Association of terpinolene and diclofenac presents antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory synergistic effects in a model of chronic inflammation

Pharmacological treatment of inflammatory pain is usually done by administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). These drugs present high efficacy, although side effects are common, especially gastrointestinal lesions. One of the pharmacological strategies to minimize such effects is the combination of drugs and natural products with synergistic analgesic effect. The monoterpene terpinolene (TPL) is a chemical constituent of essential oils present in many plant species, which have pharmacological activities, such as analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The association of ineffective doses of TPL and diclofenac (DCF) (3.125 and 1.25 mg/kg po, respectively) presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in the acute (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 h, after treatment) and chronic (10 days) inflammatory hyperalgesia induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA) in the right hind paw of female Wistar rats (170-230 g, n=6-8). The mechanical hyperalgesia was assessed by the Randall Selitto paw pressure test, which determines the paw withdrawal thresholds. The development of edema was quantified by measuring the volume of the hind paw by plethismography. The TPL/DCF association reduced neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes in the histological analysis of the paw, following a standard staining protocol with hematoxylin and eosin and the counts were performed with the aid of optical microscopy after chronic oral administration of these drugs. Moreover, the TPL/DCF association did not induce macroscopic gastric lesions. A possible mechanism of action of the analgesic effect is the involvement of 5-HT2A serotonin receptors, because ketanserin completely reversed the antinociceptive effect of the TPL/DCF association. These results suggest that the TPL/DCF association had a synergistic anti-inflammatory and analgesic effect without causing apparent gastric injury, and that the serotonergic system may be involved in the antinociceptive effect of this association.

Stimulation of LH, FSH, and luteal blood flow by GnRH during the luteal phase in mares

A study was performed on the effect of a single dose per mare of 0 (n = 9), 100 (n = 8), or 300 (n = 9) of GnRH on Day 10 (Day 0 = ovulation) on concentrations of LH, FSH, and progesterone (P4) and blood flow to the CL ovary. Hormone concentration and blood flow measurements were performed at hours 0 (hour of treatment), 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. Blood flow was assessed by spectral Doppler ultrasonography for resistance to blood flow in an ovarian artery before entry into the CL ovary. The percentage of the CL with color Doppler signals of blood flow was estimated from videotapes of real-time color Doppler imaging by an operator who was unaware of mare identity, hour, or treatment dose. Concentrations of LH and FSH increased (P < 0.05) at hour 0.25 and decreased (P < 0.05) over hours 1 to 6; P4 concentration was not altered by treatment. Blood flow resistance decreased between hours 0 and 1, but the decrease was greater (P < 0.05) for the 100-μg dose than for the 300-μg dose. The percentage of CL with blood flow signals increased (P < 0.05) between hours 0 and 1 with no significant difference between the 100- and 300-μg doses. The results supported the hypothesis that GnRH increases LH concentration, vascular perfusion of the CL ovary, and CL blood flow during the luteal phase; however, P4 concentration was not affected.

Gastroprotective activity of Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire leaves on experimental ulcer models

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire (Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae), popularly known in Brazil as "caneleiro", is widely used in folk medicine against gastrointestinal diseases. In previous studies, the ethanol extract of leaves from Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire had shown antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant and antiulcerogenic activities.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study was to assess the gastroprotective effect of the hydroalcoholic fraction of leaves of Cenostigma macrophyllum Tul. var. acuminata Teles Freire (Cm-FHA), as well as to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms of action.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice were used for the evaluation of the acute toxicity, and mice and rats to study the gastroprotective activity. The potential gastroprotective of Cm-FHA was assessed on different gastric ulcer models in rodents, such as absolute ethanol, HCl/ethanol, ischemia-reperfusion, cold restraint stress and indomethacin. The participation of prostaglandins, NO-synthase pathway and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) in gastroprotective activity of Cm-FHA were evaluated after treatment with a cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin), a NO-synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) and a KATP channel blocker (glibenclamide 5mg/kg), respectively. Likewise, the catalase activity was determinated in order to assess the possible participation of antioxidant mechanisms.

RESULTS

No signs of acute toxicity was observed after oral acute administration of Cm-FHA, considering the analyzed parameters. Likewise, Cm-FHA promoted a protective effect against gastric ulcers induced by absolute ethanol (lesion inhibition by 40% at both 100 and 200mg/kg), HCl/ethanol (lesion inhibition by 50 or 48% at 100 or 200mg/kg, respectively), ischemia-reperfusion (lesion inhibition by 49 or 90% at 100 or 200mg/kg, respectively) and cold restraint stress (lesion inhibition by 63 or 76% at 100 or 200mg/kg, respectively), as well as a increase of catalase activity was observed. Otherwise, Cm-FHA was not able to protect gastric mucosa against indomethacin-induced lesions. Nitric oxide release, the of KATP channels opening and antioxidant activity are the possibly involved in the Cm-FHA-induced gastroprotective activity.

