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Zhu Y, Liu F, Jian F, Rong Y. Recent progresses in the late stages of autophagy. Cell Insight 2024; 3:100152. [PMID: 38435435 PMCID: PMC10904915 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2024.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy, a lysosome-dependent degradation process, plays a crucial role in maintaining cell homeostasis. It serves as a vital mechanism for adapting to stress and ensuring intracellular quality control. Autophagy deficiencies or defects are linked to numerous human disorders, especially those associated with neuronal degeneration or metabolic diseases. Yoshinori Ohsumi was honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2016 for his groundbreaking discoveries regarding autophagy mechanisms. Over the past few decades, autophagy research has predominantly concentrated on the early stages of autophagy, with relatively limited attention given to the late stages. Nevertheless, recent studies have witnessed substantial advancements in understanding the molecular intricacies of the late stages, which follows autophagosome formation. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the recent progresses in comprehending the molecular mechanisms of the late stages of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- YanYan Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fengping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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2
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Jian F, Wang S, Tian R, Wang Y, Li C, Li Y, Wang S, Fang C, Ma C, Rong Y. The STX17-SNAP47-VAMP7/VAMP8 complex is the default SNARE complex mediating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Cell Res 2024; 34:151-168. [PMID: 38182888 PMCID: PMC10837459 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00916-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagosome-lysosome fusion mediated by SNARE complexes is an essential step in autophagy. Two SNAP29-containing SNARE complexes have been extensively studied in starvation-induced bulk autophagy, while the relevant SNARE complexes in other types of autophagy occurring under non-starvation conditions have been overlooked. Here, we found that autophagosome-lysosome fusion in selective autophagy under non-starvation conditions does not require SNAP29-containing SNARE complexes, but requires the STX17-SNAP47-VAMP7/VAMP8 SNARE complex. Further, the STX17-SNAP47-VAMP7/VAMP8 SNARE complex also functions in starvation-induced autophagy. SNAP47 is recruited to autophagosomes following concurrent detection of ATG8s and PI(4,5)P2 via its Pleckstrin homology domain. By contrast, SNAP29-containing SNAREs are excluded from selective autophagy due to inactivation by O-GlcNAcylation under non-starvation conditions. These findings depict a previously unknown, default SNARE complex responsible for autophagosome-lysosome fusion in both selective and bulk autophagy, which could guide research and therapeutic development in autophagy-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chuangpeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chao Fang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Wang Y, Que H, Li C, Wu Z, Jian F, Zhao Y, Tang H, Chen Y, Gao S, Wong CC, Li Y, Zhao C, Rong Y. ULK phosphorylation of STX17 controls autophagosome maturation via FLNA. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202211025. [PMID: 37389864 PMCID: PMC10316704 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved and tightly regulated intracellular quality control pathway. ULK is a key kinase in autophagy initiation, but whether ULK kinase activity also participates in the late stages of autophagy remains unknown. Here, we found that the autophagosomal SNARE protein, STX17, is phosphorylated by ULK at residue S289, beyond which it localizes specifically to autophagosomes. Inhibition of STX17 phosphorylation prevents such autophagosome localization. FLNA was then identified as a linker between ATG8 family proteins (ATG8s) and STX17 with essential involvement in STX17 recruitment to autophagosomes. Phosphorylation of STX17 S289 promotes its interaction with FLNA, activating its recruitment to autophagosomes and facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Disease-causative mutations around the ATG8s- and STX17-binding regions of FLNA disrupt its interactions with ATG8s and STX17, inhibiting STX17 recruitment and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Cumulatively, our study reveals an unexpected role of ULK in autophagosome maturation, uncovers its regulatory mechanism in STX17 recruitment, and highlights a potential association between autophagy and FLNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huilin Que
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - ChuangPeng Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Haohao Tang
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaixin Gao
- Human Nutrition Program and James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Catherine C.L. Wong
