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Kadi F, Dini G, Poursamar SA, Ejeian F. Fabrication and characterization of 3D-printed composite scaffolds of coral-derived hydroxyapatite nanoparticles/polycaprolactone/gelatin carrying doxorubicin for bone tissue engineering. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2024; 35:7. [PMID: 38285297 PMCID: PMC10824813 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-024-06779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
In this study, nanocomposite scaffolds of hydroxyapatite (HA)/polycaprolactone (PCL)/gelatin (Gel) with varying amounts of HA (42-52 wt. %), PCL (42-52 wt. %), and Gel (6 wt. %) were 3D printed. Subsequently, a scaffold with optimal mechanical properties was utilized as a carrier for doxorubicin (DOX) in the treatment of bone cancer. For this purpose, HA nanoparticles were first synthesized by the hydrothermal conversion of Acropora coral and characterized by using different techniques. Also, a compression test was performed to investigate the mechanical properties of the fabricated scaffolds. The mineralization of the optimal scaffold was determined by immersing it in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 28 days, and the biocompatibility was investigated by seeding MG-63 osteoblast-like cells on it after 1-7 days. The obtained results showed that the average size of the synthesized HA particles was about 80 nm. The compressive modulus and strength of the scaffold with 47 wt. % HA was reported to be 0.29 GPa and 9.9 MPa, respectively, which was in the range of trabecular bones. In addition, the scaffold surface was entirely coated with an apatite layer after 28 days of soaking in SBF. Also, the efficiency and loading percentage of DOX were obtained as 30.8 and 1.6%, respectively. The drug release behavior was stable for 14 days. Cytotoxicity and adhesion evaluations showed that the fabricated scaffold had no negative effects on the viability of MG-63 cells and led to their proliferation during the investigated period. From these results, it can be concluded that the HA/PCL/Gel scaffold prepared in this study, in addition to its drug release capability, has good bioactivity, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility, and can be considered a suitable option for bone tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Kadi
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Ghasem Dini
- Department of Nanotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran.
| | - S Ali Poursamar
- Department of Biomaterials, Nanotechnology, and Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 81593-58686, Iran
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Bezzaoucha A, Bouamra A, Zeddam F, Ammimer A, Kadi F, Abdi N, Akrour Z, Kesraoui S, Arezki M, Ben Abdelaziz A. Stroke in the Blida region (Algeria) in 2018: Incidence and mortality according to a population-based register. Tunis Med 2020; 98:8-16. [PMID: 32395772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Establishing the incidence and mortality data for stroke in the Blida region (Algeria) for 2018, through the setting up of a population-based register, was the objective of this study. METHODS The World Health Organization criteria were used to define the stroke. Cerebral imaging was required to confirm stroke and its hemorrhagic or ischemic mechanism. The target population of the study was inhabitants of the region (wilaya) of Blida (Algeria) aged 25 and over. The ratios of overall incidence and mortality rates and age-specific stroke rates were considered to be relative risk (RR). The Standardized Mortality Ratio (SMR) was the ratio of standardized rates. RESULTS A total of 828 stroke were reported, 85.1% ischemic and 13.5% hemorrhagic. The first-ever strokes constituted 70.5% of the strokes for which the occurrence was documented. The overall incidence rate of stroke for 2018, regardless of mechanism and occurrence, was estimated at 130.3/100000. The corresponding standardized rate for age was 138.1/100000. The incidence rate among men (143.6/100000) was significantly higher than that of women (116.9/100000): RR = 0.81 (95% CI: 0.71; 0.93). The median age of onset of stroke was 70 years. The case-fatality rate at 28 days was 22.1%. The overall mortality rate was 28.8/100000 while the corresponding standardized rate was 29.9/100000. The standardized mortality rate for men (34.5/100000) was significantly higher than for women (25.3/100000): SMR = 0.73 (95% CI: 0.54; 0.99). CONCLUSION The setting up of a register for stroke in the Blida region has made it possible to quantify the risk of stroke, occurrence and death, and to alert about the burden of disease attributable to this health problem.