CONCLUSION

This study corroborates the folk medicine use of Cenostigma macrophyllum for treatment of gastric ulcers, as well as reinforces this species as a valuable source of promising natural drugs with gastroprotective activity.

Effect of Artificial Aging and Surface Treatment on Bond Strengths to Dental Zirconia

The objective of this project was to study the influence of artificial aging and surface treatment on the microtensile bond strengths (μTBS) between zirconia and a phosphate monomer–based self-adhesive cement. Thirty zirconia disks (IPS e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) were randomly assigned to two aging regimens: AR, used as received, which served as a control, and AG, artificial aging to simulate low-temperature degradation. Subsequently, the disks of each aging regimen were assigned to three surface treatments: NT, no surface treatment; CO, surface silicatization with CoJet sand (3M ESPE); and ZP, zirconia surface treated with Z-Prime Plus (Bisco Inc). Thirty discs were made of Filtek Z250 (3M ESPE) composite resin and luted to the zirconia discs using RelyX Unicem (3M ESPE). The specimens were sectioned with a diamond blade in X and Y directions to obtain bonded beams with a cross-section of 1.0 ± 0.2 mm. The beams were tested in tensile mode in a universal testing machine at a speed of 0.5 mm/min to measure μTBS. Selected beams were selected for fractographic analysis under the SEM. Statistical analysis was carried out with two-way analysis of variance and Dunnett T3 post hoc test at a significance level of 95%. The mean μTBS for the three AR subgroups (AR-NT, AR-CO, and AR-ZP) were significantly higher than those of the corresponding AG groups (p&lt;0.0001). Both AR-CO and AR-ZP resulted in statistically significant higher mean bond strengths than the group AR-NT (p&lt;0.006 and p&lt;0.0001, respectively). Both AG-CO and AG-ZP resulted in statistically significant higher mean bond strengths than the group AG-NT (both at p&lt;0.0001). Overall, AG decreased mean μTBS. Under the SEM, mixed failures showed residual cement attached to the zirconia side of the beams. CO resulted in a characteristic roughness of the zirconia surface. AR-ZP was the only group for which the amount of residual cement occupied at least 50% of the interface in mixed failures.

Characterization of nine transferred SSR markers in the tropical tree species Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Fabaceae)

Transfer of molecular markers is widely used in conservation genetic studies. We investigated the transferability of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed for Enterolobium cyclocarpum to E. contortisiliquum, a tropical tree widely distributed in dry forests. A set of 9 evaluated SSR markers were amplified in E. contortisiliquum and the degree of polymorphism was assessed in 8 trees sampled from each of 5 populations from central Brazil. All loci were polymorphic and the mean number of alleles for all loci was 6. In addition, all pairs of SSR markers were in linkage equilibrium. For most loci, the observed heterozygosity was higher than the expected heterozygosity under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, with fixation indices not significantly different from zero. The combined probability of paternity exclusion was high and the probability of identity was very low. We conclude that these SSR markers developed for E. cyclocarpum are applicable for genetic studies of E. contortisiliquum.

Human papillomavirus genotype distribution and risk factors for infection in women from a small municipality in north east Brazil

In order to assess the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, the HPV genotypes and factors associated with infection, we conducted a population-based survey in a small municipality in north east Brazil among women aged between 12 and 49 years. A questionnaire regarding socioeconomic variables, reproductive life and sexual behaviour was used, and women were examined gynaecologically, followed by collection of vaginal lavage with saline solution for HPV DNA determination. HPV DNA was detected by the Digene® SHARP SignalTM-System, and further genotyped by INNO-LiPA Genotyping System®. Of 579 women, HPV infection was present in 68 (prevalence: 11.7%; 95% CI: 9.3–14.7). The most common HPV types were 16, 31 and 74, each accounting for 14.7% of infections. Of all HPV-positive women, 35.3% showed multiple HPV genotypes. Variables independently associated with HPV infection were: ≥3 partners in life (adjusted OR [aOR]: 3.06; 95% CI: 1.68–5.60) and the use of oral contraception in the last 12 months (aOR: 2.39; 95% CI: 1.33–4.30). Previous participation in a cervical cancer screening programme was protective (aOR: 0.28; 95% CI: 0.13–0.60). HPV infection is common among women from rural Brazil, and HPV genotypes identified indicate that immunization could be an important preventive measure in this population.