- Clinical Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongchong Zhao
- The HIT Center for Life Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Tai HF, Chen B, Niu ST, Wang XG, Jian F, Pan H, Zhang ZQ. [Clinical and neuroelectrophysiological characteristics of primary peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndrome]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2023; 103:1925-1930. [PMID: 37402674 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112137-20230303-00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the clinical and neuroelectrophysiological characteristics of patients with primary peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndrome (PNHS). Methods: The clinical data of 20 patients who were diagnosed with PNHS in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from April 2016 to January 2023 were retrospectively collected. All patients underwent neuroelectrophysiological examinations. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics were compared between the antibody positive and antibody negative groups, according to serum and cerebrospinal fluid anti-contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CASPR2) and/or anti-leucine-rich glioma-inactivated protein 1 (LGI-1) antibodies. Results: There were 12 males and 8 females, with a mean age of (44.0±17.2) years and the disease course of [M (Q1, Q3)] 2.3 (1.1, 11.5) months. Motor symptoms included fasciculations, myokymia, muscle pain, cramps, and stiffness. These symptoms were commonly seen in the lower limbs (17 patients), followed by upper limbs (11 patients), face (11 patients) and trunk (9 patients). Nineteen (19/20) patients had sensory abnormalities and/or autonomic dysfunction, 13 patients had central nervous system involvement, and 5 patients had concomitant lung cancer or thymic lesions. The characteristic spontaneous potentials on needle electromyography (EMG) were myokymia potential (19 patients), fasciculation potential (12 patients), spastic potential (3 patients), neuromyotonic potential (1 patients), etc, which were commonly seen in the lower limb muscles, especially the gastrocnemius muscle(12 patients). After-discharge potential was found in 8 patients, and 7 were in the tibial nerve. Seven patients had positive serum anti-CASPR2 antibodies, and 3 of them had concomitant anti-LGI1 antibodies. And 1 patient had positive serum anti-LGI1 antibody alone. Compared with patients in the antibody negative group (n=12), the patients who had anti-VGKC complex antibodies (n=8) had a shorter course of disease [M (Q1, Q3): 1.8 (1, 2) months vs 9.5 (3.3, 20.3) months, P=0.012], higher incidence of after-discharge potential (6/8 vs 2/12, P=0.019). The immunotherapy regimen (multi-dru, single-drug, no immunotherapy: 6, 2, 0 patients) in antibody-positive patients was different from the antibody-negative group (3, 6, 3 patients, U=21.00, P=0.023). Conclusions: The symptoms of motor nerve hyperexcitation, characteristic EMG spontaneous potentials and after-discharge potentials in PNHS patients are most commonly seen in the lower limbs. Attention should be paid to concomitant sensory and autonomic nerve hyperexcitation. PNHS patients with positive serum anti-CASPR2 antibodies may require immunotherapy with multiple drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H F Tai
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - B Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - S T Niu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - X G Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - F Jian
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - H Pan
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
| | - Z Q Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China
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5
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Zhou C, Wu Z, Du W, Que H, Wang Y, Ouyang Q, Jian F, Yuan W, Zhao Y, Tian R, Li Y, Chen Y, Gao S, Wong CCL, Rong Y. Recycling of autophagosomal components from autolysosomes by the recycler complex. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:497-512. [PMID: 35332264 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00861-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Autolysosomes contain components from autophagosomes and lysosomes. The contents inside the autolysosomal lumen are degraded during autophagy, while the fate of autophagosomal components on the autolysosomal membrane remains unknown. Here we report that the autophagosomal membrane components are not degraded, but recycled from autolysosomes through a process coined in this study as autophagosomal components recycling (ACR). We further identified a multiprotein complex composed of SNX4, SNX5 and SNX17 essential for ACR, which we termed 'recycler'. In this, SNX4 and SNX5 form a heterodimer that recognizes autophagosomal membrane proteins and is required for generating membrane curvature on autolysosomes, both via their BAR domains, to mediate the cargo sorting process. SNX17 interacts with both the dynein-dynactin complex and the SNX4-SNX5 dimer to facilitate the retrieval of autophagosomal membrane components. Our discovery of ACR and identification of the recycler reveal an important retrieval and recycling pathway on autolysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuchu Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanqing Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Huilin Que
