Metagenomic analysis unravels novel taxonomic differences in the uterine microbiome between healthy mares and mares with endometritis

BACKGROUND

The application of high throughput technologies has enabled unravelling of unique differences between healthy mares and mares with endometritis at transcriptomic and proteomic levels. However, differences in the uterine microbiome are yet to be investigated.

OBJECTIVES

The present study was aimed at evaluating the differences in uterine microbiome between healthy mares and mares with endometritis.

METHODS

Low-volume lavage (LVL) samples were collected from the uterus of 30 mares classified into healthy (n = 15) and endometritis (n = 15) based on their reproductive history, intrauterine fluid accumulation, gross appearance of LVL samples, endometrial cytology and bacterial culture. The samples were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing.

RESULTS

Notable differences in the uterine microbiome were observed between healthy mares and mares with endometritis at various taxonomic levels. In healthy mares, the most abundant phylum, class, order and family were Firmicutes, Bacilli, Bacillales and Paenibacillaceae, respectively. In contrast, the most abundant corresponding taxonomic levels in mares with endometritis were Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Enterobacterales and Enterobacteriaceae, respectively. At the genus level, Brevibacillus and Paenibacillus were more abundant in healthy mares, whereas Escherichia, Salmonella and Klebsiella were more abundant in mares with endometritis. In healthy mares, Brevibacillus brevis was the most abundant species, followed by Brevibacillus choshinensis and Paenibacillus sp JDR-2. However, in mares with endometritis, Escherichia coli was the most abundant species, followed by Salmonella enterica and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

CONCLUSIONS

These results confirmed the previously reported presence of a uterine microbiome in healthy mares and helped unravel some alterations that occur in mares with endometritis. The findings can potentially help formulate new approaches to prevent or treat equine endometritis.

Comparison of two pharmacological protocols for inducing ex copula ejaculation in donkeys

This study aimed to compare the efficacy of two pharmacological protocols for inducing ex copula ejaculation in donkeys. Seven healthy jacks (male donkeys) aged 4 to 20 years (median 8 years) and weighing 136.2±4.17 kg (mean±SE) were enrolled. Using a crossover design, each jack was subjected in a random order to two treatment protocols (IX and IDO) with an interval of 7 days between the two protocols. Each jack was orally administered 3 mg/kg imipramine hydrochloride followed 2 hours later by intravenous (IV) administration of 1.1 mg/kg xylazine hydrochloride (IX protocol) or 0.02 mg/kg detomidine hydrochloride and 20 IU total dose oxytocin (IDO protocol). The jacks were monitored for behavioral changes and ejaculation up to 3 hours from the beginning of each protocol. A total of 22 ex copula ejaculation replicates were attempted. Both protocols resulted in deep sedation and partial to complete penile protrusion in all jacks. There was no difference in the efficacy with the IX protocol inducing ejaculation in 1 of the 11 replicates and the IDO protocol inducing ejaculation in none of the 11 replicates. The results suggest that neither of the two tested pharmacological protocols were effective in inducing ex copula ejaculation in donkeys.

Morphometric analysis and roosting ecology of bat species Pteropus Medius in Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Morphometric measurement and roosting ecology of Pteropus medius were aimed to find out in Mansehra district of KP, Pakistan. Total 3149 numbers of bats were found in eight biological spots visited; Baffa Doraha, Darband, Dadar, Jallu, Hazara University, Garhi Habibullah Chattar Plain and Jabori, in total 299 numbers of different species of trees including; Morus alba, Pinus raxburghi, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Morus nigra, Grevillea robusta, Brousonetia papyrifera, Platanus orientalis, Ailanthus altissima, Hevea brasiliensis and Populus nigra. Morphometric features were measured and found vary according to sex of the bats. The average wing span, wing`s length from tip of wing to neck, from thumb to tip of wing and the body`s length from head and claws were recorded to be 102.98 cm, 49.07cm, 28.7 cm and 22.78 cm respectively in males while 93.67 cm, 44.83cm, 24.78cm and 22.78 cm respectively in female bats. Mean circumference of the body including wings and without wing were measured as 22.78 cm and 17.29 cm in males and that of female were 20.07 cm and 16.9 cm. Average length of thumb 3.64 cm, ear`s length 3.1 cm, snout 5.62cm, eye length were 1.07 cm for both sexes and length between the feet in extended position were16.3 cm. Generally different measurement of males bodies were found to be greater than female such as mean body surface area, mass, volume and pressure were found to be 2691.79 cm2, 855.7gm,1236.4 ml and 295.77 dyne/ c m 3 for male and 2576.46 cm2, 852.71gm,1207 ml and 290.2 dyne/ c m 3 respectively for female. While weight and density for both males and females bats were same with mean of 8.59 newton and 0.701 g/m3. Findings of current reports can add valued information in literature about bats, which can be used for species identification and conservation.

Therapeutic enhancing potential of piracetam with diethylstilbestrol in prevention of grand-mal seizures in rats: inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α cytokines levels

OBJECTIVE

Epilepsy, a neurodegenerative disorder, continues to throw challenges in the therapeutic management. The current study sought to ascertain if the therapeutic interactions between piracetam and diethylstilbestrol may prevent grand-mal seizures in rats.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Piracetam (PIR; 10 and 20 mg/kg) and diethylstilbestrol (DES; 10 and 20 mg/kg) alone as a low-dose combination were administered to rats for 14 days. The electroshock (MES; 180 mA, 220 V for 0.20 s) was delivered via auricular electrodes on the last day of treatment and rats were monitored for convulsive behavior. To elucidate the mechanism, hippocampal mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) and interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrotic factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels were quantified. Hippocampal histopathology was conducted to study the neuroprotective effect of drug/s. In vitro studies and in silico studies were conducted in parallel.