Analytical results for long-time behavior in anomalous diffusion

We investigate through a generalized Langevin formalism the phenomenon of anomalous diffusion for asymptotic times, and we generalized the concept of the diffusion exponent. A method is proposed to obtain the diffusion coefficient analytically through the introduction of a time scaling factor λ. We obtain as well an exact expression for λ for all kinds of diffusion. Moreover, we show that λ is a universal parameter determined by the diffusion exponent. The results are then compared with numerical calculations and very good agreement is observed. The method is general and may be applied to many types of stochastic problem.

Thiamine deficiency in vitro accelerates A-type potassium current inactivation in cerebellar granule neurons

Thiamine deficiency during embryonic or early postnatal development causes deficits in cerebellum-dependent activities including motor control and procedural memory. Here, we give a detailed description of the changes to A-type current in cultured cerebellar granule neurons exposed to thiamine deficiency in vitro. A-type current in treated neurons was reduced to 51% of that in controls. The remaining A-type current in treated neurons exhibited normal activation kinetics and voltage dependence whereas inactivation was markedly faster. These effects were selective because the delayed-rectifier potassium current density and kinetics were unchanged in thiamine-deficient neurons. A computational model of the cerebellar granule neuron was used to test the impact of these alterations and predicts an increase in excitability that is especially pronounced for synaptic activation. Our results suggest that the loss of A-type potassium conductance leads to hyperactivity in cerebellar granule neurons and may contribute to cell death observed in the granule layer of cerebellum during thiamine-deficiency in vivo.

Effects of Lecythis pisonis Camb. (Lecythidaceae) in a mouse model of pruritus

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Lecythis pisonis Camb. (Lecythidaceae), is popularly known as "Sapucaia". In traditional medicine, leaves are used for the treatment of pruritus.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study is aimed to investigate the antipruritic effect of the ethanol extract from leaves of Lecythis pisonis (LPEE), fractions (hexane-LPHF, ether-LPEF and ethyl acetate-LPEAF) and mixture of triterpenes [ursolic and oleanolic acids (MT)] in mice and rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The LPEE, LPHF, LPEF, LPEAF and MT were evaluated on scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 in mice. In addition, LPEE, LPEF and MT were investigated on rat peritoneal mast cells degranulation induced by compound 48/80 (ex vivo study). The anti-inflammatory activity of LPEE and LPEF was investigated in rats using carrageenan-induced hind paw edema model. In the evaluation of the spontaneous motor activity, the LPEE was studied for its effect on spontaneous motor activity in an open-field test in mice.

RESULTS

The scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 was significantly inhibited in mice pretreated with LPEE, LPHF, LPEF, LPEAF and MT. The suppressive effect of LPEE, LPEF and MT was only partially antagonized by naloxone. In addition, the compound 48/80-elicited degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells was also markedly reduced in animals pretreated with LPEE, LPEF and MT. In the anti-inflammatory test, LPEE decreased the paw edema at the third hour after carrageenan (Carr) administration. Moreover, LPEF also was able to inhibit the oedematogenic response evoked by carr at all analysed time points. In the open-field test, LPEE-pretreated mice showed no impairment of spontaneous locomotion. Furthermore, the LPEE demonstrated no overt toxicity up to an oral dose of 2g/kg in an acute toxicity assay.

CONCLUSIONS

These results clearly indicate the antipruritic effects of Lecythis pisonis leaves and suggest that this effect may be related to a stabilizing action on mast cell membrane. Furthermore, these data support the traditional use of this plant against cutaneous pruritus.