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König-Otto JC, Mittendorff M, Winzer T, Kadi F, Malic E, Knorr A, Berger C, de Heer WA, Pashkin A, Schneider H, Helm M, Winnerl S. Slow Noncollinear Coulomb Scattering in the Vicinity of the Dirac Point in Graphene. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 117:087401. [PMID: 27588881 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.087401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The Coulomb scattering dynamics in graphene in energetic proximity to the Dirac point is investigated by polarization resolved pump-probe spectroscopy and microscopic theory. Collinear Coulomb scattering rapidly thermalizes the carrier distribution in k directions pointing radially away from the Dirac point. Our study reveals, however, that, in almost intrinsic graphene, full thermalization in all directions relying on noncollinear scattering is much slower. For low photon energies, carrier-optical-phonon processes are strongly suppressed and Coulomb mediated noncollinear scattering is remarkably slow, namely on a ps time scale. This effect is very promising for infrared and THz devices based on hot carrier effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C König-Otto
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Mittendorff
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - T Winzer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - F Kadi
- Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - E Malic
- Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - A Knorr
- Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstraße 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Berger
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Institut Néel, CNRS-Université Alpes, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - W A de Heer
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - A Pashkin
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - H Schneider
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Helm
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - S Winnerl
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, P.O. Box 510119, 01314 Dresden, Germany
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Zhang Y, Price JR, Karatchevtseva I, Lu K, Yoon B, Kadi F, Lumpkin GR, Li F. Comparison of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV) coordination polymers with p-toluenesulfonic acid. Polyhedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2015.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Kvorning T, Kadi F, Schjerling P, Andersen M, Brixen K, Suetta C, Madsen K. The activity of satellite cells and myonuclei following 8 weeks of strength training in young men with suppressed testosterone levels. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:676-87. [PMID: 25294097 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate how suppression of endogenous testosterone during an 8-week strength training period influences the activity of satellite cells and myonuclei. METHODS Twenty-two moderately trained young men participated in this randomized, placebo-controlled, and double-blinded intervention study. The participants were randomized to treatment with a GnRH analogue, goserelin (n = 12), which suppresses testosterone or placebo (n = 10) for 12 weeks. The strength training period of 8 weeks started after 4 weeks of treatment and included exercises for all major muscles. Biopsies were obtained from the mid-portion of the vastus lateralis muscle. RESULTS Testosterone resting level in goserelin was 10-20 times lower compared with placebo, and the training-induced increase in the level of testosterone was abolished in goserelin. Training increased satellite cells number in type II fibres by 20% in placebo and by 52% in goserelin (P < 0.01), whereas the myonuclear number significantly increased by 12% in type II fibres in placebo and remained unchanged in goserelin (P < 0.05). No changes in satellite cells and myonuclei were seen in type I fibres in either group. Data from the microarray analysis indicated that low testosterone affects the bone morphogenetic proteins signalling, which might regulate proliferation vs. differentiation of satellite cells. CONCLUSION Eight weeks of strength training enhances the myonuclear number in type II fibres, and this is largely blocked by the suppression of testosterone. The data indicate that low testosterone levels could reduce the differentiation of satellite cells to myonuclei via the bone morphogenetic proteins signalling pathway, resulting in reduced increases in lean leg mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Kvorning
- The House of Sport; Team Danmark; Broendby Denmark
- Institute of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
| | - F. Kadi
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
| | - P. Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine; Department of Orthopedic Surgery M; Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - M. Andersen
- Department of Endocrinology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - K. Brixen
- Department of Endocrinology; Odense University Hospital; Odense Denmark
| | - C. Suetta
- Division of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine; Department of Diagnostics; Glostrup University Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. Madsen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Exercise; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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Zhang Y, Karatchevtseva I, Price JR, Aharonovich I, Kadi F, Lumpkin GR, Li F. Uranium(vi) complexes with isonicotinic acid: from monomer to 2D polymer with unique U–N bonding. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra01272d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two uranium(vi) complexes with isonicotinic acid, exhibiting a monomer and a 2D polymer, have been synthesized and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
- Kirrawee DC
- Australia
| | | | | | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Physics and Advanced Materials
- University of Technology Sydney
- Ultimo
- Australia
| | - Fatima Kadi
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
- Kirrawee DC
- Australia
| | - Gregory R. Lumpkin
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
- Kirrawee DC
- Australia
| | - Feng Li
- School of Science and Health
- University of Western Sydney
- Penrith
- Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- S. D. R. Harridge
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - F. Kadi
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro Sweden