RESULTS

To our surprise, the low dose of the combination regimen of PIR (10 mg/kg) and DES (10 mg/kg) unfolded synergistic anti-seizure potential, with brimming neuroprotective properties. The mechanism could be related to a significant reduction in the levels of hippocampal mTOR and proinflammatory cytokines. The docking scores revealed higher affinities for phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) in co-bound complex, and when docking DES first, while better affinities for protein kinase B (Akt) were revealed when docking PIR first (both drugs bind cooperatively as well). This indicated that the entire PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is intercepted by the said combination. In addition, the % of cell viability of HEK-293 cells [pre-exposed to pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)] was increased by 327.29% compared to PTZ-treated cells (toxic control; 85.16%).

CONCLUSIONS

We are the first to report the promising efficacy of the combination (PIR 10 mg/kg + DES 10 mg/kg) to restrain seizures and epileptogenic changes induced by electroshock by a novel mechanism involving inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.

Utilization of Antenatal Care Services by the Urban Slum Women

It is obvious that the urban population was blessed with all the modern health facilities the country could afford and side by side rapid urbanization leads to the development of slum areas throughout the city. Though the slum dwellers are part of the urban population their accessibility and utilization of health services are beyond imagination. This study was conducted to assess the utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services by urban slum women. A community-based cross-sectional study was carried out among purposively selected 325 women, who experienced at least a live birth in the last 3 years and habitat of Korail and Ershadnogor slums of Dhaka from July 2018 to December 2018. The mean age of the participants was 24.7±5.2 years with 70.5% literacy rate and 65.8% were homemakers. About two-thirds (62.5%) of women experienced their 1st delivery between 17-21 years of age. Throughout pregnancy, 71.1% received antenatal checkups and among them, 66.1% took ANC ≥4 times. Half (51.7%) of deliveries were conducted at home. There was a significant association between ANC visits with the place of the last delivery (p<0.001) and a significant association between the number of ANC visits at the place of the last delivery (p=0.019). Study shows the inadequate utilization of ANC services by slum woman in contrast to urban residents. So, it is obvious that the available healthcare services need to recast for the slum habitats which should be need-based and address their drawbacks to all.

A rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a spayed Weimaraner bitch

Objective

This report documents a rare case of vulvar discharge associated with exogenous oestrogen exposure in a large‐breed dog.

Case description

A 4‐year‐old spayed Weimaraner bitch was presented for evaluation of inappetence and intermittent sanguineous vulvar discharge. Physical examination, vaginal cytology, haematological, and ultrasonographic findings were indicative of a uterine stump pyometra. A celiotomy was performed, and the uterine stump appeared grossly cystic and thickened. Histopathological evaluation of the removed uterine stump and ovarian pedicles revealed cystic endometrial hyperplasia and no ovarian tissue. Fifteen days after surgery, the patient presented again with a sanguineous vulvar discharge. Vaginal cytology revealed predominantly superficial cells, indicating oestrogen influence. Further questioning of the owner revealed the long‐term use of a topical oestrogen cream by a member of the household. Serial examinations were performed, and the cytology remained uniform, with predominantly superficial cells, indicating continued oestrogen influence. Progesterone and anti‐Müllerian hormone tests were negative, which made the presence of ectopic ovarian tissue unlikely. These results coupled with the history of topical oestrogen cream use in the household suggested that the patient's clinical signs were most likely due to exogenous oestrogen exposure. After the owner implemented various recommendations made to prevent the exposure, the clinical signs resolved completely.

Conclusions

This case demonstrates that although rare, exogenous oestrogen exposure can be a cause of vulvar discharge in a large‐breed spayed bitch. Therefore, regardless of the breed, exogenous oestrogen exposure must be included in the list of differential diagnoses for all clinical presentations associated with oestrogenic influence in dogs.

Current Trend of Aerobic Bacteria and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern in Burn Wound Infection of A Tertiary Care Hospital, Rajshahi

Burn injury is still a life-threatening event, associated with high mortality and morbidity inspite of recent advances and infection control practices. This cross sectional study was conducted at Microbiology department of Rajshahi Medical College (RMC), Bangladesh with the objective to provide an insight into the current trend of aerobic bacteria with their antibiogram in burn wound infected patients admitted in Burn and Plastic Surgery Unit of RMCH from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2016. A total of 212 wound swabs were collected and processed as per standard protocol. The isolates were identified by standard microbiological techniques and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Burn injurywas highest (44.81%) in age group 21-30 years in fire related burn patients (41.98%) and female were predominant (59.91%). Among 212 samples 89.62% yielded growth and 196 bacterial species were isolated in which P. aeruginosa were the predominant organism (34.18%) followed by Proteus spp. (23.47%), Klebsiella spp. (14.80%), E. coli (11.73%), S. aureus (10.71%), Acinetobacter spp. & CoNS (2.04%) and Enterobacter spp. (1.03%). In this study meropenem, amikacin and vancomycin were highly sensitive drugs but 3rd generation cephalosporin and ciprofloxacin showed resistance. Therefore continuous microbiological surveillance and careful in vitro testing prior to antibiotic treatment is required to reduce the emergence of multidrug resistant pathogens.

A retrospective study of canine transmissible venereal tumour in Grenada, West Indies

Background

Canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a naturally occurring neoplasia affecting dogs worldwide. Previous CTVT studies in Grenada were limited to case records of dogs with neoplastic conditions at a veterinary diagnostic laboratory.