110 PREGNANCY RATES OF BOVINE EMBRYOS AND HEMI-EMBRYOS TRANSFERENCE

Embryo transfer (ET) in cattle speeds up genetic gains, but its use is limited by cost-benefit analysis. In addition other techniques can be developed, such as sexing and bipartition of embryos. An alternative to improve the economic viability of ET in cattle would be to bipartition embryos in order to increase the yield of the technique. The aim of this study was to investigate the operational viability of embryo bipartition technique in an ET program in cattle and to study aspects related to the viability and development of bovine hemi-embryos (HE) compared with intact ones. The embryos were collected by nonsurgical technique 7 days after the onset of oestrus. Viable structures (130) from 49 embryo collections from 25 Aberdeen and Simmental donor cows and heifers were used. Only embryos in compact morula, early blastocyst and blastocyst stage, with a morphological range from excellent to good grade (IETS Grade 1), were split. The embryos, split (78) or not (52), were transferred into the uterine horn ipsilateral to the corpus luteum of the recipients 7 days after oestrus. The treatment groups evaluated were T1 (intact embryo, n = 52), T2 (1 HE, n = 27) and T3 (2 HE, n = 51). Crossbred heifers were used as recipients and pregnancy diagnosis was done at 60 to 80 days of gestation. The embryos of T1, T2 and T3 were classified morphologically as excellent or good and by developmental stage as morula, early blastocyst, or blastocyst, distributed as follows: T1: 30, 22 and 16, 17 and 19; T2: 15, 12 and 7, 9 and 11; and T3: 29, 22 and 15, 15 and 21, respectively. The birth rate per original embryos was greater for T2 than for T1 and T3 (Table 1). The pregnancy rates for excellent and good embryos and morulae, early blastocysts and blastocysts were not different (P > 0.05). The T1, T2 and T3 twin births were 0, 1 and 5, respectively. It is concluded that embryo bipartition technique applied in a commercial ET program is a viable operational technique. Table 1.Pregnancy at 60 to 80 days and birth rate per original embryos used Supported by CAPES, CNPq, FAPEMIG and BIOTRAN.

Virulence characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains

Eight virulence factors associated with uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) were investigated in 204 clinical isolates of E. coli recovered from urine cultures at counts ≥10(5). The bacteria were classified into two groups according to the number of leukocytes in urine samples from which they were isolated: group I ≤8 leukocytes/hpf, 104 strains; group II >8 leukocytes/hpf, 100 strains. Two multiplex PCR systems were used to detect genes encoding adhesin P (pap), adhesin S (sfa), afimbrial adhesin I (afa), siderophore aerobactin (aer), alpha-hemolysin (hly), cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1 (cnf1), and traT associated with serum resistance. The PAI marker for the virulence island identified in strains CFT072 and CVD432, a marker of enteroaggregative E. coli, was also investigated using PCR. The susceptibility profile of E. coli strains was determined by disk diffusion method. Ninety percent UPEC showed at least one of the virulence genes, the prevalence being traT (76%), aer (41%), PAI (32%), sfa (26%), pap (25%), cnf1 (18%), afa (6%), and hly (5%). There was no significant difference in the distribution of virulence genes between groups I and II. A significantly higher degree of virulence was detected in UPEC group II. The CVD432 gene was not detected in any of the UPECs. Fifty-nine percent of the strains were resistant to at least one of the antimicrobials that we tested; the most common being resistance to ampicillin (51%) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (44%).

Gastroprotective activity of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. in animal models

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The stem barks of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium Lam. (Rutaceae), locally known as "mamica de cadela", are popularly used in dyspepsies, stomachic, tonic, antitumoral, antipyretic and are used in treating flatulence and colic. The objective of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (EEZR) stem barks in acute gastric lesion models, investigating their possible mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice were used for the evaluation of the acute toxicity, and mice and rats to study the gastroprotective activity. The gastroprotective action of EEZR was analyzed in the absolute ethanol, HCl/ethanol and indomethacin-induced gastric lesion models in mice, hypothermic-restraint stress, and ischemia/reperfusion in rats. In the investigation of the gastroprotective mechanisms of EEZR, the participation of the NO-synthase pathway, ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K(ATP)), the levels of the non-protein sulfhydril groups (NP-SH) and the catalase activity using the ethanol-induced gastric mucosa lesion model and the quantification of the gastric mucus and the antisecretory activity through pylorus ligature model in rats were analyzed.

RESULTS

The animals did not present any signs of acute toxicity for the EEZR (up to the 4 g/kg dose, po), and it was not possible to calculate the DL(50). EEZR (125-500 mg/kg) exhibited a significant gastroprotective effect in absolute ethanol, HCl/ethanol, hypothermic-restraint stress, and ischemia/reperfusion-induced gastric lesion models. EEZR (250 and 500 mg/kg) exhibited still a gastroprotective activity in the indomethacin-induced ulcer model. Gastroprotection of EEZR was significantly decreased in pre-treated mice with l-NAME or glibenclamide, the respective nitric oxide synthase and K(ATP) channels inhibitors. Our studies revealed that EEZR (500 mg/kg) prevented the decrease of the non-protein sulfhydril groups (NP-SH) and increased the catalase levels in ethanol-treated animals. Furthermore, the extract (500 mg/kg) significantly increased the mucus production, however, the gastric secretion parameters (volume, [H(+)], pH) did not show any alteration.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate that the ethanolic extract of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium exhibits a significant gastroprotection, because it inhibits the formation of gastric lesions using different models. The release of the nitric oxide, the opening of the K(ATP) channels, the participation of the non-protein sulfhydril groups (NP-SH), catalase and the increase of mucous secretion seem to be involved in the gastroprotection activity of the EEZR. Nevertheless, this activity does not seem to be related to antisecretory mechanisms.

