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Pakkanen P, Ilmarinen T, Halme E, Irjala H, Koivunen P, Pukkila M, Ventelä S, Almangush A, Birkman EM, Lindgren O, Pohjolainen V, Sjöblom N, Haglund C, Hagström J, Aaltonen LM. Correction to: Programmed death-ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) - low TIL density may predict poorer long-term prognosis in T1 laryngeal cancer. Virchows Arch 2023:10.1007/s00428-023-03618-2. [PMID: 37555983 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pihla Pakkanen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taru Ilmarinen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Halme
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Koivunen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Pukkila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Ventelä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva-Maria Birkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Outi Lindgren
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virva Pohjolainen
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nelli Sjöblom
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Aaltonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Pakkanen P, Ilmarinen T, Halme E, Irjala H, Koivunen P, Pukkila M, Ventelä S, Almangush A, Birkman EM, Lindgren O, Pohjolainen V, Sjöblom N, Haglund C, Hagström J, Aaltonen LM. Programmed death-ligand 1 and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) - low TIL density may predict poorer long-term prognosis in T1 laryngeal cancer. Virchows Arch 2023:10.1007/s00428-023-03586-7. [PMID: 37462760 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-023-03586-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the prognostic role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in T1 glottic laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). T1 glottic LSCC patients (n = 174) treated at five Finnish university hospitals between 2003 and 2013 were included. Tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were used for PD-L1 immunohistochemistry. TILs were scored from intratumoral and stromal regions in whole tissue sections. Of 174 patients, 92 (53%) had negative, 66 (38%) intermediate, and 16 (9%) high PD-L1 levels. Of 80 patients whose TILs were analyzed, 50 (63%) had low and 30 (38%) high stromal TIL density. Patients with a local recurrence or a new primary tumor of the larynx had lower TIL density than had other patients (p = 0.047). High PD-L1 expression with low stromal TIL density was associated with inferior 5-year disease-specific survival (85% vs. 100%, p = 0.02). In conclusion, in patients treated for T1 glottic LSCC, low stromal TIL density was associated with local recurrences and new primary tumors of the larynx. High PD-L1 expression with low stromal TIL density may be associated with worse survival in T1 glottic LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pihla Pakkanen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taru Ilmarinen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Halme
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Irjala
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Petri Koivunen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Pukkila
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sami Ventelä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Alhadi Almangush
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva-Maria Birkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Outi Lindgren
- Department of Pathology, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virva Pohjolainen
- Fimlab Laboratories, Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Nelli Sjöblom
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leena-Maija Aaltonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Mairinoja L, Heikelä H, Blom S, Kumar D, Knuuttila A, Boyd S, Sjöblom N, Birkman EM, Rinne P, Ruusuvuori P, Strauss L, Poutanen M. Deep learning based image analysis of liver steatosis in mouse models. Am J Pathol 2023:S0002-9440(23)00171-2. [PMID: 37236505 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a continuously growing health problem worldwide, along with obesity. Therefore, both novel methods to efficiently study the manifestation of NAFLD and to analyze drug efficacy in pre-clinical models are needed. In the present study, we developed a deep neural network -based model to quantify micro- and macrovesicular steatosis in the liver on hematoxylin-eosin stained whole slide images (WSIs), using the cloud-based platform, Aiforia Create (Aiforia Technologies, Helsinki, Finland). The training data included a total of 101 WSIs from dietary interventions of wild-type mice and from two genetically modified (GM) mouse models with steatosis. The algorithm was trained for the following: to detect liver parenchyma, to exclude the blood vessels and any artefacts generated during tissue processing and image acquisition, to recognize and differentiate the areas of micro- and macrovesicular steatosis, and to quantify the recognized tissue area. The results of the image analysis replicated well the evaluation by expert pathologists, and correlated well with the liver fat content measured by EcoMRI ex vivo, and the correlation with total liver triglycerides were notable. In conclusion, the developed deep learning-based model is a novel tool for studying liver steatosis in mouse models on paraffin sections, and thus, can facilitate reliable quantification of the amount of steatosis in large preclinical study cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mairinoja
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Hanna Heikelä
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Blom
- Aiforia Technologies Oyj, Pursimiehenkatu 29-31 D, 00150 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Darshan Kumar
- Aiforia Technologies Oyj, Pursimiehenkatu 29-31 D, 00150 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Knuuttila
- Aiforia Technologies Oyj, Pursimiehenkatu 29-31 D, 00150 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sonja Boyd
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Nelli Sjöblom
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eva-Maria Birkman
