1
|
Farzadian O, Yousefi F, Shafiee M, Khoeini F, Spitas C, Kostas KV. Thermal rectification in novel two-dimensional hybrid graphene/BCN sheets: A molecular dynamics simulation. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 129:108763. [PMID: 38555799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The graphene-like monolayer of carbon, boron and nitrogen that maintains the native hexagonal atomic lattice (BCN), is a novel semiconductor with special thermal properties. Herein, with the aid of a non-equilibrium molecular dynamics approach (NEMD), we study phonon thermal rectification in a hybrid system of pure graphene and BCN (G-BCN) in various configurations under a series of positive and negative temperature gradients. We begin by investigating the relation of thermal rectification to sample's mean temperature, T, and the imposed temperature difference, ΔT, between the two heat baths at its ends. We then move to explore the effect of varying strain levels of our sample on thermal rectification, followed by Kapitza resistance calculations at the G-BCN interface, which shed light on the interface effects on thermal rectification. Our simulation results reveal a BCN-configuration-dependent behavior of thermal rectification. Finally, the underlying mechanism leading to a preferred direction for phonons is studied using phonon density of states (DOS) on both sides of the G-BCN interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Farzadian
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45195-313, Iran; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehdi Shafiee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Farhad Khoeini
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45195-313, Iran
| | - Christos Spitas
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo, China
| | - Konstantinos V Kostas
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yousefi F, Farzadian O, Shafiee M. Thermal conductivity and structural behavior of confined H 2from molecular dynamics simulation. Nanotechnology 2024; 35:215403. [PMID: 38335554 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we perform equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation to study the thermal conductivity of hydrogen molecules (H2) under extreme confinement within graphene nanochannel. We analyze the structural behavior of H2molecules inside the nanochannel and also examine the effect of nanochannel height, the number of H2molecules, and temperature of the system on the thermal conductivity. Our results reveal that H2molecules exhibit a strong propensity for absorption onto the nanochannel wall, consequently forming a dense packed layer in close to the wall. This phenomenon significantly impacts the thermal conductivity of the confined system. We made a significant discovery, revealing a strong correlation between the mass density near the nanochannel wall and the thermal conductivity. This finding highlights the crucial role played by the density near the wall in determining the thermal conductivity behavior. Surprisingly, the average thermal conductivity for nanochannels with a height (h) less than 27 Å exhibited an astonishing increase of over 12 times when compared to the bulk. Moreover, we observe that increasing the nanochannel height, while the number of H2molecules fixed, leads to a notable decrease in thermal conductivity. Furthermore, we investigate the influence of temperature on thermal conductivity. Our simulations demonstrate that higher temperature enhance the thermal conductivity due to increased phonon activity and energy states, facilitating more efficient heat transfer and higher thermal conductivity. To gain deeper insights into the factors affecting thermal conductivity, we explored the phonon density of states. Studying the behavior of hydrogen in confined environments can offer valuable insights into its transport properties and its potential for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Energetic Cosmos Laboratory, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Omid Farzadian
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehdi Shafiee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
- Energetic Cosmos Laboratory, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoseini S, Yousefi F, Hosseini S, Pierantozzi M. Molecular thermodynamic modeling of surface tension: Extension to molten polymers. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
4
|
Zarghami Dehaghani M, Yousefi F, Seidi F, Sajadi SM, Rabiee N, Habibzadeh S, Esmaeili A, Hamed Mashhadzadeh A, Spitas C, Mostafavi E, Saeb MR. Dynamics of Antimicrobial Peptide Encapsulation in Carbon Nanotubes: The Role of Hydroxylation. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:125-136. [PMID: 35058692 PMCID: PMC8765279 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s335380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarghami Dehaghani
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45195-313, Iran