Objectives

The present retrospective study aimed to determine the occurrence and risk factors of CTVT in a wider population of owned dogs presented to a university‐affiliated veterinary hospital between 2008 and 2018.

Methods

Data on the age, breed, gender, and gonadectomy status were retrieved from an electronic database and analyzed using logistic regression.

Results

Of the 7180 dogs presented during the period, 102 dogs (1.4%) were diagnosed with CTVT. A higher predisposition was observed in Grenadian pothounds (odds ratio [OR] = 22.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.3–50.4; p < 0.001) and mixed‐breed dogs (OR = 9.2, 95% CI 4.1–20.7; p < 0.001) in comparison to the purebreds. Neutered dogs (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 1.4–3.3; p < 0.001) were at an increased risk of CTVT than intact dogs. Age and gender were not identified as significant risk factors.

Conclusions

The percentage of dogs with CTVT in this study represents a crude estimate of the CTVT prevalence in the owned dog population in Grenada. Further studies including both owned and free‐roaming dogs are required for a more accurate estimation of the CTVT prevalence in the region. Our results indicate that breed and gonadectomy status are significant risk factors for the occurrence of CTVT in Grenada.

Pharmacologically Induced Ex Copula Ejaculation in Horses and Donkeys

Pharmacologically induced ex copula ejaculation is a method used for collection of semen when the traditional methods of semen collection are not feasible. Common indications for this method include health issues that either preclude the physical act of mating or result in impaired erection and ejaculation. The method also offers an alternative when there is a lack of equipment and facilities required for semen collection using the conventional artificial vagina method. A variety of pharmacological protocols for ex copula ejaculation in stallions have been evaluated in both research and clinical settings with no serious side-effects reported. In general, these protocols included tricyclic antidepressants, alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, and smooth muscle stimulators, either individually or in combination. Although there is a lot of variation in the ejaculatory rates among studies, a combination of imipramine and xylazine appears to be an effective option for inducing ejaculation in stallions. In cases where this protocol is not successful, collections should be reattempted using a combination of imipramine, detomidine, and oxytocin. Regardless of the protocol used, a quiet environment with minimal disturbance is associated with a better outcome. In contrast to the body of literature available on pharmacologically induced ex copula ejaculation in horses, only a few studies have been published so far on this topic in donkeys. Further studies are warranted to investigate whether pharmacologically induced ex copula ejaculation is an effective method of semen collection in jacks and to compare different pharmacological protocols for inducing ejaculation in jacks.

Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a global health concern owing to its complexity, which often poses a great challenge to the development of therapeutic approaches. No single theory has yet accounted for the various risk factors leading to the pathological and clinical manifestations of dementia-type AD. Therefore, treatment options targeting various molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease have been unsuccessful. However, the exploration of various immunotherapeutic avenues revitalizes hope after decades of disappointment. The hallmark of a good immunotherapeutic candidate is not only to remove amyloid plaques but also to slow cognitive decline. In line with this, both active and passive immunotherapy have shown success and limitations. Recent approval of aducanumab for the treatment of AD demonstrates how close passive immunotherapy is to being successful. However, several major bottlenecks still need to be resolved. This review outlines recent successes and challenges in the pursuit of an AD vaccine.

Characterization of a Coliphage AS1 isolated from sewage effluent in Pakistan

The emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial strains, which are posing a global health threat has developed the interest of scientists to use bacteriophages instead of conventional antibiotics therapy. In light of an increased interest in the use of phage as a bacterial control agent, the study aimed to isolate and characterize lytic phages from sewage effluent. During the current study, bacteriophage AS1 was isolated from sewage effluent against E.coli S2. The lytic activity of phageAS1 was limited to E.coli S2 strain showing monovalent behavior. The calculated phage titer was 3.5×109 pfu/ml. PhageAS1 was stable at a wide range of pH and temperature. The maximum stability was recorded at 37ºC and pH 7.0, while showing its normal lytic activity at temperature 60ºC and from pH 5.0 to11.0 respectively. At temperature 70ºC, phage activity was somewhat reduced whereas, further increase in temperature and decrease or increase in pH completely inactivated the phage. From the current study, it was concluded that waste water is a best source for finding bacteriophages against multi-drug resistant bacterial strains and can be used as bacterial control agent.

Adapting active case-finding for TB during the COVID-19 pandemic in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

The COVID-19 pandemic and response measures, including lockdowns and the reorientation of health services, have disrupted essential health services for other diseases, including TB, HIV and malaria. For TB, reductions in case detection due to the COVID-19 pandemic are projected to result in increased TB transmission, morbidity and mortality. Active case-finding (ACF) for TB using community-based approaches is a potential strategy to offset reductions in TB detection by obviating the need for patients to seek care at a health facility. A number of approaches can be used to conduct TB ACF safely and screen designated target populations while managing the risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission for staff, individuals and the community. We present a framework of options for and experience of adapting TB ACF services in response to the challenges of COVID-19 in our programme in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Key changes have included revised prioritisation of target populations focusing on household contacts, reducing case-finding throughput, implementation of additional infection control measures and precautions, and integration of COVID-19 screening among those being screened for TB. Our approach could inform other programmes seeking to adapt TB ACF services to mitigate the negative impact of COVID-19 on TB case detection.