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Bankole L, Millet G, Temesi J, Wuyam B, Bachasson D, Kadi F, Antoine J, Feasson L. 24-weeks supervised and home-based training program improves motor function in FSHD patients. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.03.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Ahmed F, Al-Oteibi M, Layati S, Kadi F, Chaudhary A, Gari M, Al-Qahtani M. Sunitinib effectively reduces clonogenic acute myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. BMC Genomics 2014. [PMCID: PMC4075685 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s2-p67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Folkesson M, Mackey AL, Langberg H, Oskarsson E, Piehl-Aulin K, Henriksson J, Kadi F. The expression of heat shock protein in human skeletal muscle: effects of muscle fibre phenotype and training background. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 209:26-33. [PMID: 23710799 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM Exercise-induced adaptations of skeletal muscle are related to training mode and can be muscle fibre type specific. This study aimed to investigate heat shock protein expression in type I and type II muscle fibres in resting skeletal muscle of subjects with different training backgrounds. METHODS Three groups of subjects were included: healthy active not engaged in any training programme (ACT, n = 12), resistance trained (RES, n = 6) and endurance trained (END, n = 8). Biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis, and immunohistochemistry was performed using monoclonal antibodies against myosin heavy chain I and IIA, αB-crystallin, HSP27, HSP60 and HSP70. RESULTS In ACT and RES, but not in END, a fibre type-specific expression with higher staining intensity in type I than type II fibres was seen for αB-crystallin. The opposite (II > I) was found for HSP27 in subjects from ACT (6 of 12 subjects) and RES (3 of 6), whereas all subjects from END displayed uniform staining. HSP60 showed no fibre-specific expression. HSP70 displayed a fibre-specific expression pattern (I > II) in ACT (4 of 12), but not in END or RES. CONCLUSION This study shows that the level of expression of the different HSPs in human skeletal muscle is influenced by muscle fibre phenotype. The fibre type-specific expression of HSP70 is influenced by resistance and endurance training, whereas those of αB-crystallin and HSP27 is influenced only by endurance training, suggesting the existence of a training-modality-specific action on the adaptive processes including heat shock proteins in human skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Folkesson
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro; Sweden
| | - A. L. Mackey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M; Faculty of Health Sciences; Institute of Sports Medicine; Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Ageing; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - H. Langberg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery M; Faculty of Health Sciences; Institute of Sports Medicine; Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Ageing; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - E. Oskarsson
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro; Sweden
| | | | - J. Henriksson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - F. Kadi
- School of Health and Medical Sciences; Örebro University; Örebro; Sweden
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Hanssen K, Kvamme N, Nilsen T, Rønnestad B, Ambjørnsen I, Norheim F, Kadi F, Hallèn J, Drevon C, Raastad T. The effect of strength training volume on satellite cells, myogenic regulatory factors, and growth factors. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 23:728-39. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01452.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K.E. Hanssen
- Faculty of Education; Østfold University College; Halden Norway
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - N.H. Kvamme
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - T.S. Nilsen
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - B. Rønnestad
- Lillehammer University College; Lillehammer Norway
| | - I.K. Ambjørnsen
- Faculty of Health; Østfold University College; Fredrikstad Norway
| | - F. Norheim
- Department of Nutrition; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - F. Kadi
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences; University of Örebro; Örebro Sweden
| | - J. Hallèn
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - C.A. Drevon
- Department of Nutrition; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - T. Raastad
- Norwegian School of Sport Sciences; Oslo Norway
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Mackey AL, Holm L, Reitelseder S, Pedersen TG, Doessing S, Kadi F, Kjaer M. Myogenic response of human skeletal muscle to 12 weeks of resistance training at light loading intensity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 21:773-82. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Andersson H, Bøhn SK, Raastad T, Paulsen G, Blomhoff R, Kadi F. Differences in the inflammatory plasma cytokine response following two elite female soccer games separated by a 72-h recovery. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20:740-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00989.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Andersson H, Karlsen A, Blomhoff R, Raastad T, Kadi F. Plasma antioxidant responses and oxidative stress following a soccer game in elite female players. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2010; 20:600-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00987.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Eliason G, Abdel-Halim S, Arvidsson B, Kadi F, Piehl-Aulin K. Physical performance and muscular characteristics in different stages of COPD. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 19:865-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00858.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kadi F, Ponsot E. The biology of satellite cells and telomeres in human skeletal muscle: effects of aging and physical activity. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2009; 20:39-48. [PMID: 19765243 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00966.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The decline in the neuromuscular function affects the physical performance and is a threat for independent living in later life. The age-related decrease in muscle satellite cells observed by the age of 70 can be specific to type II fibers in some muscles. Several studies have shown that different forms of exercise induce the expansion of satellite cell pool in human skeletal muscle of young and elderly. Exercise is a powerful non-pharmacological tool inducing the renewal of the satellite cell pool in skeletal muscles. Skeletal muscle is not a stable tissue as satellite cells are constantly recruited during normal daily activities. Satellite cells and the length of telomeres are important in the context of muscle regeneration. It is likely that the regulation of telomeres in vitro cannot fully mimic the behavior of telomeres in human tissues. New insights suggest that telomeres in skeletal muscle are dynamic structures under the influence of their environment. When satellite cells are heavily recruited for regenerative events as in the skeletal muscle of athletes, telomere length has been found to be either dramatically shortened or maintained and even longer than in non-trained individuals. This suggests the existence of mechanisms allowing the control of telomere length in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Division of Sport Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden.