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - S Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Phytochemistry, SRC, Soran University, Soran, Iraq
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, 1591639675, Iran
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering Technology and Industrial Trades, College of the North Atlantic — Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
- Correspondence: Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan Email ;
| | - Christos Spitas
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Ebrahim Mostafavi Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Biomedical Innovation Building, 240 Pasteur Drive, Palo Alto, Stanford, CA94304, USA Email ;
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, 80-233, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Dehaghani MZ, Molaei F, Yousefi F, Sajadi SM, Esmaeili A, Mohaddespour A, Farzadian O, Habibzadeh S, Mashhadzadeh AH, Spitas C, Saeb MR. An insight into thermal properties of BC 3-graphene hetero-nanosheets: a molecular dynamics study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23064. [PMID: 34845328 PMCID: PMC8630025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02576-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulation of thermal properties of graphene hetero-nanosheets is a key step in understanding their performance in nano-electronics where thermal loads and shocks are highly likely. Herein we combine graphene and boron-carbide nanosheets (BC3N) heterogeneous structures to obtain BC3N-graphene hetero-nanosheet (BC3GrHs) as a model semiconductor with tunable properties. Poor thermal properties of such heterostructures would curb their long-term practice. BC3GrHs may be imperfect with grain boundaries comprising non-hexagonal rings, heptagons, and pentagons as topological defects. Therefore, a realistic picture of the thermal properties of BC3GrHs necessitates consideration of grain boundaries of heptagon-pentagon defect pairs. Herein thermal properties of BC3GrHs with various defects were evaluated applying molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. First, temperature profiles along BC3GrHs interface with symmetric and asymmetric pentagon-heptagon pairs at 300 K, ΔT = 40 K, and zero strain were compared. Next, the effect of temperature, strain, and temperature gradient (ΔT) on Kaptiza resistance (interfacial thermal resistance at the grain boundary) was visualized. It was found that Kapitza resistance increases upon an increase of defect density in the grain boundary. Besides, among symmetric grain boundaries, 5-7-6-6 and 5-7-5-7 defect pairs showed the lowest (2 × 10-10 m2 K W-1) and highest (4.9 × 10-10 m2 K W-1) values of Kapitza resistance, respectively. Regarding parameters affecting Kapitza resistance, increased temperature and strain caused the rise and drop in Kaptiza thermal resistance, respectively. However, lengthier nanosheets had lower Kapitza thermal resistance. Moreover, changes in temperature gradient had a negligible effect on the Kapitza resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarghami Dehaghani
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Molaei
- Mining and Geological Engineering Department, The University of Arizona, Arizona, USA
| | - Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, 45195-313, Zanjan, Iran
| | - S Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil, Iraq
- Department of Phytochemistry, SRC, Soran University, KRG, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Amin Esmaeili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of the North Atlantic-Qatar, 24449 Arab League St, PO Box 24449, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmad Mohaddespour
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
| | - Omid Farzadian
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Christos Spitas
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zarghami Dehaghani M, Yousefi F, Sajadi SM, Tajammal Munir M, Abida O, Habibzadeh S, Mashhadzadeh AH, Rabiee N, Mostafavi E, Saeb MR. Theoretical Encapsulation of Fluorouracil (5-FU) Anti-Cancer Chemotherapy Drug into Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) and Boron Nitride Nanotubes (BNNT). Molecules 2021; 26:4920. [PMID: 34443508 PMCID: PMC8398462 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chemotherapy with anti-cancer drugs is considered the most common approach for killing cancer cells in the human body. However, some barriers such as toxicity and side effects would limit its usage. In this regard, nano-based drug delivery systems have emerged as cost-effective and efficient for sustained and targeted drug delivery. Nanotubes such as carbon nanotubes (CNT) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) are promising nanocarriers that provide the cargo with a large inner volume for encapsulation. However, understanding the insertion process of the anti-cancer drugs into the nanotubes and demonstrating drug-nanotube interactions starts with theoretical analysis. METHODS First, interactions parameters of the atoms of 5-FU were quantified from the