Analysis of the uterine flush fluid proteome of healthy mares and mares with endometritis or fibrotic endometrial degeneration

The objective of this study was to evaluate the differences in the uterine flush fluid proteome between healthy mares and mares with endometritis or fibrotic endometrial degeneration (FED). Uterine flush fluid samples were collected from healthy mares (n=8; oestrus n=5 and dioestrus n=3) and mares with endometritis (n=23; oestrus n=14 and dioestrus n=9) or FED (n=7; oestrus n=6 and dioestrus n=1). Proteomic analysis was performed using label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Of 216 proteins identified during oestrus, 127 were common to all three groups, one protein was exclusively detected in healthy mares, 47 proteins were exclusively detected in mares with endometritis and four proteins were exclusively detected in mares with FED. Of 188 proteins identified during dioestrus, 113 proteins were common between healthy mares and mares with endometritis, eight proteins were exclusively detected in healthy mares and 67 proteins were exclusively detected in mares with endometritis. Quantitative analysis revealed a subset of proteins differing in abundance between the three groups during oestrus and between healthy mares and mares with endometritis during dioestrus. These results provide a springboard for evaluation of specific proteins as biomarkers of uterine health and disease and for investigation of their roles in the establishment and maintenance of pregnancy.

Qualitative analysis and functional classification of the uterine proteome of mares in oestrus and dioestrus

Quantitative analysis of the uterine flush fluid proteome of mares in oestrus and dioestrus has been previously reported. The objectives of this study were to: a) evaluate qualitative differences in the uterine flush fluid proteome between mares in oestrus and mares in dioestrus and b) perform a functional classification of proteins either unique to each stage or common between the two stages. Uterine flush fluid samples were collected from 8 light breed mares in either oestrus (n = 5) or dioestrus (n = 3). Proteomic analysis of the samples was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins exclusively detected in oestrus or dioestrus and those common to both stages were identified using the Scaffold software (version 4.4.8, Proteome Software Inc., Portland, OR). The identified proteins were classified into gene ontology (GO) categories (cellular component [CC], molecular function [MF] and biological process [BP]) using the PANTHER (www.pantherdb.org) classification system version 14.0. Of 172 proteins identified, 51 and 28 were exclusively detected in mares in oestrus and dioestrus, respectively, and 93 proteins were common to both stages. The most represented terms in various GO categories were similar among the three subsets of proteins. The most represented CC terms were extracellular region and cell, the most represented MF terms were catalytic activity and binding, and the most represented BP terms were metabolic process and cellular process. In conclusion, proteomic analysis of the uterine flush fluid enabled the identification of subsets of proteins unique to oestrus or dioestrus, or common to both stages. The results of this study can serve as a baseline for future research focused on finding stage-specific protein markers or evaluating differences in the uterine flush fluid proteome between normal mares and those with uterine disease.

Synthesis of Ni0.5Co0.5-xCdxFe1.78Nd0.02O4 (x ≤ 0.25) nanofibers by using electrospinning technique induce anti-cancer and anti-bacterial activities

Here we report the electrospinning synthesis of Cd-substituted Ni-Co ferrite Ni_0.5Co_0.5-xCd_xFe_1.78Nd_0.02O₄ (x ≤ 0.25) nanofiber (NFs) with a very low concentration of Nd as a dopant. The structure and surface morphology of the Ni_0.5Co_0.5-xCd_xFe_1.78Nd_0.02O₄ (x ≤ 0.25) NFs were analyzed by X-ray powder pattern (XRD), transmission and scanning electron microscopes (TEM) along with Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX). We have examined the biological applications of the Ni_0.5Co_0.5-xCd_xFe_1.78Nd_0.02O₄ (x ≤ 0.25) NFs on both cancerous cells and bacterial cells. We have found that Ni_0.5Co_0.5-xCd_xFe_1.78Nd_0.02O₄ (x ≤ 0.25) NFs produced inhibitory action on the human colorectal carcinoma cells (HEK-293) and also showed inhibitory action on the bacterial strains (S. aureus and E. coli) respectively. Finally, this is the first report on the synthesis of Cd- substituted Co-Ni ferrite nanofibers using electrospinning technique exhibiting anti-cancer and anti-bacterial activities.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synthesis of niobium substituted cobalt-nickel nano-ferrite (Co0.5Ni0.5NbxFe2-xO4 (x ≤ 0.1) by hydrothermal approach show strong anti-colon cancer activities

The combination of two or more nanoparticles found to be effective strategy to synthesize nanocomposites for better drug delivery and treatment. In the present study, we have combined cobalt (Co), nickel (Ni), niobium (Nb), and iron oxide (Fe₂O₄) and prepared niobium substituted cobalt-nickel nano-ferrite nanocomposites (Co_0.5Ni_0.5Nb_xFe_2-xO₄ (x ≤ 0.1) by using hydrothermal approach. We have characterized the structure and morphology of nanocomposites by using XRD, EDX, TEM and SEM methodologies. We have examined the impact of nanocomposites (Co_0.5Ni_0.5Nb_xFe_2-xO₄ (x ≤ 0.1) on cancerous cells (human colorectal carcinoma cells, HCT-116) by using MTT assay. We have also checked the impact of nanocomposites on normal and non-cancerous cells (human embryonic kidney cells, HEK-293) to confirm the specificity of their actions. Post- 48 h treatment of Co_0.5Ni_0.5Nb_xFe_2-xO₄ (x ≤ 0.1) led to dose-dependent inhibition of cancer cells growth and proliferation. However, no cytotoxic effect was observed on the normal cells (HEK-293). In addition, DAPI stained nuclear DNA staining analysis demonstrates that the Co_0.5Ni_0.5Nb_xFe_2-xO₄ (x ≤ 0.1) treatment also caused nuclear DNA disintegration which is the marker for programmed cell death. These results demonstrate that synthesized nanocomposites Co_0.5Ni_0.5Nb_xFe_2-xO₄ (x ≤ 0.1) selectively target the colon cancer cells and induce cancer cell death.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Synthesis and biological characterization of Mn0.5Zn0.5EuxDyxFe1.8-2xO4 nanoparticles by sonochemical approach