Recria de rã-touro (Rana catesbeiana) em tanques-rede alojados em viveiros de tilapia

No Brasil, os sistemas de criação de rãs (confinamento, anfigranja, inundado) utilizam um volume de água insuficiente para a manutenção da estabilidade térmica, e a baixa renovação prejudica a qualidade da água. Neste trabalho foi proposto a criação de rãs em tanques-rede distribuídos em viveiros com grande estabilidade térmica. O experimento consistiu em avaliar o desempenho produtivo de rãs-touro alojadas em tanques-rede de 1 m3, nas densidades de: 28, 56 e 84 animais por tanque-rede, alimentadas com ração fornecida por dispensador automático. Nos viveiros de 72 m2 utilizaram-se duas densidades de tilápias (200 e 300 peixes por viveiro). O período experimental foi de 105 dias para as tilápias (maio a agosto) e de 60 dias para as rãs (julho e agosto). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas no desem-penho das rãs para as diferentes densidades. A utilização de 200 tilápias por viveiro melhorou o ganho de peso dos peixes e a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido da água, comparado com a densidade de 300 peixes por viveiro. Este novo sistema de criação proporcionou um ambiente adequado para as rãs com ganho de peso e ausência de mortalidade durante o inverno.

32 USE OF HORMONE WITH ACTION FOLLICLE-STIMULATING IN OVULATION SYNCHRONIZATION OF CROSSBRED HOLSTEIN-GYR COWS

The objective of this study was to evaluate the administration of the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH-p) or equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) in protocols of ovulation synchronization. One hundred forty-nine crossbred Holstein-Gyr cows were used in 2 properties in Minas Gerais and 3 treatments: TControl (n = 49 cows), Day 0: insert of a progesterone device (Primer®, Tecnopec, São Paulo, Brazil) + 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (RIC-BE®); Day 8: removal of Primer + 112 mg of D-cloprostenol (Prolise®, ARSA SRL, Buenos Aires, Argentina) + 1 mg of estradiol benzoate and fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) accomplished 44 h after the removal of Primer; TFSH (n = 50 cows), similar to TControl, but on Day 8, 15 mg of FSH-p (Folltropin®, Bioniche Animal Health) was administered; TeCG (n = 50 cows), similar to TControl, with administration on Day 8 of 300 IU of eCG (Novormon®, Syntex SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Cows that returned to estrus 14 to 28 days after the FTAI were inseminated once again. For all statistical analysis, we used the program SAS 9.0 (2002; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) at 5% probability. Quantitative variables (live weight, days postpartum, follicular average per cow) were analyzed by variance, and body condition score by Friedman test. The pregnancy rates were submitted to logistic analysis considering the effect of local experimental factors and were analyzed by Spearman correlation among the variables studied and the pregnancy rate. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between treatment for pregnancy rate in FTAI protocols (TControl = 40.82%; TFSH = 38.00%; TeCG = 26.00%), in the first insemination after FTAI (TControl = 56.25%; TFSH = 70.59%; TeCG = 68.42%), and in FTAI plus first insemination after FTAI (TControl = 59.18%; TFSH =62.00%; TeCG = 52.00%), as well as for the estrus repetition (TControl = 55.17%; TFSH = 54.84%; TeCG = 51.35%) and the correlation (P > 0.05) among the pregnancy rate and postpartum period, milk production, body weight and body condition. No effect was observed on the pregnancy rate by the addition of the hormones FSH and eCG in the protocol of ovulation synchronization in crossbred Holstein-Gyr cows; however, reinsemination in the period from 14 to 28 days after FTAI increased the pregnancy rate. CNPq; FAPEMIG; TECNOPEC/São Paulo, Brazil.