DREIDING force field. Second, the storage capacity of BNNT (8,8) was simulated to count the number of drugs 5-FU encapsulated inside the cavity of the nanotubes. In terms of the encapsulation process of the one drug 5-FU into nanotubes, it was clarified that the drug 5-FU was more rapidly adsorbed into the cavity of the BNNT compared with the CNT due to the higher van der Waals (vdW) interaction energy between the drug and the BNNT. RESULTS The obtained values of free energy confirmed that the encapsulation process of the drug inside the CNT and BNNT occurred spontaneously with the free energies of -14 and -25 kcal·mol-1, respectively. DISCUSSION However, the lower value of the free energy in the system containing the BNNT unraveled more stability of the encapsulated drug inside the cavity of the BNNT comparing the system having CNT. The encapsulation of Fluorouracil (5-FU) anti-cancer chemotherapy drug (commercial name: Adrucil®) into CNT (8,8) and BNNT (8,8) with the length of 20 Å in an aqueous solution was discussed herein applying molecular dynamics (MD) simulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarghami Dehaghani
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 11155-4563, Iran;
| | - Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45195-313, Iran;
| | - S. Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Erbil P.O. Box 625, Iraq;
- Department of Phytochemistry, SRC, Soran University, Soran P.O. Box 624, Iraq
| | - Muhammad Tajammal Munir
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait; (M.T.M.); (O.A.)
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait; (M.T.M.); (O.A.)
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran 1591639675, Iran
| | - Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 11155-9161, Iran;
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fooladpanjeh S, Yousefi F, Molaei F, Zarghami Dehaghani M, Sajadi SM, Abida O, Habibzadeh S, Hamed Mashhadzadeh A, Saeb MR. Thermal conductivity of random polycrystalline BC 3 nanosheets: A step towards realistic simulation of 2D structures. J Mol Graph Model 2021; 107:107977. [PMID: 34237665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2021.107977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Boron carbide nanosheets (BC3NSs) are semiconductors possessing non-zero bandgap. Nevertheless, there is no estimation of their thermal conductivity for practical circumstances, mainly because of difficulties in simulation of random polycrystalline structures. In the real physics world, BC3NS with perfect monocrystalline is rare, for the nature produces structures with disordered grain regions. Therefore, it is of crucial importance to capture a more realistic picture of thermal conductivity of these nanosheets. Polycrystalline BC3NS (PCBC3NSs are herein simulated by Molecular Dynamics simulation to take their thermal conductivity fingerprint applying ΔT of 40 K. A series of PCBC3NSs were evaluated for thermal conductivity varying the number of grains (3, 5, and 10). The effect of grain rotation was also modeled in terms of Kapitza thermal resistance per grain, varying the rotation angle (θ/2 = 14.5, 16, 19, and 25°). Overall, a non-linear temperature variation was observed for PCBC3NS, particularly by increasing grain number, possibly because of more phonon scattering (shorter phonon relaxation time) arising from more structural defects. By contrast, the heat current passing across the slab decreased. The thermal conductivity of nanosheet dwindled from 149 W m-1 K-1 for monocrystalline BC3NS to the values of 129.67, 121.32, 115.04, and 102.78 W m-1 K-1 for PCBC3NSs having 2, 3, 5, and 10 grains, respectively. The increase of the grain̛s rotation angle (randomness) from 14.5° to 16°, 19° and 25° led to a rise in Kapitza thermal resistance from 2⨯10-10 m2 K·W-1 to the values of 2.3⨯ 10-10, 2.9⨯10-10, and 4.7⨯ 10-10 m2 K·W-1, respectively. Thus, natural 2D structure would facilitate phonon scattering rate at the grain boundaries, which limits heat transfer across polycrystalline nanosheets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasan Fooladpanjeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45195-313, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Molaei
- Mining and Geological Engineering Department, The University of Arizona, Arizona, USA
| | - Maryam Zarghami Dehaghani
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Nutrition, Cihan University-Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq; Department of Phytochemistry, SRC, Soran University, KRG, Iraq
| | - Otman Abida
- College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait
| | - Sajjad Habibzadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zarghami Dehaghani M, Yousefi F, Bagheri B, Seidi F, Hamed Mashhadzadeh A, Rabiee N, Zarrintaj P, Mostafavi E, Saeb MR, Kim YC. α-Helical Antimicrobial Peptide Encapsulation and Release from Boron Nitride Nanotubes: A Computational Study. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4277-4288. [PMID: 34194228 PMCID: PMC8238539 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s313855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antimicrobial peptides are potential therapeutics as anti-bacteria, anti-viruses, anti-fungi, or anticancers. However, they suffer from a short half-life and drug resistance which limit their long-term clinical usage. Methods Herein, we captured the encapsulation of antimicrobial peptide HA-FD-13 into boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) (20,20) and its release due to subsequent insertion of BNNT (14,14) with molecular dynamics simulation. Results The peptide-BNNT (20,20) van der Waals (vdW) interaction energy decreased to −270 kcal·mol−1 at the end of the simulation (15 ns). However, during the period of 0.2–1.8 ns, when half of the peptide was inside the nanotube, the encapsulation was paused due to an energy barrier in the vicinity of BNNT and subsequently the external intervention, such that the self-adjustment of the peptide allowed full insertion. The free energy of the encapsulation process was −200.12 kcal·mol−1, suggesting that the insertion procedure occurred spontaneously. Discussion Once the BNNT (14,14) entered into the BNNT (20,20), the peptide was completely released after 83.8 ps. This revealed that the vdW interaction between the BNNT (14,14) and BNNT (20,20) was stronger than between BNNT (20,20) and the peptide; therefore, the BNNT (14,14) could act as a piston pushing the peptide outside the BNNT (20,20). Moreover, the sudden drop in the vdW energy between nanotubes to the value of the −1300 Kcal·mol−1 confirmed the self-insertion of the BNNT (14,14) into the BNNT (20,20) and correspondingly the release of the peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarghami Dehaghani
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45195-313, Iran
| | - Babak Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Farzad Seidi
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources and Joint International Research Lab of Lignocellulosic Functional Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-3516, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yeu-Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zarghami Dehaghani M, Bagheri B, Yousefi F, Nasiriasayesh A, Hamed Mashhadzadeh A, Zarrintaj P, Rabiee N, Bagherzadeh M, Fierro V, Celzard A, Saeb MR, Mostafavi E. Boron Nitride Nanotube as an Antimicrobial Peptide Carrier: A Theoretical Insight. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:1837-1847. [PMID: 33692624 PMCID: PMC7939490 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s298699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nanotube-based drug delivery systems have received considerable attention because of their large internal volume to encapsulate the drug and the ability to penetrate tissues, cells, and bacteria. In this regard, understanding the interaction between the drug and the nanotube to evaluate the encapsulation behavior of the drug in the nanotube is of crucial importance. METHODS In this work, the encapsulation process of the cationic antimicrobial peptide named cRW3 in the biocompatible boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) was investigated under the Canonical ensemble (NVT) by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. RESULTS The peptide was absorbed into the BNNT by van der Waals (vdW) interaction between cRW3 and the BNNT, in which the vdW interaction decreased during the simulation process and reached the value of -142.7 kcal·mol-1 at 4 ns. DISCUSSION The increase in the potential mean force profile of the encapsulated peptide during the pulling process of cRW3 out of the nanotube showed that its insertion into the BNNT occurred spontaneously and that the inserted peptide had the desired stability. The energy barrier at the entrance of the BNNT caused a pause of 0.45 ns when half of the peptide was inside the BNNT during the encapsulation process. Therefore, during this period, the peptide experienced the weakest movement and the smallest conformational changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Babak Bagheri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45195-313, Iran
| | | | - Amin Hamed Mashhadzadeh
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vanessa Fierro
- Université De Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Epinal, 88000, France
| | - Alain Celzard
- Université De Lorraine, CNRS, IJL, Epinal, 88000, France
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Center of Excellence in Electrochemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, 14155-6455, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yousefi F, Nashibi R, Mohammadi M, Aslani Z. Prevalence of fatty liver disease and its risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Int J Infect Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.09.1307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
11
|
|
12
|