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Folkesson M, Mackey AL, Holm L, Kjaer M, Paulsen G, Raastad T, Henriksson J, Kadi F. Immunohistochemical changes in the expression of HSP27 in exercised human vastus lateralis muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2008; 194:215-22. [PMID: 18489727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-1716.2008.01875.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The role of HSP27 in the adaptive process of skeletal muscle to exercise, especially in humans, is not well understood. The objective of this study was to investigate immunohistochemical changes in HSP27 expression in human vastus lateralis muscle following resistance and endurance exercises. METHODS Two different exercise protocols were used: (1) one-leg ergometer cycling (EC, n = 6) consisting of two 30-min bouts at 40% and 75% of peak oxygen uptake, respectively, and (2) leg extension resistance exercise (RE, n = 9) including 10 sets of eight repetitions at a load corresponding to 70% of one maximal repetition (1RM). Immunohistochemistry using specific monoclonal antibodies was used to determine the location of HSP27 protein in muscle biopsies from human vastus lateralis. RESULTS Our results show that RE, but not EC, induced a significant appearance of scattered accumulations of HSP27 protein in muscle fibres from five of nine subjects. The number of fibres with accumulation of HSP27 in RE ranged from 0% to 32% with a mean of 6.3% of the total number of fibres. CONCLUSION We conclude that this rapid HSP27 protein relocation after RE is an important player in the cellular remodelling of human muscle fibres in response to exercise involving high-force contractions, but not in response to endurance exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Folkesson
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden
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Kadi F. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the action of testosterone on human skeletal muscle. A basis for illegal performance enhancement. Br J Pharmacol 2008; 154:522-8. [PMID: 18414389 DOI: 10.1038/bjp.2008.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of testosterone among drug users is due to its powerful effects on muscle strength and mass. Important mechanisms behind the myotrophic effects of testosterone were uncovered both in athletes using steroids for several years and in short-term controlled studies. Both long-term and short-term steroid usage accentuates the degree of fibre hypertrophy in human skeletal muscle by enhancing protein synthesis. A mechanism by which testosterone facilitates the hypertrophy of muscle fibres is the activation of satellite cells and the promotion of myonuclear accretion when existing myonuclei become unable to sustain further enhancement of protein synthesis. Interestingly, long-term steroid usage also enhances the frequency of fibres with centrally located myonuclei, which implies the occurrence of a high regenerative activity. Under the action of testosterone, some daughter cells generated by satellite cell proliferation may escape differentiation and return to quiescence, which help to replenish the satellite cell reserve pool. However, whether long-term steroid usage induces adverse effects of satellite cells remains unknown. Testosterone might also favour the commitment of pluripotent precursor cells into myotubes and inhibit adipogenic differentiation. The effects of testosterone on skeletal muscle are thought to be mediated via androgen receptors expressed in myonuclei and satellite cells. Some evidence also suggests the existence of an androgen-receptor-independent pathway. Clearly, testosterone abuse is associated with an intense recruitment of multiple myogenic pathways. This provides an unfair advantage over non-drug users. The long-term consequences on the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Health Sciences, Orebro University, Orebro, Sweden.
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Mackey AL, Esmarck B, Kadi F, Koskinen SOA, Kongsgaard M, Sylvestersen A, Hansen JJ, Larsen G, Kjaer M. Enhanced satellite cell proliferation with resistance training in elderly men and women. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2007; 17:34-42. [PMID: 17305939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2006.00534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the well-documented loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging, there is evidence for the attenuating effects of aging on the number of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to investigate the response of satellite cells in elderly men and women to 12 weeks of resistance training. Biopsies were collected from the m. vastus lateralis of 13 healthy elderly men and 16 healthy elderly women (mean age 76+/-SD 3 years) before and after the training period. Satellite cells were visualized by immunohistochemical staining of muscle cross-sections with a monoclonal antibody against neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and counterstaining with Mayer's hematoxylin. Compared with the pre-training values, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in the number of NCAM-positively stained cells per fiber post-training in males (from 0.11+/-0.03 to 0.15+/-0.06; mean+/-SD) and females (from 0.11+/-0.04 to 0.13+/-0.05). These results suggest that 12 weeks of resistance training is effective in enhancing the satellite cell pool in skeletal muscle in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Charifi N, Kadi F, Féasson L, Costes F, Geyssant A, Denis C. Enhancement of microvessel tortuosity in the vastus lateralis muscle of old men in response to endurance training. J Physiol 2004; 554:559-69. [PMID: 14578492 PMCID: PMC1664782 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.046953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Accepted: 10/21/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle microvascularization is usually quantified in transverse sections, in absolute terms (capillaries around fibres, CAF, or capillary-to-fibre ratio, C/F) or as CAF related to fibre area (CAF/area, CAFA). The capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange ratio (CFPE) has been introduced in order to assess the role of the capillary-to-fibre interface in resistance to O(2) diffusion. The ratio between the length of capillaries in contact with fibres and fibre perimeter (LC/PF) has also been used as an index for capillary tortuosity. The possibility of change in capillary tortuosity with endurance training was not considered in previous studies. Consequently, this study investigated the effect of 14 weeks of endurance training on muscle microvascularization, including microvessel tortuosity, in 11 elderly men (8th decade). Microvessels were analysed using the CD31 antibody. Together with the significant increase in peak oxygen exchange and citrate synthase activity, there was a significant increase in C/F. While CFPE and CAFA remained unchanged, an important finding was the clear increase in LC/PF (56%; P < 0.001) for a same sarcomere length. We also found a strong correlation between oxidative enzyme activity and LC/PF both before and after training. These results indicate that endurance training induces significant remodelling in the microvessel network in elderly men and that an increase in the degree of microvessel tortuosity would be an important mechanism of adaptation to endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Charifi
- GIP Exercice-Sport-Santé, Research Group Physiology, Physiopathology of Exercise and Handicap, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France.