Metallic nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique properties which makes them attractive candidates for various applications especially in field of experimental medicine and drug delivery. Many approaches were developed to synthesize divers and customized metallic NPs that can be useful in many areas such as, experimental medicine, drug design, drug delivery, electrical and electronic engineering, electrochemical sensors, and biochemical sensors. Among different metallic nanoparticles, manganese (Mn) NPs are the most prominent materials, in the present study, we have synthetized unique Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs by using ultrasonication method (x ≤ 0.1). The structure, and surface morphology of Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM and EDX methods. We have examined the biological effects of Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs on both normal (HEK-293) and cancerous (HCT-116) cells. We have found that the treatment of Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs post 48 h, showed significant decline in cancer cells population as revealed by MTT assay. The IC₅₀ value of Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs was ranged between (2.35 μg/mL to 2.33 μg/mL). To check the specificity of the actions, we found that the treatment of Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs did not produce any effects on the normal cells, which suggest that Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs selectively targeted the cancerous cells. The anti-bacterial properties of Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs were also evaluated by MIC and MBC assays. We suggest that Mn_0.5Zn_0.5Dy_xEu_xFe_1.8-2xO₄ NPs produced by sonochemical method possess potential anti-cancer and anti-bacterial capabilities.

Systematic analyses for candidate genes of milk production traits in water buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis)

Water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is of great economic importance as a provider of milk and meat in many countries. However, the milk yield of buffalo is much lower than that of Holstein cows. Selection of candidate genes related to milk production traits can be applied to improve buffalo milk performance. A systematic review of studies of these candidate genes will be greatly beneficial for researchers to timely and efficiently understand the research development of molecular markers for buffalo milk production traits. Here, we identified and classified the candidate genes associated with buffalo milk production traits. A total of 517 candidate genes have been identified as being associated with milk performance in different buffalo breeds. Nineteen candidate genes containing 47 mutation sites have been identified using the candidate gene approach. In addition, 499 candidate genes have been identified in six genome-wide association studies (GWASes) including two studies performed with the bovine SNP chip and four studies with the buffalo SNP chip. Genes CTNND2 (catenin delta 2), APOB (apolipoprotein B), FHIT (fragile histidine triad) and ESRRG (estrogen related receptor gamma) were identified in at least two GWASes. These four genes, especially APOB, deserve further study to explore regulatory roles in buffalo milk production. With growth in the number of buffalo genomic studies, more candidate genes associated with buffalo milk production traits will be identified. Therefore, future studies, such as those investigating gene location and functional analyses, are necessary to facilitate the exploitation of genetic potential and the improvement of buffalo milk performance.

Effect of Laryngoscopy and Tracheal Intubation on Pulse Pressure and Influence of Age on this Response

The study objective was to measure the change in pulse pressure associated with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation and to relate these changes to trends in systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressure. The rationale was that the rise in systolic and diastolic blood pressure may be disproportionate and may result in either increase or decrease in pulse pressure. We also looked at the influence of age on this response. This prospective observational study measured the changes in pulse pressure secondary to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in eighty adult surgical patients. Two groups of forty patients each were included, young (group A) 18–25 years and middle-aged (group B) 45–55 years. The patients were ASA Class 1 or 2, of either gender, and non-hypertensive. Systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure, and heart rate were measured preinduction and 1, 2 and 3 minutes after induction. Thereafter they were measured every minute for five minutes after intubation. Pulse pressure was obtained by subtracting the diastolic from the systolic blood pressure. No pulse pressure change occurred in the young group despite of a significant increase in both systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The middle aged group showed an average rise of +18 mm of Hg in pulse pressure (taken at 1 minute post-intubation) compared to the baseline measurement (P<0.0001). These changes in pulse pressure during anaesthesia may indicate an additional pulsatile stress in vulnerable patients in addition to the changes associated with resistance alone and need to be studied further.

Canine cryptorchidism: An update

This review article is aimed at providing an update on canine cryptorchidism based on the research studies published in this area over the last 26 years. Although a majority of these research studies were directed at investigating the genetic and molecular basis of cryptorchidism, the mechanisms underlying this problem in dogs are still not clear. Future studies using advanced genomic and molecular approaches and including a larger number of dogs of multiple breeds are required to further our understanding of canine cryptorchidism. Diagnosis and treatment of cryptorchidism in dogs have not received much attention. Research advancements include investigation of ultrasonography and anti-Müllerian hormone assay as potential diagnostic methods. Advancements in treatment include the use of laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy. Based on the available literature, this method appears to be the best for removal of abdominal cryptorchid testes from dogs. However, future studies that compare laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchidectomy with the traditional approaches are required for a more conclusive determination of the best method for cryptorchidectomy in dogs.

Development of Escherichia coli-based gene expression profiling of sewage sludge leachates

AIMS

The impact of municipal waste on pathogenic micro-organisms released into the environment is a public health concern. This study aims to evaluate the effects of sewage sludge and antibiotic contaminants on stress response, virulence and antibiotic resistance in a pathogenic Escherichia coli.

METHODS AND RESULTS

The effects of sewage sludge leachates on uropathogenic E. coli CFT073 were determined by monitoring the expression of 45 genes associated with antibiotic/metal resistance, stress response and virulence using RT-qPCR. The E. coli gene expression was validated using subinhibitory concentrations of tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. E. coli exposed to sewage sludge or sewage sludge+fly ash leachates altered the expression of five antibiotic and metal resistance, three stress response and two virulence-associated genes. When antibiotics were combined with sludge or sludge+fly ash the antibiotic-associated gene expression was altered.