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Petteri Rinne
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Pekka Ruusuvuori
- Cancer Research Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Leena Strauss
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland; Centre for Bone and Arthritis Research, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 3, 413 90 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Mansuri N, Birkman EM, Heuser VD, Lintunen M, Ålgars A, Sundström J, Ristamäki R, Lehtinen L, Carpén O. Association of tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes with intestinal-type gastric cancer molecular subtypes and outcome. Virchows Arch 2021; 478:707-717. [PMID: 32954467 PMCID: PMC7990841 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
While host immune response is likely to be important for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients, detailed information on the T lymphocyte infiltration in different gastric cancer subtypes is lacking. Here, we studied the presence of CD3, CD8, and FOXP3 (Forkhead box p3) expressing T lymphocytes in a retrospective cohort of 190 intestinal gastric and gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas. The cancers represented four distinct molecular subtypes: Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV+), mismatch-repair-deficient (MMR-D), aberrant TP53, and the "other" subtype. The absolute numbers of CD3+, CD8+, and FOXP3+ T lymphocytes were analyzed in relation with these molecular subtypes and selected clinicopathological parameters. Overall, there was a large variation in the amount of infiltrating T lymphocyte in all molecular subtypes. Among the subtypes, EBV+ cancers differed from the other subtypes in increased lymphocyte infiltration and high CD8+/FOXP3+ ratio. While the TP53 aberrant subtype did not differ in the absolute amount of T lymphocyte, the ratio of CD8+/FOXP3+ and CD3+/FOXP3+ cells was highest in this subtype, possibly reflecting immunosuppression associated with genomic instability. Increased CD3+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltrates were associated with better survival, and remained as independent prognostic factors in a multivariate analysis. This study is the first to investigate lymphocytic infiltration within four molecular subtypes of intestinal-type gastric cancer in a European cohort. The results provide an important addition to the current knowledge of T lymphocyte-dependent immune response in gastric cancer and its prognostic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Mansuri
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu, 10 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Eva-Maria Birkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 10 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Vanina D Heuser
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu, 10 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Minnamaija Lintunen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 10 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu, 10 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Lehtinen
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu, 10 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Research Center for Cancer, Infections and Immunity, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu, 10 20520, Turku, Finland
- Medicum Research Program in Systems Oncology and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Mansuri N, Heuser VD, Birkman EM, Lintunen M, Ålgars A, Sundström J, Ristamäki R, Carpén O, Lehtinen L. FHOD1 and FMNL1 formin proteins in intestinal gastric cancer: correlation with tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and molecular subtypes. Gastric Cancer 2021; 24:1254-1263. [PMID: 34115237 PMCID: PMC8502136 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-021-01203-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the third most common cause of cancer death. Intestinal type GC is a molecularly diverse disease. Formins control cytoskeletal processes and have been implicated in the progression of many cancers. Their clinical significance in GC remains unclear. Here, we characterize the expression of formin proteins FHOD1 and FMNL1 in intestinal GC tissue samples and investigate their association with clinical parameters, GC molecular subtypes and intratumoral T lymphocytes. METHODS The prognostic significance of FHOD1 and FMNL1 mRNA expression was studied with Kaplan-Meier analyses in an online database. The expression of FHOD1 and FMNL1 proteins was characterized in GC cells, and in non-neoplastic and malignant tissues utilizing tumor microarrays of intestinal GC representing different molecular subtypes. FHOD1 and FMNL1 expression was correlated with clinical parameters, molecular features and T lymphocyte infiltration. Immunohistochemical expression of neither formin correlated with survival. RESULTS Kaplan-Meier analysis associated high FHOD1 and FMNL1 mRNA expression with reduced overall survival (OS). Characterization of FHOD1 and FMNL1 in GC cells showed cytoplasmic expression along the actin filaments. Similar pattern was recapitulated in GC tissue samples. Elevated FMNL1 was associated with larger tumor size and higher disease stage. Downregulation of FHOD1 associated with TP53-mutated GC tumors. Tumor cell FHOD1 expression strongly correlated with high numbers of tumor-infiltrating CD8 + lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS FHOD1 and FMNL1 proteins are expressed in the tumor cells of intestinal GC and significantly associate with clinical parameters without direct prognostic significance. FHOD1 correlates with high intratumoral CD8 + T lymphocyte infiltration in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naziha Mansuri
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vanina D. Heuser
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Eva-Maria Birkman
- grid.410552.70000 0004 0628 215XDepartment of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Minnamaija Lintunen
- grid.410552.70000 0004 0628 215XDepartment of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- grid.410552.70000 0004 0628 215XDepartment of Pathology, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Medicum, Research Program in Systems Oncology and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Lehtinen