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Ahlgren C, Waling K, Kadi F, Djupsjöbacka M, Thornell LE, Sundelin G. Effects on physical performance and pain from three dynamic training programs for women with work-related trapezius myalgia. J Rehabil Med 2001; 33:162-9. [PMID: 11506214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare training programs for women with trapezius myalgia regarding physical performance and pain, 102 women were randomized to strength, endurance, co-ordination and non-training groups. Before and after the intervention, static strength and dynamic muscular endurance in shoulder muscles were measured on a Cybex II dynamometer. Muscle activity in shoulder muscles was monitored via surface EMG. The signal amplitude ratio between the active and passive phase of repeated contractions indicated the ability to relax. Pain at present, pain in general and pain at worst were measured on visual analogue scales. After training, within group comparisons showed that the training groups rated less pain, and in the strength training group ratings of pain at worst differed from the non-training group. Using the non-training group as a reference, static strength increased in the strength and endurance training groups and muscular endurance in all training groups. The study indicates that regular exercises with strength, endurance or co-ordination training of neck/shoulder muscles might alleviate pain for women with work-related trapezius myalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ahlgren
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Sweden.
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Kadi F, Ahlgren C, Waling K, Sundelin G, Thornell LE. The effects of different training programs on the trapezius muscle of women with work-related neck and shoulder myalgia. Acta Neuropathol 2000; 100:253-8. [PMID: 10965794 DOI: 10.1007/s004019900174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of training on the structural characteristics of the trapezius muscle in women with work-related trapezius myalgia. Muscle biopsies were taken before and after 10 weeks of three different training programs (strength, endurance and coordination). Enzyme-immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assess muscle fibre types, fibre area, capillary supply and cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity. There was an increase in the proportion of type IIA fibres in strength trained group (P < 0.05). Strength training elicited a preferential increase in the area of type II fibres (P < 0.05); both strength and endurance programs induced an increase in the number of capillaries around type I and IIA muscle fibres. Finally, all training programs induced a decrease in the proportion of COX-negative fibres. In conclusion, the trapezius muscle of women with neck and shoulder myalgia is characterised by a great potential of adaptation to physical exercise over a period of 10 weeks. The significant changes in the number of capillaries and the specific changes induced by training at the level of muscle fibres might well explain the improvement of muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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23
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Kadi F, Thornell LE. Concomitant increases in myonuclear and satellite cell content in female trapezius muscle following strength training. Histochem Cell Biol 2000; 113:99-103. [PMID: 10766262 DOI: 10.1007/s004180050012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A skeletal muscle fibre maintains its cytoplasmic volume by means of hundreds of myonuclei distributed along its entire length. Therefore it is hypothesised that changes in fibre size would involve modifications in myonuclear number. In this study, we have examined whether 10 weeks of strength training can induce changes in the number of myonuclei and satellite cells in female trapezius muscles. Biopsies were taken pre- and posttraining from the upper part of the descending trapezius muscle of nine subjects. Muscle samples were analysed for fibre area and myonuclear and satellite cell number using immunohistochemistry. There was a 36% increase in the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres. The hypertrophy of muscle fibres was accompanied by an approximately 70% increase in myonuclear number and a 46% increase in the number of satellite cells. Myonuclei number was positively correlated to satellite cell number indicating that a muscle with an increased concentration of myonuclei will contain a correspondingly higher number of satellite cells. The acquisition of additional myonuclei appears to be required to support the enlargement of multinucleated muscle cells following 10 weeks of strength training. Increased satellite cell content suggests that mitotic divisions of satellite cells produced daughter cells that became satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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Kadi F. Adaptation of human skeletal muscle to training and anabolic steroids. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 2000; 646:1-52. [PMID: 10717767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden
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Kadi F, Bonnerud P, Eriksson A, Thornell LE. The expression of androgen receptors in human neck and limb muscles: effects of training and self-administration of androgenic-anabolic steroids. Histochem Cell Biol 2000; 113:25-9. [PMID: 10664066 DOI: 10.1007/s004180050003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of androgen receptors (AR) in human vastus lateralis and trapezius muscles and to determine whether long-term strength training and self-administration of androgenic-anabolic steroids are accompanied by changes in AR content. Biopsy samples were taken from eight high-level power-lifters (P), nine high-level power-lifters who used anabolic steroids (PAS) and six untrained subjects (U). Myonuclei and AR were visualised in cross-sections stained with the monoclonal antibody against AR and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole. The proportion of AR-containing myonuclei per fibre cross-section was higher in the trapezius than in the vastus lateralis (P<0.05). In the trapezius, the proportion of AR-containing myonuclei was higher in P compared to U and in PAS compared to both P and U (P<0. 05). On the contrary, in the vastus lateralis, there were no differences in AR content between the three groups. Myonuclear number in both muscles was higher in P compared to U and in PAS compared to both P and U (P<0.05). In conclusion, AR content differs greatly between human neck and limb muscles. Moreover, the regulation of AR-containing myonuclei following training and self-administration of androgenic-anabolic steroids is muscle dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Section for Anatomy, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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Monemi M, Kadi F, Liu JX, Thornell LE, Eriksson PO. Adverse changes in fibre type and myosin heavy chain compositions of human jaw muscle vs. limb muscle during ageing. Acta Physiol Scand 1999; 167:339-45. [PMID: 10632637 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-201x.1999.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review shows that human jaw muscles not only have unique fibre type and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) compositions but also undergo muscle and region-specific changes in fibre composition during ageing. Alterations in the masseter and the lateral pterygoid muscles in the elderly are opposite to those reported for limb and trunk muscles, whereas changes in the anterior and posterior bellies of the digastric muscle resemble those of limb and trunk muscles. We conclude that age-related alterations in fibre type composition and MyHC expression are muscle and region specific, probably reflecting muscular differences in genetic programs and epigenetic influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monemi
- Departments of Odontology, Clinical Oral Physiology, Ume¿a University, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE Athletes who use anabolic steroids get larger and stronger muscles. How this is reflected at the level of the muscle fibers has not yet been established and was the topic of this investigation. METHODS Muscle biopsies were obtained from the trapezius muscles of high-level power lifters who have reported the use of anabolic steroids in high doses for several years and from high-level power lifters who have never used these drugs. Enzyme-immunohistochemical investigation was performed to assess muscle fiber types, fiber area, myonuclear number, frequency of satellite cells, and fibers expressing developmental protein isoforms. RESULTS The overall muscle fiber composition was the same in both groups. The mean area for each fiber type in the reported steroid users was larger than that in the nonsteroid users (P < 0.05). The number of myonuclei and the proportion of central nuclei were also significantly higher in the reported steroid users (P < 0.05). Likewise, the frequency of fibers expressing developmental protein isoforms was significantly higher in the reported steroid users group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Intake of anabolic steroids and strength-training induce an increase in muscle size by both hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibers. We propose that activation of satellite cells is a key process and is enhanced by the steroid use. The incorporation of the satellite cells into preexisting fibers to maintain a constant nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio seems to be a fundamental mechanism for muscle fiber growth. Although all the subjects in this study have the same level of performance, the possibility of genetic differences between the two groups cannot be completely excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine whether 10 weeks of three different types of training can alter the myosin heavy chain (MyHC) composition of the trapezius muscle. Twenty-one women were randomly assigned to three training groups that performed strength (n=9), endurance (n=7) or coordination training (n=5). Pre and post biopsies were taken from the upper part of the descending trapezius muscle and were analysed for MyHC isoform content using 5% gel electrophoresis. In addition, we have studied the expression of embryonic and neonatal MyHCs using double-immunofluorescence staining. In the strength-trained group, there was a significant increase in the amount of MyHC IIA and a significant decrease in the amount of MyHC IIB and MyHC I. In the endurance group, there was a significant decrease in the amount of MyHC IIB. MyHC composition in the coordination group was not altered. Following the training period, myotubes and individual small-sized muscle fibres were observed in the strength and endurance trained groups. These structures were stained with the markers for early myogenesis (MyHC embryonic and neonatal). These data suggest that specific shifts in MyHC isoforms occur in the trapezius muscle following strength and endurance training. The presence of small-sized muscle fibres expressing the developmental isoforms of MyHC suggests that strength and endurance training induced the formation of new muscle fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Anatomy, Umeå University, Sweden.