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinqin Ouyang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weigang Yuan
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Tian
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuaixin Gao
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Catherine C L Wong
- Center for Precision Medicine Multi-Omics Research, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yueguang Rong
- School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,Cell Architecture Research Center, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Liang H, Hu H, Shan D, Lyu J, Yan X, Wang Y, Jian F, Li X, Lai W, Long H. CGRP Modulates Orofacial Pain through Mediating Neuron-Glia Crosstalk. J Dent Res 2020; 100:98-105. [PMID: 32853530 DOI: 10.1177/0022034520950296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) plays a crucial role in the modulation of orofacial pain, and we hypothesized that CGRP mediated a neuron-glia crosstalk in orofacial pain. The objective of this study was to elucidate the mechanisms whereby CGRP mediated trigeminal neuron-glia crosstalk in modulating orofacial pain. Orofacial pain was elicited by ligating closed-coil springs between incisors and molars. Trigeminal neurons and satellite glial cells (SGCs) were cultured for mechanistic exploration. Gene and protein expression were determined through immunostaining, polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. Orofacial pain was evaluated through the rat grimace scale. Our results revealed that the expressions of CGRP were elevated in both trigeminal neurons and SGCs following the induction of orofacial pain. Intraganglionic administration of CGRP and olcegepant exacerbated and alleviated orofacial pain, respectively. The knockdown of CGRP through viral vector-mediated RNA interference was able to downregulate CGRP expressions in both neurons and SGCs and to alleviate orofacial pain. CGRP upregulated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase through the p38 signaling pathway in cultured SGCs. In turn, L-arginine (nitric oxide donor) was able to enhance orofacial pain by upregulating CGRP expressions in vivo. In cultured trigeminal neurons, L-arginine upregulated the expression of CGRP, and this effect was diminished by cilnidipine (N-type calcium channel blocker) while not by mibefradil (L-type calcium channel blocker). In conclusion, CGRP modulated orofacial pain through upregulating the expression of nitric oxide through the p38 signaling pathway in SGCs, and the resulting nitric oxide in turn stimulated CGRP expression through N-type calcium channel in neurons, building a CGRP-mediated positive-feedback neuron-glia crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Northwest Minzu University; Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - H Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - D Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - J Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Y Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - F Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - W Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - H Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jian F, Chen D, Chen L, Yan C, Lu B, Zhu Y, Chen S, Shi A, Chan DC, Song Z. Sam50 Regulates PINK1-Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy by Controlling PINK1 Stability and Mitochondrial Morphology. Cell Rep 2019; 23:2989-3005. [PMID: 29874585 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PINK1 and Parkin mediate mitophagy, the cellular process that clears dysfunctional mitochondria. Mitophagy is regulated by mitochondrial dynamics, but the molecules linking these two processes remain poorly understood. Here, we show that Sam50, the core component of the sorting and assembly machinery (SAM), is a critical regulator of mitochondrial dynamics and PINK1-Parkin-mediated mitophagy. In response to Sam50 depletion, normal tubular mitochondria are first fragmented and subsequently merged into large spheres. Sam50 interacts with PINK1 to facilitate its processing and degradation. Depletion of Sam50 results in PINK1 accumulation, Parkin recruitment, and mitophagy. Interestingly, Sam50 deficiency induces a piecemeal mode of mitophagy that eliminates mitochondria "bit by bit" but spares mtDNA. In C. elegans, the Sam50 homolog gop-3 is required for the maintenance of mitochondrial morphology and mass. Our findings reveal that Sam50 directly links mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy and that Sam50 depletion induces elimination of mitochondria without affecting mtDNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenglei Jian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Li Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Chaojun Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Bin Lu