Yousefi F, Khoeini F, Rajabpour A. Thermal rectification and interfacial thermal resistance in hybrid pillared-graphene and graphene: a molecular dynamics and continuum approach. Nanotechnology 2020; 31:285707. [PMID: 32217831 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab8420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We investigate thermal rectification and thermal resistance in a hybrid pillared-graphene and graphene (PGG) system by both molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and a continuum model. First, the thermal conductivity of both pillared-graphene and graphene is calculated by employing MD simulation and Fourier's law. Our results show that the thermal conductivity of the pillared-graphene is much smaller than that of graphene by one order of magnitude. Next, by applying positive and negative temperature gradients along the longitudinal direction of the PGG, the thermal rectification is examined. The MD results indicate that for the lengths in the range of 3686 nm, the thermal rectification remains almost constant (~3%-5%). We have also studied the phonon density of states (DOS) on both sides of the interface of PGG. The DOS curves show that there is phonon scattering at low frequencies that depends on the imposed temperature gradient direction in the system. Therefore, we can introduce the PGG as a thermal rectifier at room temperature. Furthermore, next, we also explore the temperature distribution over the PGG by using the continuum model. The results obtained from the continuum model predict the MD results, such as the temperature distribution in the upper half-layer and lower full-layer graphene, the temperature gap, and also the thermal resistance at the interface. This study could help in the design of chip coolers, and phononic devices such as thermal nanodiodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farrokh Yousefi
- Department of Physics, University of Zanjan, Zanjan 45195-313, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghahramani S, Yousefi F, Hosseini S, Aparicio S. High-pressure behavior of 2-hydroxyethylammonium acetate ionic liquid: Experiment and molecular dynamics. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
14
|
Karimi R, Yousefi F, Ghaedi M, Rezaee Z. Comparison the behavior of ZnO–NP–AC and Na, K doped ZnO–NP–AC for simultaneous removal of Crystal Violet and Quinoline Yellow dyes: Modeling and optimization. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
15
|
Ahmadi Azqhandi M, Ghaedi M, Yousefi F, Jamshidi M. Application of random forest, radial basis function neural networks and central composite design for modeling and/or optimization of the ultrasonic assisted adsorption of brilliant green on ZnS-NP-AC. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:278-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.05.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
16
|
Yousefi F, Amoozandeh Z. A new model to predict the densities of nanofluids using statistical mechanics and artificial intelligent plus principal component analysis. Chin J Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2016.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Yousefi F, Nashibi R, Afzalzadeh S. Epidemiology and treatment outcome of mucormycosis in Khuzestan, Southwest Iran. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
19
|
Salmanzadeh S, Geravandi S, Mohammadi M, Malihi R, Kamaei S, Alavi S, Moogahi S, Yousefi F, Soltani F, Ghomeishi A, nashibi R, Aslani Z. Evaluation ofneedle stick injuries among health care workers in a teaching hospital. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|
20
|
Mohammadi M, Geravandi S, Goudarzi G, Malihi R, Yousefi F, Soltani F, Ghomeishi A, Salmanzadeh S. Estimation of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from exposure to particulate matter in Ahvaz, Southwest Iran. Int J Infect Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
21
|
Shekoohi Shooli F, Mortazavi SAR, Jarideh S, Nematollahii S, Yousefi F, Haghani M, Mortazavi SMJ, Shojaei-Fard MB. Short-Term Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Mobile Phone Jammers Decreases the Fasting Blood Sugar in Adult Male Rats. J Biomed Phys Eng 2016; 6:27-32. [PMID: 27026952 PMCID: PMC4795326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence indicates that exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) above certain levels can affect human health through triggering some biological responses. According to WHO, short-term exposure to EMF at the levels present in the home/environment do not cause any apparent detrimental effects in healthy individuals. However, now, there is a debate on whether long-term exposure to low level EMF can evoke detrimental biological responses. Although based on the Communications Act of 1934, selling, advertising, using, or importing mobile jammers which block cell phone calls and text messages are illegal acts, in some countries these devices are being used for security purpose and for prevention of cheating during examinations. METHODS In this study 30 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 each. The control group received no radiation. The sham exposure group was exposed to a switched-off jammer device. After fasting for 12 hours, the exposure group was exposed to EMFs at a distance of 50 cm from the jammer. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein after 24, 48 and72 hours and fasting blood sugar was measured by using a common blood glucose monitor (BIONIME GM110, Taiwan). The significance level was considered 5% and SPSS Ver. 21 was used for statistical analysis. The data were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey's test. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was observed between blood sugar level in the control and exposure groups after 24, 48 and 72 hours of continuous irradiation (p values were <0.001, <0.001 and 0.002, respectively). No significant difference was found between the level of fasting blood sugar in control and sham groups. CONCLUSION Short-term exposure to electromagnetic field generated by mobile phone jammer can reduce blood sugar level in adult male rats. These findings, in contrast with our previous results, lead us to this conclusion that the use of these signal blocking devices in very specific circumstances may have some therapeutic effects. However, further studies have to be performed to find out the exact mechanism by which Jammer EMFs reduce fasting blood sugar.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Shekoohi Shooli
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S A R Mortazavi
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Jarideh
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S Nematollahii
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F Yousefi
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M Haghani
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S M J Mortazavi
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran ; Professor of Medical Physics, Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M B Shojaei-Fard
- Department of Physiology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran ; Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eghlidospour M, Mortazavi SMJ, Yousefi F, Mortazavi SAR. New Horizons in Enhancing the Proliferation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells Using Stimulatory Effects of the Short Time Exposure to Radiofrequency Radiation. J Biomed Phys Eng 2015; 5:95-104. [PMID: 26396965 PMCID: PMC4576878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mobile phone use and wireless communication technology have grown explosively over the past decades. This rapid growth has caused widespread global concern about the potential detrimental effects of this technology on human health. Stem cells generate specialized cell types of the tissue in which they reside through normal differentiation pathways. Considering the undeniable importance of stem cells in modern medicine, numerous studies have been performed on the effects of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation on cellular processes such as: proliferation, differentiation, cell cycle and DNA repair processes. We have conducted extensive studies on beneficial (stimulatory) or detrimental biological effects of exposure to different sources of electromagnetic fields such as mobile phones, mobile phone base stations, mobile phone jammers, radar systems, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems and dentistry cavitrons over the past years. In this article, recent studies on the biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation in the range of radiofrequency (RF) on some important features of stem cells such as their proliferation and differentiation are reviewed. Studies reviewed in this paper indicate that the stimulatory or inhibitory effects of RF radiation on the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells depend on various factors such as the biological systems, experiment conditions, the frequency and intensity of RF and the duration of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Eghlidospour
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. M. J. Mortazavi
- Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - F. Yousefi
- Ionizing and Non-ionizing Radiation Protection Research Center (INIRPRC), Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - S. A. R. Mortazavi
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yousefi F, Shishebor M. Modeling the thermodynamic behavior of copolymers using equation of state. Polym Bull (Berl) 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-014-1220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
24
|
Yousefi F, Karimi H, Alekasir E, Shishebor M. Prediction of thermodynamic behavior of copolymers using equation of state and artificial neural network. Colloid Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
25
|