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Monemi M, Eriksson PO, Kadi F, Butler-Browne GS, Thornell LE. Opposite changes in myosin heavy chain composition of human masseter and biceps brachii muscles during aging. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 1999; 20:351-61. [PMID: 10531616 DOI: 10.1023/a:1005421604314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The myosin heavy chain (MyHC) content in functionally different parts of the human masseter muscle of six elderly and five young adult subjects (mean age 74 and 22 years, respectively) was determined, using gel electrophoresis. The MyHC composition of the old masseter was also studied by enzyme- and immunohistochemical methods and compared with previous data for young adults. For comparison, the biceps brachii muscle of the same subjects was also analysed. The old masseter contained smaller amounts of slow and larger amounts of fast and fetal MyHCs. These differences were region-dependent and were more pronounced in the superficial portion. There was also a larger proportion of "hybrid" fibres, containing two to four MyHC isoforms (42%), compared with the young adult masseter (23%). No such differences were observed between old and young biceps. In contrast to the masseter, the old biceps contained more slow MyHC and less fast MyHC. This investigation demonstrates that the aging process in human skeletal muscle is accompanied by a modification in the muscle phenotype which is both muscle and region specific; a transformation towards a fast and fetal phenotype concomitant with an increased number of fibres with a mixture of different MyHC isoforms in the masseter; and an opposite shift towards a slower phenotype in the biceps brachii. The results might reflect differences between jaw and limb muscles in genetic programs and adaptive responses to changed functional demands following aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monemi
- Department of Clinical Oral Physiology, Umeå University, Sweden.
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the cellular events that occur in the trapezius muscle following several years of strength training. In muscle biopsies from ten elite power lifters (PL) and six control subjects (C), several parameters were studied: cross-sectional area of muscle fibres, myosin heavy chain composition (MHC) and capillary supply [capillaries around fibres (CAF) and CAF/fibre area]. A method was also developed for counting the number of myonuclei and satellite cell nuclei. The proportion of fibres expressing MHC IIA, the cross-sectional area of each fibre type and the number of myonuclei, satellite cells and fibres expressing markers for early myogenesis were significantly higher in PL than in C (P<0.05). A significant correlation between the myonuclear number and the cross-sectional area was observed. Since myonuclei in mature muscle fibres are not able to divide, we suggest that the incorporation of satellite cell nuclei into muscle fibres resulted in the maintenance of a constant nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio. The presence of small diameter fibres expressing markers for early myogenesis indicates the formation of new muscle fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Anatomy, Umeå University, Sweden
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Kadi F, Hägg G, Håkansson R, Holmner S, Butler-Browne GS, Thornell LE. Structural changes in male trapezius muscle with work-related myalgia. Acta Neuropathol 1998; 95:352-60. [PMID: 9560012 DOI: 10.1007/s004010050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscular changes in male forest machine operators with work-related neck and shoulder myalgia were studied. Enzyme cyto- and immunohistochemical analysis was carried on muscle biopsies obtained from ten myalgic subjects (M), nine non-myalgic selected in the same work place (NM) and six healthy young men (C). The M group displayed a significant increase in type IIA fibres in comparison to the C group. This hypertrophy was accompanied by a parallel increase in the capillary bed. Both the M and NM groups exhibited an increase in fibres with a disorganised mitochondrial pattern. Interestingly, fibres lacking cytochrome c oxidase occurred in the M group (0.9%) but also in the NM group (0.5%), suggesting a mitochondrial defect. Central nuclei (5.2%) and developmental myosin (3%) were also more frequent in the M group. These changes are probably related to injury-regeneration cycles. These data support the association between the work conditions and muscle changes in work-related trapezius myalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kadi
- Department of Anatomy, Umeå University, Sweden
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Koutsis G, Kadi F, Vandewalle H, Lechat P, Hadjiisky P, Monod H. Effects of an endurance training programme on the passive and noradrenaline-activated compliances of rat aorta. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1995; 71:173-9. [PMID: 7588686 DOI: 10.1007/bf00854976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The effects of a 12-week endurance training programme (treadmill) upon the passive and the noradrenaline-activated properties of the aorta were studied in 15 trained and 24 sedentary rats. Aortic compliance was studied by measuring the length-tension curves of rings of the descending aorta without (passive properties) and with noradrenaline (noradrenaline activated) in a bubbling Krebs bath kept at a temperature of 37 degrees. The training effect on aortic volume compliance was studied by transforming the tension-length curves into a cross-sectional area-pressure curve according to Laplace's law. The noradrenaline responsiveness was studied by the dose-effect curve. The mechanical data were correlated with the results of a histomorphometric study which measured the aortic wall thickness and the percentages