CONCLUSIONS

E. coli treated with two sludge leachates had distinct gene expression patterns that were altered when the sludge leachates were combined with tetracycline, although to a lesser extent with ciprofloxacin.

SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY

The E. coli multigene expression analysis is a potential new tool for assessing the effects of pollutants on pathogenic microbes in environmental waters for improved risk assessment.

Endometrial nitric oxide synthase activity in mares susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis and the effect of a specific iNOS inhibitor in vitro

Emerging research suggests that the nitric oxide system may play a role in persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) in the mare. Differences in uterine nitric oxide (NO) levels between mares susceptible or resistant to PBIE and a dose-dependent inhibitory effect of NO on uterine contractility have been demonstrated. The objectives of this study were to investigate the difference in total nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity of the endometrium between susceptible and resistant mares and the effect of a specific inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor on the endometrial NOS activity in vitro. Six susceptible and six resistant mares were selected based on preset criteria and the results of an intrauterine challenge with killed spermatozoa during oestrus. Endometrial biopsy samples were collected 24 hr post-challenge and cultured at 37°C for 24 hr in L-arginine supplemented minimum essential medium with or without a specific iNOS inhibitor (1,400 W dihydrochloride, 1 mM). The medium and the cultured endometrial tissue were collected after 24 hr of culture and assayed for NO and total protein, respectively. Total NO content of the medium, normalized to endometrial tissue wet weight or total protein, was used as a measure of endometrial NOS activity. Non-parametric tests were applied for statistical analysis. Susceptible mares had significantly greater endometrial NOS activity than resistant mares. The iNOS inhibitor treatment significantly reduced NOS activity in endometrial samples derived from susceptible and resistant mares. These findings provide a basis for in vivo testing of specific iNOS inhibitors as preventative or therapeutic options for PBIE in mares.

Dose-dependent inhibition of uterine contractility by nitric oxide: A potential mechanism underlying persistent breeding-induced endometritis in the mare

Nitric oxide (NO) may have a role in persistent breeding-induced endometritis in mares through an inhibitory effect on uterine contractility. The objectives of this study were to test the effect of NO on spontaneous uterine contractility in-vitro and to evaluate whether this effect varied between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the uterus. Reproductive tracts were collected from eight euthanized non-pregnant mares (age 4-19 years; body weight 405-530 kg). Transrectal examination of the reproductive tract was performed before euthanasia to evaluate stage of the estrous cycle and presence of any apparent abnormality. After euthanasia, one uterine tissue sample was collected for histological evaluation and four full-thickness uterine tissue strips (10-12 mm × 2 mm), two parallel to each muscle layer, were excised for in-vitro contractility evaluation. Strips were suspended in tissue chambers containing Krebs-Henseleit solution, with continuous aeration (95% O₂-5% CO₂; pH 7.4) at 37 °C. After equilibration, spontaneous contractility was recorded (pre-treatment) and strips excised in each direction were randomly allocated to each of two groups: 1) SNAP (S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine, an NO donor); or 2) NAP (N-acetyl-d-penicillamine, vehicle and time-matched control). These were treated at 15 min intervals with increasing concentrations (10^-7 M to 10^-3 M) of SNAP and NAP, respectively. Contractility data was recorded throughout the experiment. An interaction effect of group-by-concentration was observed (P < 0.0001). The mean contractility after treatment with 10^-4 M and 10^-3 M SNAP were significantly lower than the pre-treatment contractility and the mean contractility after treatment with lower SNAP concentrations. In contrast, contractility did not change significantly in the NAP treated controls. The effect of treatment on uterine contractility was not influenced by age or weight of the mare, stage of estrous cycle, uterine histology grade, or muscle layer. Secondary findings included significant main effects of stage of estrous cycle (increased contractility in estrus compared to diestrus), uterine histology grade (decreased contractility in grade IIB compared to grade I) and age (decreased contractility in mares aged > 8 years compared to mares aged ≤ 8 years). In conclusion, results of this study indicate that NO has a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on spontaneous uterine contractility irrespective of the muscle layer in the mare.

Pharmacological agents for reducing the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation in paediatric patients: a systematic review

The primary aim of this review was to assess the effect of pharmacological agents administered to attenuate the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation in paediatric patients up to 16 years of age undergoing elective surgery. Secondary aims were to identify adverse effects related to these agents, and the agents' roles in decreasing arrhythmias. A systematic search was conducted for articles listed in PubMed, CINAHL or the Cochrane database between January 1980 and June 2014. We included randomised controlled trials where the stated aim of the study included observing the effects of pharmacological agents on the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation. The outcome measures were changes in mean, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate, adverse effects of drugs and arrhythmias. Sixteen publications with a total of 1408 children (ages two to 15 years) were identified. These studies varied in methodology and quality. Opioids were the commonest agents used and appeared to obtund the response in a dose-related manner. Fentanyl 2 µg/kg, remifentanil 1 µg/kg, sufentanil 0.1 and 0.2 µg/kg and alfentanil 25 µg/kg blunted the haemodynamic response. Remifentanil 3 µg/kg and sufentanil 0.3 µg/kg were the most effective in obliterating the response but led to hypotension in unstimulated patients. Opioid-related side-effects and arrhythmias were observed in few patients. We recommend that when required, the safe and effective doses identified in this review be used to obtund the haemodynamic response to intubation in paediatric patients, with close observation for the uncommon but recognised side-effects.