Ghaedi M, Karimi H, Yousefi F. Silver and zinc oxide nanostructures loaded on activated carbon as new adsorbents for removal of methylene green. Hum Exp Toxicol 2014; 33:956-67. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113504974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the removal of methylene green (MG) from aqueous solution based on two new adsorbents including silver nanoparticles and zinc oxide nanorods loaded on activated carbon (Ag-NP-AC and ZnO-NR-AC, respectively) has been carried out. The dependency of removal process to variables such as contact time, pH, amount of adsorbents, and initial MG concentration were examined and optimized. It was found that the maximum MG removal percentage was achieved at pH = 7.0 following stirring at 400 r min−1 for 7 and 6 min for Ag-NP-AC and ZnO-NR-AC, respectively. Equilibrium data were well fitted with the Langmuir model having maximum adsorption capacity of 166.7 and 200 mg g−1 for Ag-NP-AC and ZnO-NR-AC, respectively. Thermodynamic parameters of MG adsorption on Ag-NP-AC such as enthalpy and entropy changes, activation energy, sticking probability, and Gibbs free energy changes show the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the removal process. Among different conventional kinetic models, the pseudo second-order kinetics in addition to particle diffusion mechanism is the best and efficient model for the prediction and explanation of experimental data of MG adsorption onto both adsorbents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Ghaedi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasuj University, Yasuj, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - H Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yasuj University, Yasuj, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - F Yousefi
- Department of Chemistry, Yasuj University, Yasuj, Islamic Republic of Iran
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yousefi F, Moradpour F. P1.044 A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing Serum Vitamin D Levels in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected and -Uninfected Individuals. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
27
|
Yousefi F, Karimi H. Application of equation of state and artificial neural network to prediction of volumetric properties of polymer melts. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
28
|
|
29
|
Zandi K, Ahmadzadeh S, Tajbakhsh S, Rastian Z, Yousefi F, Farshadpour F, Sartavi K. Anticancer activity of Sargassum oligocystum water extract against human cancer cell lines. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010; 14:669-73. [PMID: 20707286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Antitumor drug resistance and side effects of antitumor compounds are the most common problems in medicine. Therefore, finding new antitumor agents with low side effects could be interesting. This study was designed to assay antitumor activity of the extract from brown alga Sargassum oligocystum, gathered from Persian Gulf seashore, against K562 and Daudi human cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS The research was performed as an in vitro study. The effect of the alga extract on proliferation of cell lines were measured by two methods: MTT assay and trypan blue exclusion test. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The most effective antitumor activity has been shown at concentrations 500 microg/ml and 400 microg/ml of the alga extract against Daudi and K562 cell lines, respectively. The results showed that the extracts of brown alga Sargassum oligocystum have remarkable antitumor activity against K562 and Daudi cell lines. It is justified to be suggested for further research such as algal extract fractionation and purification and in vivo studies in order to formulate natural compounds with antitumor activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Zandi
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yousefi F, Shahim S, Razavieh A, Mehryar AH, Hosseini AA, Alborzi S. Some normative data on the Bender Gestalt test performance of Iranian children. Br J Educ Psychol 1992; 62 ( Pt 3):410-6. [PMID: 1467261 DOI: 10.1111/j.2044-8279.1992.tb01034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Bender Gestalt test of visuomotor coordination was applied to a sample of Iranian children (N = 1,600) aged between 6.0 years and 10 years and 11 months attending grades 1 through 5 of 16 public primary schools in Shiraz city, southern Iran. The administration of the test and its scoring followed the standard procedures recommended by Koppitz. The reliability of the test in its new context was investigated through readministering it to a group of 60 children after four weeks, the r being .77. The validity of the test was established by comparing scores of children at different age levels and by correlating test results with marks obtained in two sets of examinations, results of Goodenough Harris Draw-A-Person Test and indices of parental education and occupation. The results are mostly in the expected direction and indicate that the Bender Gestalt test may be used as a simple measure of cognitive-intellectual development in Iran. Observed differences between Iranian norms and those of Koppitz (1963, 1975) for American children are briefly discussed and explained.
Collapse
|