and amounts of elastic, connective and muscle components. Passive aortic compliance and volume compliance were higher in endurance-trained rats whose tunica media presented a lower percentage of collagen and a larger amount of elastic tissue. The dose-effect curve showed that the maximal aortic response to noradrenaline was stronger in trained rats but that the half maximal effective dose was not different. As a consequence, the length-tension curves of the noradrenaline fully activated aorta were similar in trained and sedentary rats except at the highest tensions where collagen is the main factor determining aortic stiffness. The increased noradrenaline response in trained rats was probably the result of the hypertrophy of the smooth muscle cells as maximal active strain (Newtons per square metre) was similar in trained and sedentary rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Koutsis
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine Pitié-salpétière, Paris, France
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Cacciò S, Perani P, Saccone S, Kadi F, Bernardi G. Single-copy sequence homology among the GC-richest isochores of the genomes from warm-blooded vertebrates. J Mol Evol 1994; 39:331-9. [PMID: 7966363 DOI: 10.1007/bf00160265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have hybridized a human DNA fraction corresponding to the GC-richest and gene-richest isochore family, H3, on compositional fractions of DNAs from 12 mammalian species and three avian species, representing eight and three orders, respectively. Under conditions in which repetitive sequences are competed out, the H3 isochore probe only or predominantly hybridized on the GC-richest fractions of main-band DNA from all the species investigated. These results indicate that single-copy sequences from the human H3 isochores share homology with sequences located in the compositionally corresponding compartments of the vertebrate genomes tested. These sequences are likely to be essentially formed by conserved coding sequences. The present results add to other lines of evidence indicating that isochore patterns are highly conserved in warm-blooded vertebrate genomes. Moreover, they refine recent reports (Sabeur et al., 1993; Kadi et al., 1993), and correct them in some details and also in demonstrating that the shrew genome does not exhibit the general mammalian pattern, but a special pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cacciò
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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Abstract
The compositional distributions of high molecular weight DNA fragments from 20 species belonging to 9 out of the 17 eutherian orders were investigated by analytical CsCl density gradient centrifugation and by preparative fractionation in Cs2SO4/BAMD density gradients followed by analysis of the fractions in CsCl. These compositional distributions reflect those of the isochores making up the corresponding genomes. A "general distribution" was found in species belonging to eight mammalian orders. A "myomorph distribution" was found in Myomorpha, but not in the other rodent infraorders Sciuromorpha and Histricomorpha, which share the general distribution. Two other distributions were found in a megachiropteran (but not in microchiropteran, which, again, shares the general distribution) and in pangolin (a species from the only genus of the order Pholidota), respectively. The main difference between the general distribution and all other distributions is that the former contains sizable amounts (6-10%) of GC-rich isochores (detected as DNA fragments equal to, or higher than, 1.710 g/cm3 in modal buoyant density), which are scarce, or absent, in the other distributions. This difference is remarkable because gene concentrations in mammalian genomes are paralleled by GC levels, the highest gene concentrations being present in the GC-richest isochores. The compositional distributions of mammalian genomes reported here shed light on mammalian phylogeny. Indeed, all orders investigated, with the exception of Pholidota, seem to share a common ancestor. The compositional patterns of the megachiropteran and of Myomorpha may be derived from the general pattern or have independent origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sabeur
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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Abstract
Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) can cause tumors in hamsters, which harbor complete or partially deleted RSV sequences, in their genomes. Here we have studied the localization of RSV sequences integrated into the genome of cell lines derived from six independent hamster tumors. We have found that integration occurred in the isochores richest in guanine + cytosine, of the host genome, as it had been previously observed for bovine leukemia and hepatitis B viral sequences. The integration of RSV proviral sequences is, therefore, 'isopycnic' (i.e., it takes place in host genome sequences which compositionally match the viral sequences) and compartmentalized (i.e., it occurs in a small compositional compartment of the host genome). The hamster genome compartment hosting RSV sequences precisely corresponds to a compartment of the human genome which is the most active in both transcription and recombination. The notion of a compartmentalized, isopycnic integration of RSV proviral sequences fits, therefore, with the viral integration into transcriptionally active and recombinogenic regions of the host genome observed by other authors, but is broader, in that it includes, in addition, the requirement for a compositional match between host genome sequences and expressed viral sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rynditch
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
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