Estimation of diversity and combining abilities in Helianthus annuus L. under water stress and normal conditions

Sunflower cannot produce high yields under water-limiting conditions. The aim of the present study was to prevent the impediments on yield and to develop varieties with high-yield potential under water scarce conditions. For achieving this objective, it is necessary to detect parents with desirable traits that mainly depend on the action of genes controlling the trait under improvement, combining ability, and genetic makeup of the parents. Heterosis can also be used to pool the desirable genes from genetically divergent varieties and these divergent parents could be detected by molecular studies. Ten tolerant and five susceptible tester lines were selected, crossed, and tested for genetic diversity using simple sequence repeat primers. We identified two parents (A-10.8 and G-60) that showed maximum (46.7%) genetic dissimilarity. On an average 3.1 alleles per locus were detected for twenty pair of primers. Evaluation of mean values revealed that under stress conditions the mean performances of the genotypes were reduced for all traits under study. Parent A-10.8 was consistent as a good general combiner for achene yield per plant under both non-stress and stress conditions. Line A-10.8 in the hybrid A-10.8 x G-60 proved to be a good combiner as it showed negative specific combining ability (SCA) effects for plant height and internodal length and positive SCA effects for head weight, achene yield per plant, and membrane stability index. Valuable information on gene action, combining ability, and heterosis was generated, which could be used in further breeding programs.

The SLICK hair locus derived from Senepol cattle confers thermotolerance to intensively managed lactating Holstein cows

The SLICK haplotype (http://omia.angis.org.au/OMIA001372/9913/) in cattle confers animals with a short and sleek hair coat. Originally identified in Senepol cattle, the gene has been introduced into Holsteins. The objectives of the current study were to determine (1) whether lactating Holsteins with the slick hair phenotype have superior ability for thermoregulation compared with wild-type cows or relatives not inheriting the SLICK haplotype, and (2) whether seasonal depression in milk yield would be reduced in SLICK cows. In experiment 1, diurnal variation in vaginal temperature in the summer was monitored for cows housed in a freestall barn with fans and sprinklers. Vaginal temperatures were lower in slick-haired cows than in relatives and wild-type cows. In experiment 2, acute responses to heat stress were monitored after cows were moved to a dry lot in which the only heat abatement was shade cloth. The increases in rectal temperature and respiration rate caused by heat stress during the day were lower for slick cows than for relatives or wild-type cows. Moreover, sweating rate was higher for slick cows than for cows of the other 2 types. In experiment 3, effects of season of calving (summer vs. winter) on milk yield and composition were determined. Compared with milk yield of cows calving in winter, milk yield during the first 90 d in milk was lower for cows calving in the summer. However, this reduction was less pronounced for slick cows than for wild-type cows. In conclusion, Holsteins with slick hair have superior thermoregulatory ability compared with non-slick animals and experience a less drastic depression in milk yield during the summer.

Expression and localization of ghrelin and its functional receptor in corpus luteum during different stages of estrous cycle and the modulatory role of ghrelin on progesterone production in cultured luteal cells in buffalo

Evidence obtained during recent years provided has insight into the regulation of corpus luteum (CL) development, function, and regression by locally produced ghrelin. The present study was carried out to evaluate the expression and localization of ghrelin and its receptor (GHS-R1a) in bubaline CL during different stages of the estrous cycle and investigate the role of ghrelin on progesterone (P4) production along with messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of P4 synthesis intermediates. The mRNA and protein expression of ghrelin and GHS-R1a was significantly greater in mid- and late luteal phases. Both factors were localized in luteal cells, exclusively in the cytoplasm. Immunoreactivity of ghrelin and GHS-R1a was greater during mid- and late luteal phases. Luteal cells were cultured in vitro and treated with ghrelin each at 1, 10, and 100 ng/mL concentrations for 48 h after obtaining 75% to 80% confluence. At a dose of 1 ng/mL, there was no significant difference in P4 secretion between control and treatment group. At 10 and 100 ng/mL, there was a decrease (P < 0.05) in P4 concentration, cytochrome P45011A1 (CYP11A1), and 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase mRNA expression and localization. There was no difference in mRNA expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein between control and treatment group. In summary, the present study provided evidence that ghrelin and its receptor are expressed in bubaline CL and are localized exclusively in the cell cytoplasm and ghrelin has an inhibitory effect on P4 production in buffalo.

Luteinizing hormone, insulin like growth factor-1, and epidermal growth factor stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor production in cultured bubaline granulosa cells

The objective of this study was to characterize in vitro expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in bubaline granulosa cells (GC), grown in serum containing media supplemented with luteinizing hormone (LH), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) at three different doses and time durations. GCs were collected from ovarian follicles of varying diameters [Gp-I (small), 4-6 mm; Gp-II (medium), 7-9 mm; Gp-III (large), 10-13 mm; Gp-IV (pre-ovulatory), >13 mm]. In general, each of the three treatments resulted in a dose as well as time dependent increase in the mRNA expression and secretion of VEGF in the cultured GCs of Gp-IV follicles. These results were well supported by our observations on immunocytochemistry in Gp IV granulosa cell culture (GCC). We also looked into the expression dynamics of an anti-apoptotic factor--proliferating cellular antigen (PCNA) and a pro-apoptotic factor--Bcl-2-associated X protein (BAX) in GCs of Gp IV follicles on treatments with LH, IGF-1, and EGF to evaluate their cytoprotective/anti-apoptotic property. Relative expressions of PCNA and BAX showed a mutually opposite trend with the PCNA expression increasing and BAX expression decreasing with increase in dose and time to reach the zenith (P<0.05) and nadir (P<0.05) at the highest dose(s) at the maximum time duration (72 h) for PCNA and BAX respectively on treatment with all the three factors. Thus, it can be concluded that LH, IGF-1, and EGF treatments have a cytoprotective/anti-apoptotic effect and stimulate VEGF production in granulosa cells of bubaline pre-ovulatory follicles.