- grid.1374.10000 0001 2097 1371Institute of Biomedicine and FICAN West Cancer Centre, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Birkman EM, Elzagheid A, Jokilehto T, Avoranta T, Korkeila E, Kulmala J, Syrjänen K, Westermarck J, Sundström J. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor CIP2A indicates resistance to radiotherapy in rectal cancer. Cancer Med 2018; 7:698-706. [PMID: 29441695 PMCID: PMC5852361 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy, (C)RT, is an essential part of the treatment of rectal cancer patients, but tumor response to this therapy among patients is variable. Thus far, there are no clinical biomarkers that could be used to predict response to (C)RT or to stratify patients into different preoperative treatment groups according to their prognosis. Overexpression of cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) has been demonstrated in several cancers and is frequently associated with reduced survival. Recently, high CIP2A expression has also been indicated to contribute to radioresistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, but few studies have examined the connection between CIP2A and radiation response regarding other malignancies. We have evaluated CIP2A protein expression levels in relation to tumor regression after preoperative (C)RT and survival of rectal adenocarcinoma patients. The effects of CIP2A knockdown by siRNA on cell survival were further investigated in colorectal cancer cells exposed to radiation. Patients with low‐CIP2A‐expressing tumors had more frequently moderate or excellent response to long‐course (C)RT than patients with high‐CIP2A‐expressing tumors. They also had higher 36‐month disease‐specific survival (DSS) rate in categorical analysis. In the multivariate analysis, low CIP2A expression level remained as an independent predictive factor for increased DSS. Suppression of CIP2A transcription by siRNA was found to sensitize colorectal cancer cells to irradiation and decrease their survival in vitro. In conclusion, these results suggest that by contributing to radiosensitivity of cancer cells, low CIP2A protein expression level associates with a favorable response to long‐course (C)RT in rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Birkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya.,Department of Genetic Engineering, Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Terhi Jokilehto
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuulia Avoranta
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Eija Korkeila
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jarmo Kulmala
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Syrjänen
- Department of Clinical Research, Biohit Oyj, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Birkman EM, Mansuri N, Kurki S, Ålgars A, Lintunen M, Ristamäki R, Sundström J, Carpén O. Gastric cancer: immunohistochemical classification of molecular subtypes and their association with clinicopathological characteristics. Virchows Arch 2017; 472:369-382. [PMID: 29046940 PMCID: PMC5886993 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2240-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is traditionally divided into intestinal and diffuse histological subtypes, but recent molecular analyses have led to novel classification proposals based on genomic alterations. While the intestinal- and diffuse-type tumours are distinguishable from each other at the molecular level, intestinal-type tumours have more diverse molecular profile. The technology required for comprehensive molecular analysis is expensive and not applicable for routine clinical diagnostics. In this study, we have used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation in molecular classification of gastric adenocarcinomas with an emphasis on the intestinal subtype. A tissue microarray consisting of 244 gastric adenocarcinomas was constructed, and the tumours were divided into four subgroups based on the presence of Epstein-Barr virus, TP53 aberrations and microsatellite instability. The intestinal- and diffuse-type tumours were separately examined. The distribution of EGFR and HER2 gene amplifications was studied in the intestinal-type tumours. Epstein-Barr virus positive intestinal-type tumours were more common in male patients (p = 0.035) and most often found in the gastric corpus (p = 0.011). The majority of the intestinal-type tumours with TP53 aberrations were proximally located (p = 0.010). All tumours with microsatellite instability showed intestinal-type histology (p = 0.017) and were associated with increased overall survival both in the univariate (p = 0.040) and multivariate analysis (p = 0.015). In conclusion, this study shows that gastric adenocarcinomas can be classified into biologically and clinically different subgroups by using a simple method also applicable for clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Birkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - Naziha Mansuri
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Samu Kurki
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 8, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520, Turku, Finland
- MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Minnamaija Lintunen