- Attardi Institute of Mitochondrial Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Yushan Zhu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Hubei, China
| | - Anbing Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Zhiyin Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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8
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Jian F, Wang HB, Chen N, Yang S, Liu Y, Zhao YZ, Zhang L, Pan H, Zhang XH. [Observation of clinical and electrophysiological features in patients with distal myasthenia gravis]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2017; 97:2894-2897. [PMID: 29050157 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0376-2491.2017.37.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To explore the clinical and electrophysiological features and prognosis of distal myasthenia gravis (MG). Methods: Data of MG patients in Beijing Tiantan Hospital from October 2016 to March 2017 were reviewed, including thorough neurological examinations, nerve conduction studies, repetitive nerve stimulations (RNS) and needle electromyographies. Distal MG patients were included and were analyzed as to their clinical and electrophysiological features and response to treatments. Results: Four patients (7.7%) could be classified as distal type among 52 definitely diagnosed MG patients. They had initial symptoms at age 36 to 64 and developed distal limb muscle weakness in the first month to 6 years after the onset of this disease. Hand muscles were preferentially involved in a non-uniform way. And one patient also had leg weakness on his tibialis anterior muscles. RNS showed a more significant decrement at slow rates in distal muscles, compared with proximal muscles. The baseline compound muscle action potentials (CMAP) of the distal affected muscles presented with slightly decreased or fluctuating amplitudes. Their weakness of ocular, bulbar, proximal and distal limb muscles improved generally after administration of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors or steroids plus acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Electrophysiological reexaminations revealed increased baseline CMAPs, reduced decrement on RNS, and relief of myogenic changes on needle electromyography. Conclusions: Relatively prominent distal limb muscle weakness can be found in a minority of MG patients. Besides profound decrement on slow rate RNS, the involved distal muscles may have a characteristic decreased baseline CMAP, sometimes with a diurnal fluctuation. Distal MG responds well to regular treatments. Its short-term prognosis seems similar to that of common MG with proximal predominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jian
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing 100050, China
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9
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Wang Y, Wang S, Luo X, Yang Y, Jian F, Wang X, Xie L. The roles of DNA damage-dependent signals and MAPK cascades in tributyltin-induced germline apoptosis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Chemosphere 2014; 108:231-238. [PMID: 24534158 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The induction of apoptosis is recognized to be a major mechanism of tributyltin (TBT) toxicity. However, the underlying signaling pathways for TBT-induced apoptosis remain unclear. In this study, using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, we examined whether DNA damage response (DDR) pathway and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are involved in TBT-induced germline apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Our results demonstrated that exposing worms to TBT at the dose of 10nM for 6h significantly increased germline apoptosis in N2 strain. Germline apoptosis was absent in strains that carried ced-3 or ced-4 loss-of-function alleles, indicating that both caspase protein CED-3 and Apaf-1 protein CED-4 were required for TBT-induced apoptosis. TBT-induced apoptosis was blocked in the Bcl-2 gain-of-function strain ced-9(n1950), whereas TBT induced a minor increase in the BH3-only protein EGL-1 mutated strain egl-1(n1084n3082). Checkpoint proteins HUS-1 and CLK-2 exerted proapoptotic effects, and the null mutation of cep-1, the homologue of tumor suppressor gene p53, significantly inhibited TBT-induced apoptosis. Apoptosis in the loss-of-function strains of ERK, JNK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways were completely or mildly suppressed under TBT stress. These results were supported by the results of mRNA expression levels of corresponding genes. The present study indicated that TBT-induced apoptosis required the core apoptotic machinery, and that DDR genes and MAPK pathways played essential roles in signaling the processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, PR China.