31 PREGNANCY RATE OF CROSSBRED COWS SUBMITTED TO FIXED-TIME AI AND ADMINISTRATION OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE ANALOGUE TWELVE DAYS AFTER AI

The importance of serum progesterone (P4) during the first weeks of pregnancy to reduce the embryo mortality in cattle herds has been demonstrated (Mann and Lamming 2001 Reproduction 121, 175-180). Studies show that a P4 peak at the beginning of pregnancy (about 5 days after the natural breeding or AI) helps development of the concept via secretion of interferon-τ (Mann 2002 XXII World Buiatrics Congress 18-23, 300-306). Studies have shown that the administration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) or its agonists after AI may stimulate corpus luteum function, induce the formation of an accessory corpus luteum, or increase of P4 serum concentrations and, therefore, improve embryonic survival (Bartolome et al. 2005 Theriogenology 63, 1026-1037). This work aims to evaluate the effect of GnRH injection 12 d after fixed-time AI(FTAI) on P4 serum levels and pregnancy rate of beef crossbred cows. The cows (Bos taurus indicus × Bos taurus taurus, n = 59), range in body condition (BCS) from 2.5 to 3.5 (scale of 1 to 5), were not previously pregnant. The animals were allocated to 2 treatments: TEB treatment (n = 30) consisted of Day 0 insertion of progesterone intravaginal device (ID) plus 2 mg of estradiol benzoate (EB), i.m. followed on Day 8 by removal of the ID and 300 IU of eCG and 0.15 mg of PGF2α, i.m. on Day 9, 1 mg injection of EB (i.m.) was given, followed by FTAI at 48 to 56 h after the withdrawal of ID. The TEBGnRH12 treatment (n = 29) protocol was similar to TEB, but with administration of 25 μg of GnRH analogue (Lecirelina) 12 d after the FTAI. Transrectal ultrasound was used for pregnancy diagnosis on Day 35 after AI. Blood samples for P4 serum assay were collected from 30% of animals in each treatment, at the time of AI and on Days 5, 12, and 20 after FTAI. For all statistical analysis, we used the program SAS 9.0 (2002; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) at 5% probability. The pregnancy rate was analyzed by logistic regression. The effects of treatment and day in P4 concentration were analyzed in a split plot, with the effect of day in plot, in mixed model, considering the error and repetition as a random effect, and comparison of means by Tukey-Kramer. Pregnancy rate and the concentration of serum P4 on different days was analyzed by Spearman correlation. The pregnancy rate for TEB cows was 53.33% (16/30) for the first service compared with 37.93% (11/29) for TEBGnRH12 cows. The protocol used did not affect the pregnancy rate of crossbred cows (P > 0.05). There were no treatment differences (P > 0.05) between the concentrations of P4 (TEB = 3.88 ng mL-1; TEBGnRH12 = 3.12 ng mL-1). In conclusion, the administration of the analogue of GnRH 12 days after FTAI does not affect the rates of pregnancy or the concentration of P4. Supported by grants from CNPq, FAPEMIG and DZO-UFV.

In vitro efficacy of over-the-counter botanical pediculicides against the head louse Pediculus humanus var capitis based on a stringent standard for mortality assessment

Infestation of the head louse Pediculus humanus var capitis DeGeer (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae) is an important public health problem in Australia, with up to a third of children infested in some primary schools. Insecticide resistance and inadequate attention to the application instructions of topical pediculicides are common reasons for treatment failure. This study evaluated six popular Australian over-the-counter products against head lice, primarily comprised of different botanical extracts, and compared them with permethrin 1% (Quellada) and a non-treatment control in order to assess their in vitro efficacy. We also assessed commonly used criteria for evaluating pediculicide efficacy in vitro. All tested products failed to demonstrate high levels of efficacy with the exception of Tea Tree Gel((R)), which outperformed 1% permethrin. Permethrin had a high level of efficacy, but using stringent criteria 18% of lice were not dead at 3 h, indicating some resistance to Quellada. Commonly used less stringent criteria were shown to overestimate mortality of head lice as a result of the protective phenomenon of stasis or sham death observed in exposed lice that may recover after some time. Using two different levels of stringency resulted in different rankings of efficacy for most products, with the exception of the first ranked product, Tea Tree Gel. Rankings of efficacy also varied over time, even within the different assessment criteria. Government regulatory agencies should require standard in vitro tests using stringent mortality criteria, with an observation period of >or= 6 h, to determine the efficacy of new pediculicides, and only products that cause a minimum mortality rate (e.g. 80%) in head lice collected from the target population should be licensed for sale.

Duffing oscillators: control and memory effects

In the first part of this article we study the hysteretic bistable response of Duffing oscillators and show ways to control the switching between stable branches of this nonlinear response. The control mechanism is either applied through a pulse that can be in phase or out of phase with the periodic driving force or through a frequency-modulated driving force. In the second part we show how memory effects in dissipation qualitatively and quantitatively alter the dynamics of Duffing oscillators. We show how memory functions corresponding to different dissipative regimes (diffusion, subdiffusion, and superdiffusion) affect the oscillator. In particular, we obtain universal power laws for the absoption when the driving frequency omega-->0 . For subdiffusive memories the power law exponents nu<2 , for diffusive memories nu=2 , and for superdiffusive memories nu>2 .

