spectrum of pathophysiological conditions related to cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Kritikou
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Punt S, Fleuren GJ, Kritikou E, Lubberts E, Trimbos JB, Jordanova ES, Gorter A. Angels and demons: Th17 cells represent a beneficial response, while neutrophil IL-17 is associated with poor prognosis in squamous cervical cancer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e984539. [PMID: 25949866 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.984539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of interleukin (IL)-17 in cancer remains controversial. In view of the growing interest in the targeting of IL-17, knowing its cellular sources and clinical implications is crucial. In the present study, we unraveled the phenotype of IL-17 expressing cells in cervical cancer using immunohistochemical double and immunofluorescent triple stainings. In the tumor stroma, IL-17 was found to be predominantly expressed by neutrophils (66%), mast cells (23%), and innate lymphoid cells (8%). Remarkably, T-helper 17 (Th17) cells were a minor IL-17 expressing population (4%). A similar distribution was observed in the tumor epithelium. The Th17 and granulocyte fractions were confirmed in head and neck, ovarian, endometrial, prostate, breast, lung, and colon carcinoma. An above median number of total IL-17 expressing cells was an independent prognostic factor for poor disease-specific survival in early stage disease (p = 0.016). While a high number of neutrophils showed at trend toward poor survival, the lowest quartile of mast cells correlated with poor survival (p = 0.011). IL-17 expressing cells and neutrophils were also correlated with the absence of vaso-invasion (p < 0.01). IL-17 was found to increase cell growth or tightness of cervical cancer cell lines, which may be a mechanism for tumorigenesis in early stage disease. These data suggest that IL-17, primarily expressed by neutrophils, predominantly promotes tumor growth, correlated with poor prognosis in early stage disease. Strikingly, a high number of Th17 cells was an independent prognostic factor for improved survival (p = 0.026), suggesting Th17 cells are part of a tumor suppressing immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Punt
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center ; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gert Jan Fleuren
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center ; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eva Kritikou
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center ; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology; Erasmus University Medical Center ; Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Baptist Trimbos
- Department of Gynecology; Leiden University Medical Center ; Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arko Gorter
- Department of Pathology Leiden University Medical Center ; Leiden, The Netherlands
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Punt S, Houwing JJ, Schulkens IA, Thijssen VL, Osse EM, Kritikou E, de Kroon CD, Griffioen AW, Fleuren GJ, Gorter A, Jordanova ES. A high IL6/IL17 ratio combined with low IL5 expression is correlated with poor survival in squamous cervical cancer. J Immunother Cancer 2014. [PMCID: PMC4292510 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-2-s3-p232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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Spella M, Kyrousi C, Kritikou E, Stathopoulou A, Guillemot F, Kioussis D, Pachnis V, Lygerou Z, Taraviras S. Geminin regulates cortical progenitor proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1269-82. [PMID: 21681860 DOI: 10.1002/stem.678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
During cortical development, coordination of proliferation and differentiation ensures the timely generation of different neural progenitor lineages that will give rise to mature neurons and glia. Geminin is an inhibitor of DNA replication and it has been proposed to regulate cell proliferation and fate determination during neurogenesis via interactions with transcription factors and chromatin remodeling complexes. To investigate the in vivo role of Geminin in the maintenance and differentiation of cortical neural progenitors, we have generated mice that lack Geminin expression in the developing cortex. Our results show that loss of Geminin leads to the expansion of neural progenitor cells located at the ventricular and subventricular zones of the developing cortex. Early cortical progenitors lacking Geminin exhibit a longer S-phase and a reduced ability to generate early born neurons, consistent with a preference on self-renewing divisions. Overexpression of Geminin in progenitor cells of the cortex reduces the number of neural progenitor cells, promotes cell cycle exit and subsequent neuronal differentiation. Our study suggests that Geminin has an important role during cortical development in regulating progenitor number and ultimately neuron generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Spella
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Felekis T, Asproudis I, Gorezis S, Kritikou E, Siamopoulou A, Peschos D, Aspiotis M. Shaken baby syndrome: intending to harm or attempting to help? Eur J Ophthalmol 2008; 18:819-21. [PMID: 18850566 DOI: 10.1177/112067210801800527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the role of ophthalmologists in shaken baby syndrome evaluation. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 3.5-month-old girl was admitted to the Pediatrics Clinic with lethargy. The mother, who brought in the baby, claimed that the baby had fallen from her cradle 6 hours ago. Clinical examination showed signs of head injury. Ophthalmologic examination was requested and revealed extensive retinal hemorrhages bilaterally covering the whole fundus, and retrohyaloid hematoma in the right eye. Computerized tomography neuroimaging documented large subdural hematomas exerting force on the brain parenchyma. The sum of the results of the clinical and neuroimaging examination-retinal hemorrhages and subdural hematomas-was indicative of violent shaking of the baby. Coronal evaluation was unable to determine whether the baby was abused by her parents or whether she was accidentally hurt. CONCLUSIONS Ophthalmologic examination is necessary to document shaken baby syndrome since it reveals the retinal hemorrhages which together with the neuroimaging findings are almost always present in such cases. However, even when all the signs of shaken baby syndrome are present, it is difficult and sometimes destructive for a parent to be falsely accused of abusing his or her own child.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Felekis
- Ophthalmology Department , University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina - Greece
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chaliasos
- Department of Child Health, Ioannina University; Ioannia, Greece
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