| | - Shunchang Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, PR China
| | - Xun Luo
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, PR China
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, PR China
| | - Fenglei Jian
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, PR China
| | - Xuemin Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, PR China
| | - Lucheng Xie
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui 232001, PR China
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Ruan Y, Li H, Zhang K, Jian F, Tang J, Song Z. Loss of Yme1L perturbates mitochondrial dynamics. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e896. [PMID: 24176854 PMCID: PMC3920928 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Yme1L is an AAA protease that is embedded in the mitochondrial inner membrane with its catalytic domain facing the mitochondrial inner-membrane space. However, how Yme1L regulates mammalian mitochondrial function is still obscure. We find that endogenous Yme1L locates at punctate structures of mitochondria, and that loss of Yme1L in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells results in mitochondrial fragmentation and leads to significant increased ‘kiss-and-run' type of mitochondrial fusion; however, Yme1L knockdown (shYme1L (short hairpin-mediated RNA interference of Yme1L)) cells still remain normal mitochondrial fusion although shYme1L mitochondria have a little bit less fusion and fission rates, and the shYme1L-induced fragmentation is due to a little bit more mitochondrial fission than fusion in cells. Furthermore, shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation is independent on optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) S1 or S2 processing, and shYme1L results in the stabilization of OPA1 long form (L-OPA1); in addition, the exogenous expression of OPA1 or L-OPA1 facilitates the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation, thus this fragmentation induced by shYme1L appears to be associated with L-OPA1's stability. ShYme1L also causes a slight increase of mitochondrial dynamics proteins of 49 kDa and mitochondrial fission factor (Mff), which recruit mitochondrial key fission factor dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) into mitochondria in MEF cells, and loss of Drp1 or Mff inhibits the shYme1L-induced mitochondrial fragmentation. In addition, there is interaction between SLP-2 with Yme1L and shYme1L cells retain stress-induced mitochondrial hyperfusion. Taken together, our results clarify how Yme1L regulates mitochondrial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ruan
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
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Ye N, Jian F, Lai W. Effect of voxel size and partial volume effect on accuracy of tooth volumetric measurements with cone beam CT. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2013; 42:20130070. [PMID: 23604055 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20130070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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12
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Wang Y, Jian F, Wu J, Wang S. Stress-response protein expression and DAF-16 translocation were induced in tributyltin-exposed Caenorhabditis elegans. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2012; 89:704-11. [PMID: 22875284 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-012-0760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to tributyltin (TBT) with graded sublethal doses (0, 1, 10, 50 and 200 nM) resulted in the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. After the worms carrying transgenic reporters were exposed to TBT, the expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD-3), glutathione S-transferase (GST-4) and heat shock proteins (HSP-4, HSP-16.2 and HSP-70) were semi-quantified after exposure. The results indicated that TBT caused dose-dependent induction of SOD-3, GST-4, HSP-4 and HSP-70. Furthermore, TBT exposure also induced DAF-16 translocation from cytoplasm to nucleus. The results implicated that C. elegans might be a potential animal model for TBT level monitoring and toxicity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Life Sciences, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232001, Anhui, China.