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Hämeentie 11, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Auria Biobank, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Kiinamyllynkatu 8, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Pathology, Research Programs Unit and HUSLAB, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 3, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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Birkman EM, Ålgars A, Lintunen M, Ristamäki R, Sundström J, Carpén O. EGFR gene amplification is relatively common and associates with outcome in intestinal adenocarcinoma of the stomach, gastro-oesophageal junction and distal oesophagus. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:406. [PMID: 27387915 PMCID: PMC4936304 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 50 % of gastric adenocarcinomas belong to a molecular subgroup characterised by chromosomal instability and a strong association with the intestinal histological subtype. This subgroup typically contains alterations in the receptor tyrosine kinase-RAS pathway, for example EGFR or HER2 gene amplifications leading to protein overexpression. In clinical practice, HER2 overexpressing metastatic gastric cancer is known to respond to treatment with anti-HER2 antibodies. By contrast, anti-EGFR antibodies have not been able to provide survival benefit in clinical trials, which, however, have not included patient selection based on the histological subtype or EGFR gene copy number analysis of the tumours. To examine the role of EGFR as a potential biomarker, we studied the prevalence, clinicopathological associations as well as prognostic role of EGFR and HER2 expression and gene amplification in intestinal adenocarcinomas of the stomach, gastro-oesophageal junction and distal oesophagus. METHODS Tissue samples from 220 patients were analysed with EGFR and HER2 immunohistochemistry. Those samples with moderate/strong staining intensity were further analysed with silver in situ hybridization to quantify gene copy numbers. The results were associated with clinical patient characteristics and survival. RESULTS Moderate/strong EGFR protein expression was found in 72/220 (32.7 %) and EGFR gene amplification in 31/220 (14.1 %) of the tumours, while moderate/strong HER2 protein expression was detected in 31/220 (14.1 %) and HER2 gene amplification in 29/220 (13.2 %) of the tumours. EGFR and HER2 genes were co-amplified in eight tumours (3.6 %). EGFR gene amplification was more common in tumours of distal oesophagus/gastro-oesophageal junction/cardia than in those of gastric corpus (p = 0.013). It was associated with shortened time to cancer recurrence (p = 0.026) and cancer specific survival (p = 0.033). CONCLUSIONS EGFR gene amplification is relatively common in intestinal adenocarcinomas and associates with decreased survival. It is rarely concurrent with HER2 gene amplification, suggesting that anti-EGFR therapies might be applicable to some patients not eligible for anti-HER2 treatment. Analogous to HER2 testing, determination of EGFR gene amplification status in concert with immunohistochemistry could improve the specificity of patient selection when investigating the possible benefits of anti-EGFR therapies in the treatment of gastric adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Birkman
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, TYKS-SAPA, Turku, Finland.
| | - Annika Ålgars
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Minnamaija Lintunen
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, TYKS-SAPA, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Ristamäki
- Department of Oncology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, TYKS-SAPA, Turku, Finland
| | - Olli Carpén
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, TYKS-SAPA, Turku, Finland.,Auria Biobank, Turku, Finland
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Kaur A, Elzagheid A, Birkman EM, Avoranta T, Kytölä V, Korkeila E, Syrjänen K, Westermarck J, Sundström J. Protein phosphatase methylesterase-1 (PME-1) expression predicts a favorable clinical outcome in colorectal cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 4:1798-808. [PMID: 26377365 PMCID: PMC5123709 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for high mortality. So far, there is lack of markers capable of predicting which patients are at risk of aggressive course of the disease. Protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) inhibitor proteins have recently gained interest as markers of more aggressive disease in certain cancers. Here, we report the role of PP2A inhibitor PME-1 in CRC. PME-1 expression was assessed from a rectal cancer patient cohort by immunohistochemistry, and correlations were performed for various clinicopathological variables and patient survival. Rectal cancer patients with higher cytoplasmic PME-1 protein expression (above median) had less recurrences (P = 0.003, n = 195) and better disease-free survival (DFS) than the patients with low cytoplasmic PME-1 protein expression (below median). Analysis of PPME-1 mRNA expression from TCGA dataset of colon and rectal adenocarcinoma (COADREAD) patient cohort confirmed high PPME1 expression as an independent protective factor predicting favorable overall survival (OS) (P = 0.005, n = 396) compared to patients with low PPME1 expression. CRC cell lines were used to study the effect of PME-1 knockdown by siRNA on cell survival. Contrary to other cancer types, PME-1 inhibition in CRC cell lines did not reduce the viability of cells or the expression of active phosphorylated AKT and ERK proteins. In conclusion, PME-1 expression predicts for a favorable outcome of CRC patients. The unexpected role of PME-1 in CRC in contrast with the oncogenic role of PP2A inhibitor proteins in other malignancies warrants further studies of cancer-specific function for each of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanpreet Kaur
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland.,TuBS and TuDMM Doctoral Programmes, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Adam Elzagheid
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, PO Box 1308, Benghazi, Libya.,Biotechnology Research Center, Tripoli, Libya
| | | | - Tuulia Avoranta
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland.,Department of Social Services and Healthcare, City of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00099, Finland
| | - Ville Kytölä
- BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland
| | - Eija Korkeila
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland
| | - Kari Syrjänen
- Department of Clinical Research, Biohit Oyj, Helsinki, 00880, Finland.,Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, 14784-400, Brazil
| | - Jukka Westermarck
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland.,Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Jari Sundström
- Department of Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
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