The effects of drugs, ions, and poly-l-lysine on the excretory system of Schistosoma mansoni

We have been able to label the excretory system of cercariae and all forms of schistosomula, immature and adult worms with the highly fluorescent dye resorufin. We have shown that the accumulation of the resorufin into the excretory tubules and collecting ducts of the male adult worm depends on the presence of extracellular calcium and phosphate ions. In the adult male worms, praziquantel (PZQ) prevents this accumulation in RPMI medium and disperses resorufin from tubules which have been prelabelled. Female worms and all other developmental stages are much less affected either by the presence of calcium and phosphate ions, or the disruption caused by PZQ. The male can inhibit the excretory system in paired female. Fluorescent PZQ localises in the posterior gut (intestine) region of the male adult worm, but not in the excretory system, except for the anionic carboxy fluorescein derivative of PZQ, which may be excreted by this route. All stages of the parasite can recover from damage by PZQ treatment in vitro. The excretory system is highly sensitive to damage to the surface membrane and may be involved in vesicle movement and damage repair processes. In vivo the adult parasite does not recover from PZQ treatment, but what is inhibiting recovery is unknown, but likely to be related to immune effector molecules.

Responses of the surface membrane and excretory system of Schistosoma mansoni to damage and to treatment with praziquantel and other biomolecules

Damage to the surface membrane of adult Schistosoma mansoni, and the activity of the excretory system, as shown by resorufin fluorescence, was observed following treatment with praziquantel and incubation with other molecules. Praziquantel treatment induced damage to the surface membrane as measured by the use of a variety of fluorescent compounds. The excretory system of the male worm was inhibited immediately after praziquantel treatment, but fully recovered after culture for 2 h following removal of praziquantel. The excretory system of the female, observed to be minimally active in untreated worm pairs, was often greatly activated in paired females, as shown by intense resorufin labelling, after praziquantel treatment, and this continued during recovery of the male excretory system. In experiments with normal worm pairs, the female could be activated by inhibiting the metabolic rate of the pair by a cooling procedure. The effects on the excretory system of changes in culture conditions (such as changes in pH, concentrations of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, cytokines, reactive oxygen species, compounds which remove cholesterol, such as beta-methyl cyclodextrin, and damaging basic poly-L-lysine) were also assessed. It is concluded that the extensive excretory system of the adult worm is responsive to drug treatment and to certain changes in environmental conditions. Its activity seems to be strongly linked to the integrity of the surface membrane.

Cell cycle time and rate of entry of cells into mitosis in the small intestine of young rats

Cell cycle time (T(C)) and the rate of entry of cells into mitosis (r(M)) in the jejunum and duodenum of young rats were investigated using the stathmokinetic method. The cell cycle times in the jejunum were 24.3 and 28.3 h in light and dark periods, respectively. Cell cycle times in the duodenum were 17.1 and 21.5 h in light and dark periods, respectively. Rates of entry of cells into mitosis in the jejunum were 1.2 and 1.1 cells/cell/h in light and dark periods and rates of entry of cells into mitosis in the duodenum were 1.4 and 1.8 cells/cell/h in light and dark periods, respectively. Although these changes to cell cycle time values are not statistically significant, the variation between the two periods should be considered in relation to its possible biological effects.

Identification of heat stable protease of Klebsiella oxytoca isolated from raw milk

AIMS

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize heat stable proteinases of psychrotrophic proteolytic bacteria isolated from raw milk.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A strain of Klebsiella oxytoca producing a high proteolytic activity when cultured on milk was isolated. Maximum proteolytic activity was observed at the stationary phase during growth on milk or casein-peptone broth. The bacterium demonstrated the capability to grow at 7 degrees C, classified as psychrotrophic. The crude enzyme showed optimum activity at 37 degrees C, and pH 5.0 and 7.0. The proteinase was very resistant to heat, maintaining 74% of initial activity after incubation at 142 degrees C.

CONCLUSIONS

A heat stable protease of a psychrotrophic strain of K. oxytoca was identified and partially characterized.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

Thermal stable proteases may constitute a serious problem to ultra-high temperature (UHT) processed milk, leading to undesirable physical and sensory alterations.

Polymer fragmentation in extensional flow

In this paper we present an analysis of fragmentation of dilute polymer solutions in extensional flow. The transition rate is investigated both from theoretical and computational approaches, where the existence of a Gaussian distribution for the breaking bonds has been controversial. We give as well an explanation for the low fragmentation frequency found in DNA experiments.