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Wang J, Jian F, Chen J, Ye NS, Huang YH, Wang S, Huang RH, Pei J, Liu P, Zhang L, Zhao ZH, Chen QM, Lai WL, Lin YF. Cognitive behavioral therapy for orthodontic pain control: a randomized trial. J Dent Res 2012; 91:580-5. [PMID: 22492277 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512444446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy intervention for patients who experienced pain during orthodontic treatment. The baseline characteristics were assessed via questionnaires and oral examinations. Four hundred and fifty eligible individuals were recruited and randomized by computer-generated block randomization into three groups: cognitive behavioral therapy intervention (n = 150), ibuprofen intervention (n = 150), and no intervention (control; n = 150). Primary outcomes were the change from baseline in pain intensity measured with 100-mm Visual Analog Scale (VAS) scores at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after initial archwire placement. Outcomes assessment was blinded and followed the intention-to-treat principle. One hundred forty-three (95.30%), 145 (96.70%), and 141 (94.00%) individuals in the cognitive behavioral therapy, the ibuprofen, and the control groups, respectively, completed the one-month follow-up evaluations. Those in the cognitive behavioral therapy group showed a greater decrease in mean VAS scores than did those in the control group over the previous five time-points (p < 0.001). Cognitive behavioral therapy was shown to be effective in pain control during the initial stage of orthodontic treatment. The study registration number was ChiCTR-TRC-00000556.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P.R. China
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Ping Z, Zhitao L, Guoxiang H, Jianping L, Jian F. e0372 Post-operative observation of the safety and angiogenesis effect of direct current stimulation in a myocardial infarction rabbit model. Heart 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2010.208967.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Heuer M, Reinhardt R, Kneiseler G, Würzinger P, Zou X, Hua F, Jian F, Paul A, Kaiser G. Liver Transplantation in Swine without Venovenous Bypass. Eur Surg Res 2010; 45:20-5. [DOI: 10.1159/000318001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jian F, Wang H, Xiao H. Crystal structure and characterization of the bis(n-benzyl-benzotriazole-n3)-dichloro Co(II) complex: CoCl2(C6H4N3CH2Ph)2. J STRUCT CHEM+ 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/s10947-005-0045-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hao Q, Fun HK, Chantrapromma S, Razak IA, Jian F, Yang X, Lu L, Wang X. Bis(O,O'-di-p-tolyldithiophosphato-S,S')(1,10-phenanthroline-N,N')nickel(II). Acta Crystallogr C 2001; 57:717-8. [PMID: 11408682 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270101005522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2001] [Accepted: 03/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The title coordination complex, [Ni(C14H14O2PS2)2(C12H8N2)] or [Ni(pMePh-dtp)2(phen)] (phen is 1,10-phenanthroline; dtp is diaryldithiophosphate), has a non-crystallographic twofold axis of symmetry through the Ni atom and the phen moiety. Two O,O-di-p-tolyldithiophosphate (dtp) ions act as bidentate ligands. The central metal atom is coordinated by four S atoms from two dtp groups and two N atoms from the phen ligand. The title compound displays distorted octahedral geometry around the central Ni atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Hao
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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Jian F, Wang Y, Lu L, Yang X, Wang X, Chantrapromma S, Fun HK, Razak IA. (2-Methylquinolin-8-olato)iron(III) and -copper(II) complexes. Acta Crystallogr C 2001; 57:714-6. [PMID: 11408681 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270101005534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2001] [Accepted: 03/29/2001] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structures of tris(2-methylquinolin-8-olato-N,O)iron(III), [Fe(C10H8NO)3], (I), and aquabis(2-methylquinolin-8-olato-N,O)copper(II), [Cu(C10H8NO)2(H2O)], (II), have been determined. Compound (I) has a distorted octahedral configuration, in which the central Fe atom is coordinated by three N atoms and three O atoms from three 2-methylquinolin-8-olate ligands. The three Fe-O bond distances are in the range 1.934 (2)-1.947 (2) A, while the three Fe-N bond distances range from 2.204 (2) to 2.405 (2) A. In compound (II), the central Cu(II) atom and H2O group lie on the crystallographic twofold axis and the coordination geometry of the Cu(II) atom is close to trigonal bipyramidal, with the three O atoms in the basal plane and the two N atoms in apical positions. The Cu-N bond length is 2.018 (5) A. The Cu-O bond length in the basal positions is 1.991 (4) A, while the Cu-O bond length in the apical position is 2.273 (6) A. There is an intermolecular OW-H...O hydrogen bond which links the molecules into a linear chain along the b axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Jian
