Identification and Optimization of RNA-Splicing Modulators as Huntingtin Protein-Lowering Agents for the Treatment of Huntington's Disease

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by an expanded CAG trinucleotide repeat in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene. We report the design of a series of HTT pre-mRNA splicing modulators that lower huntingtin (HTT) protein, including the toxic mutant huntingtin (mHTT), by promoting insertion of a pseudoexon containing a premature termination codon at the exon 49-50 junction. The resulting transcript undergoes nonsense-mediated decay, leading to a reduction of HTT mRNA transcripts and protein levels. The starting benzamide core was modified to pyrazine amide and further optimized to give a potent, CNS-penetrant, and orally bioavailable HTT-splicing modulator 27. This compound reduced canonical splicing of the HTT RNA exon 49-50 and demonstrated significant HTT-lowering in both human HD stem cells and mouse BACHD models. Compound 27 is a structurally diverse HTT-splicing modulator that may help understand the mechanism of adverse effects such as peripheral neuropathy associated with branaplam.

Design and Evaluation of [18F]CHDI-650 as a Positron Emission Tomography Ligand to Image Mutant Huntingtin Aggregates

Therapeutic interventions are being developed for Huntington's disease (HD), a hallmark of which is mutant huntingtin protein (mHTT) aggregates. Following the advancement to human testing of two [¹¹C]-PET ligands for aggregated mHTT, attributes for further optimization were identified. We replaced the pyridazinone ring of CHDI-180 with a pyrimidine ring and minimized off-target binding using brain homogenate derived from Alzheimer's disease patients. The major in vivo metabolic pathway via aldehyde oxidase was blocked with a 2-methyl group on the pyrimidine ring. A strategically placed ring-nitrogen on the benzoxazole core ensured high free fraction in the brain without introducing efflux. Replacing a methoxy pendant with a fluoro-ethoxy group and introducing deuterium atoms suppressed oxidative defluorination and accumulation of [¹⁸F]-signal in bones. The resulting PET ligand, CHDI-650, shows a rapid brain uptake and washout profile in non-human primates and is now being advanced to human testing.

Developing HDAC4-Selective Protein Degraders To Investigate the Role of HDAC4 in Huntington's Disease Pathology

Huntington's disease (HD) is a lethal autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder resulting from a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The product of translation of this gene is a highly aggregation-prone protein containing a polyglutamine tract >35 repeats (mHTT) that has been shown to colocalize with histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) in cytoplasmic inclusions in HD mouse models. Genetic reduction of HDAC4 in an HD mouse model resulted in delayed aggregation of mHTT, along with amelioration of neurological phenotypes and extended lifespan. To further investigate the role of HDAC4 in cellular models of HD, we have developed bifunctional degraders of the protein and report the first potent and selective degraders of HDAC4 that show an effect in multiple cell lines, including HD mouse model-derived cortical neurons. These degraders act via the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway and selectively degrade HDAC4 over other class IIa HDAC isoforms (HDAC5, HDAC7, and HDAC9).

[11C]CHDI-626, a PET Tracer Candidate for Imaging Mutant Huntingtin Aggregates with Reduced Binding to AD Pathological Proteins

The expanded polyglutamine-containing mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein is implicated in neuronal degeneration of medium spiny neurons in Huntington's disease (HD) for which multiple therapeutic approaches are currently being evaluated to eliminate or reduce mHTT. Development of effective and orthogonal biomarkers will ensure accurate assessment of the safety and efficacy of pharmacologic interventions. We have identified and optimized a class of ligands that bind to oligomerized/aggregated mHTT, which is a hallmark in the HD postmortem brain. These ligands are potentially useful imaging biomarkers for HD therapeutic development in both preclinical and clinical settings. We describe here the optimization of the benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine series that show selective binding to mHTT aggregates over Aβ- and/or tau-aggregates associated with Alzheimer's disease pathology. Compound [11C]-2 was selected as a clinical candidate based on its high free fraction in the brain, specific binding in the HD mouse model, and rapid brain uptake/washout in nonhuman primate positron emission tomography imaging studies.

Imaging Mutant Huntingtin Aggregates: Development of a Potential PET Ligand

Mutant huntingtin (mHTT) protein carrying the elongated N-terminal polyglutamine (polyQ) tract misfolds and forms protein aggregates characteristic of Huntington's disease (HD) pathology. A high-affinity ligand specific for mHTT aggregates could serve as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging biomarker for HD therapeutic development and disease progression. To identify such compounds with binding affinity for polyQ aggregates, we embarked on systematic structural activity studies; lead optimization of aggregate-binding affinity, unbound fractions in brain, permeability, and low efflux culminated in the discovery of compound 1, which exhibited target engagement in autoradiography (ARG) studies in brain slices from HD mouse models and postmortem human HD samples. PET imaging studies with ¹¹C-labeled 1 in both HD mice and WT nonhuman primates (NHPs) demonstrated that the right-hand-side labeled ligand [¹¹C]-1R (CHDI-180R) is a suitable PET tracer for imaging of mHTT aggregates. [¹¹C]-1R is now being advanced to human trials as a first-in-class HD PET radiotracer.

Bifidenone: Structure-Activity Relationship and Advanced Preclinical Candidate

Bifidenone is a novel natural tubulin polymerization inhibitor that exhibits antiproliferative activity against a range of human cancer cell lines, making it an attractive candidate for development. A synthetic route was previously developed to alleviate supply constraints arising from its isolation in microgram quantities from a Gabonese tree. Using that previously published route, we present here 42 analogues that were synthesized to examine the structure-activity relationship of bifidenone derivatives. In addition to in vitro cytotoxicity data, data from murine xenograft and pharmacokinetic studies were used to evaluate the analogues. Compounds 45b and 46b were found to demonstrate promising efficacy in murine xenograft experiments, and 46b had significantly more potent in vitro antiproliferative activity against taxane-resistant cell lines compared to that of paclitaxel.

Conformational polymorphism of solid tetramesityldisilene Mes2Si=SiMes2 (Raman, UV-vis, IR and fluorescence study)

Conformational polymorphism of solid tetramesityldisilene (1) has been studied by the methods of optical spectroscopy. The three known modifications of 1: orange unsolvated 1a and two 1:1 solvates with toluene (1b) and THF (1c) have been found to transform under specific conditions to a new, most thermodynamically stable polymorph, yellow unsolvated powder 1d. The latter has been characterized by the Raman, IR, UV-vis and fluorescence data. All forms of 1 exhibit Raman spectra differing in details, which reflect their different crystal and molecular structures. Unsolvated 1a and 1d differ significantly in electronic absorption and fluorescence emission. The yellow form 1d can be converted to the orange form 1a upon illumination with laser light in the region 514-457 nm. Similarity of the Raman and UV-vis spectra of 1d to those of the solutions of 1 provides some evidence for a quasi-trans conformation of 1d.