Synchronization induced by Langevin dynamics

Equilibrium Langevin dynamics of one-dimensional Lennard-Jones chains is studied. It is shown that depending on the noise strength, the friction constant and the number of particles, chains can synchronize, break, or remain desynchronized. Generally the synchronization time and the maximal Lyapunov exponent are found to depend on the number of particles and the ratio of noise strength to friction constant.

Discrete atomistic model to simulate etching of a crystalline solid

A discrete atomistic solid-on-solid model is proposed to describe dissolution of a crystalline solid by a liquid. The model is based on the simple assumption that the probability per unit time of a unit cell being removed is proportional to its exposed area. Numerical simulations in one dimension demonstrate that the model has very good scaling properties. After removal of only about 10(2) monolayers, independently of the substrate size, the etched surface shows almost time-independent short-range correlations and the receding surface presents the Family-Vicsek scaling behavior. The scaling parameters alpha=0.491+/-0.002 and beta=0.330+/-0.001 indicate that the system belongs to the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang universality class. The imposition of periodic boundary conditions on the simulations reduces the effective system size by a factor of 0.68 without changing the exponents alpha and beta. Surprisingly, the periodic condition changes drastically the statistics of the surface height fluctuations and the short-range correlations. Without periodic conditions, that statistics is, up to 3 standard deviations, an asymmetric Lévy distribution with mu=1.82+/-0.01, and outside this region the statistics is Gaussian. With periodic conditions, that statistics is Gaussian, except for large negative fluctuations.

Anticonvulsant properties of N-salicyloyltryptamine in mice

A new tryptamine analogue, N-salicyloyltryptamine (STP), a potential central nervous system (CNS) depressant, was tested in the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and maximal electroshock (MES) models of epilepsy in mice. When administered concurrently, STP (100 mg/kg ip) significantly reduced the number of animals that exhibited PTZ-induced seizures and eliminated the extensor reflex of maximal electric-induced seizures test in 50% of the experimental animals. In addition, it showed protection in the PTZ test by diminishing the death rate.

Scaling transformation of random walk distributions in a lattice

We use a decimation procedure in order to obtain the dynamical renormalization group transformation (RGT) properties of random walk distribution in a 1+1 lattice. We obtain an equation similar to the Chapman-Kolmogorov equation. First we show the existence of invariants through the RGT. We also show the existence of functions which are semi-invariants through the RGT. Second, we show as well that the distribution R(q)(x)=[1+b(q-1)x(2)](1/(1-q)) (q>1), which is an exact solution of a nonlinear Fokker-Planck equation, is a semi-invariant for RGT. We obtain the map q(')=f(q) from the RGT and we show that this map has two fixed points: q=1, attractor, and q=2, repellor, which are the Gaussian and the Lorentzian, respectively. We show the connections between these result and the Levy flights.

[Tuberculosis associated with AIDS: the situation in a Northeastern region of Brazil]

INTRODUCTION

The main aspects of the HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection in the adult patients attended by the main reference hospital for infectious diseases in the State of Ceará, Brazil, responsible for the notification of 89.3% of the cases registered in the state between 1986 and 1992 were investigated.

METHODOLOGY

Data were collected from the case histories of patients of more than 15 years of age with a diagnosis of AIDS, attended in a state reference hospital in Northeastern Brazil. The analysis of the data obeys the criteria of the Ministry of Health for the definition of this disease.

RESULTS

Tuberculosis had been present in 30.6% of the patients studied (151/493) and it was diagnosed by the first year after the AIDS diagnosis in 76.8% of the cases. The proportion of AIDS cases with tuberculosis is significantly greater (p = 0.032) among men (94.7%) than among women (88.3%). An increased linear trend in the proportion of cases with tuberculosis was noticed in the AIDS cases according to the decrease in level of schooling (p < 0.001). The direct baciloscopy of the sputum although considered a high priority exam, was made in only 72.9% of the patients, presenting positive results in 28.3% of these. The extrapulmonary form was detected in 23.9% of the cases and, among those, the miliary form in 25% and the meningitis in 16.7%. These results differ in a significant way (p < 0.001 for all) from the cases with tuberculosis without HIV infection in adults registered in the state in 1992 (9.8% extrapulmonary, 7.2% miliary and 3.3% meningitis). In most cases, death occurred in the presence of tuberculosis (52.3%), and only 10.6% managed to recover from the tuberculosis.

CONCLUSIONS

The premature development of tuberculosis in AIDS patients, the presence of a high percentage of extrapulmonary forms and the high lethality are indicator that the prevention and control measures of these two pathologies cannot be considered separately in this State.