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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Hao Q, Jian F, Yang X, Wang X, Razak IA, Shanmuga Sundara Raj S, Fun HK. Hexakis(1H-imidazole-kappaN3)nickel(II) bis[O,O'-diisopropyl dithiophosphate(1-)]. Acta Crystallogr C 2000; 56:1431-2. [PMID: 11118977 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270100012841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2000] [Accepted: 09/19/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the title complex, [Ni(Im)(6)]((i)Pr-dtp)(2) or [Ni(C(3)H(4)N(2))(6)](C(6)H(14)O(2)PS(2))(2), the coordination around the Ni atom, located on an inversion centre, is octhahedral with all positions being occupied by tertiary N atoms of the imidazole moieties. Hydrogen bonds link the anions and cations into a two-dimensional network in the bc plane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Hao
- Materials Chemistry Laboratory, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, People's Republic of China
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Shanmuga Sundara Raj S, Razak IA, Fun HK, Zhao PS, Jian F, Yang X, Lu L, Wang X. Tris(8-quinolinolato-N,O)cobalt(III) ethanol solvate. Acta Crystallogr C 2000; 56:E130-1. [PMID: 15263175 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270100003516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2000] [Accepted: 03/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the crystal of the title complex, [Co(C(9)H(6)NO)(3)].C(2)H(5)OH, the central Co atom has a distorted octahedral coordination comprised of three N atoms and three O atoms from the three 8-quinolinolato ligands. The three Co-O bond distances are in the range 1.887 (2)-1.910 (2) A, while the three Co-N bond distances range from 1.919 (2) to 1.934 (2) A. The solvent ethanol molecule forms an intermolecular O-H.O hydrogen bonding with a quinolinolato ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shanmuga Sundara Raj
- X-ray Crystallography Unit, School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Penang, Malaysia
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Jian F, Zhu D, Fun HK, Chinnakali K, Razak IA, You X. Ethylene bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate) and butane-1,4-diyl bis(dimethyldithiocarbamate). Acta Crystallogr C 1999. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108270198016370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Zou Y, Jian F, Lin Z, Li S. [Observation of the effect of pediatric secondary posterior-chamber intraocular lens implantation]. Yan Ke Xue Bao 1998; 14:236-7. [PMID: 12579746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of secondary posterior chamber lens implantation for aphakia in children. METHODS Thirty-six consecutive pediatric aphakic eyes were retrospected. All eyes were secondarily implanted posterior-chamber lens using different operative techniques according to the condition of lens capsule remained after dissecting the posterior adhesion, forming extent space in posterior chamber. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 20 months. The effect of corrected visual acuity was observed. RESULTS Postoperative nated visual acuity was equal or better than corrected visual acuity preoperatively in 22 eyes(61.1%). Postoperative corrected visual acuity was better than that before surgery in 32 eyes (88.8%) and was equal to that before surgery in 4 eyes(11.1%). CONCLUSIONS Secondary posterior chamber IOLs implantation was an effective surgery for aphakic eyes in children, but attention should be paid to anti-inflammatory treatment and amblyopia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zou
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510060, China
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Abstract
Naphthalene-1-acetic acid (HNAA), dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (HDAA), and indole-3-acetic acid (HIAA) are auxinhormones that can affect the growth of plants. The lanthanide complexes of the above auxinhormone LnA3 x 3H2O (Ln = La3+, Ce3+, Sm3+, Er3+, Yb3+; HA = HNAA, HDAA, HIAA; A = NAA-, DAA-, IAA-) were synthesized and are characterized in this paper. The solubility and IR spectra of these complexes were also studied. Experiments of the effects of LnCl3 x nH2O, HA, and LnA3 x 3H2O on the growth rate of wheat coleoptile sections show, that LnCl3 x nH2O promotes the growth of wheat coleoptile when this compounds concentration is lower than 2 x 10(-5) M and the promotion is very significant when the concentration of Ln3+ is lower than 8 x 10(-6) M. It was also found that the effect of LnA3 x 3H2O on the growth of wheat coleoptile is stronger than that of LnCl3 x nH2O and HA, which indicates that the combination of Ln3+ with HA act synergistically.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wenmian
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, China
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