Comparison of slow freezing and vitrification on ovine immature oocytes

BACKGROUND

Immature oocytes are more sensitive to cold injury than mature oocytes.

OBJECTIVE

The study was to evaluate the post thaw normal oocytes, cleavage and blastocyst rates of ovine cumulus oocyte complexes (COC's) using different cryoprotectants by slow freezing and Open pulled straw (OPS) vitrification.

METHODS

In five replicates, abattoir derived COC's were collected and distributed into three groups. In Experiment 1, COC's were cryopreserved by a slow freezing protocol using 10% concentration of ethylene glycol (EG), 10% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) or 5% EG and 5% DMSO mixture. In Experiment 2 and 3 embryos were cryopreserved by OPS vitrification using either 33% or 40% (EG, DMSO or an equal mixture of EG and DMSO mixture. Normal oocytes post thaw were in vitro matured and parthenogenetically activated.

RESULTS

Although, there was no difference in the number of post thaw normal oocytes between the groups, cleavage and blastocyst rates were higher in 10% slow freezing group than any of the vitrified groups.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrates better cryopreservation of ovine COC's by controlled slow freezing than OPS vitrification.

Regulation of pluripotency of inner cell mass and growth and differentiation of trophectoderm of the bovine embryo by colony stimulating factor 2

Colony-stimulating factor 2 (CSF2) enhances competence of the bovine embryo to establish and maintain pregnancy after the embryo is transferred into a recipient. Mechanisms involved could include regulation of lineage commitment, growth, or differentiation of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE). Experiments were conducted to evaluate regulation by CSF2 of pluripotency of the ICM and differentiation and growth of the TE. Embryos were cultured with 10 ng/ml recombinant bovine CSF2 or a vehicle control from Days 5 to 7 or 6 to 8 postinsemination. CSF2 increased the number of putative zygotes that developed to blastocysts when the percent of embryos becoming blastocysts in the control group was low but decreased blastocyst yield when blastocyst development in controls was high. ICM isolated from blastocysts by lysing the trophectoderm using antibody and complement via immunosurgery were more likely to survive passage when cultured on mitomycin C-treated fetal fibroblasts if derived from blastocysts treated with CSF2 than if from control blastocysts. There was little effect of CSF2 on characteristics of TE outgrowths from blastocysts. The exception was a decrease in outgrowth size for embryos treated with CSF2 from Days 5 to 7 and an increase in expression of CDX2 when treatment was from Days 6 to 8. Expression of the receptor subunit gene CSF2RA increased from the zygote stage to the 9-16 cell stage before decreasing to the blastocyst stage. In contrast, CSF2RB was undetectable at all stages. In conclusion, CSF2 improves competence of the ICM to survive in a pluripotent state and alters TE outgrowths. Actions of CSF2 occur through a signaling pathway that is likely to be independent of CSF2RB.

In vitro development of goat-sheep and goat-goat zona-free cloned embryos in different culture media

The gradual decline in the genetic diversity of farm animals has threatened their survival and risk of their extinction has increased many fold in the recent past. Endangered species could be rescued using interspecies embryo production. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of three different culture media on the development of Handmade cloned intraspecies (goat-goat) and interspecies (goat-sheep) embryo reconstructs. Research vitro cleave media (RVCL) yielded higher cleavage and morula-blastocyst development in intraspecies and interspecies nuclear transfer groups compared with G1.G2 and modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOFaaci). Cleavage frequency of intraspecies cloned embryos in RVCL, mSOFaaci, and G1.G2 did not differ significantly (87.12%, 82.45%, and 92.52%, respectively). However, the morula/blastocyst frequency in RVCL was greater in mSOFaaci and G1.G2 (51.18% vs. 38.28% vs. 36.50%, respectively). Cleavage and morula/blastocyst frequency in interspecies cloned embryos was greater in RVCL than in mSOFaaci and G1.G2 (76.14% and 42.3% vs. 65.9% and 38.3% vs. 58.56% and 33.1%, respectively). Goat oocytes were parthenogenetically activated and cultured in RVCL, mSOFaaci, and G1.G2 and kept as control. Cleavage and morula/blastocyst frequency in this group was greater in RVCL than in mSOFaaci and G1.G2 (89.66% and 65.26% vs. 85.44% and 48.05% vs. 86.58% and 42.06%, respectively). Conclusively, the results suggest that not only can the interspecies embryos of goat be produced using sheep oocytes as donor cytoplast but also the percentages can be improved by using RVCL media for culturing of the embryos.

Temporal changes in pregnancy-associated glycoproteins across different stages of gestation in the Barbari goat

The objective of this study was to characterize the temporal profile of pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs; isoforms 1-11) across different stages of gestation in the Barbari goat. Placentae were collected from local abattoir, classified according to crown rump length of the corresponding foetus into five groups (0-30, 31-60, 61-90, 91-120, and 121-150 days of gestation), and used for relative quantification of mRNA expression by Pfaffl method. In addition, adult female goats (pregnant, n = 7; non-pregnant, n = 5) were used to estimate weekly plasma PAG and progesterone (P4) concentrations. The relative mRNA expression of PAGs was greater (p<0.05) during 31-60 days of gestation, which correlated well with the temporal changes in plasma PAG concentrations. Relative expression of PAGs decreased steadily as gestation advanced with minimum expression observed just before parturition, except for PAG-4 and PAG-8 that showed constantly higher expression throughout pregnancy. Plasma PAG and P4 concentrations showed a distinct temporal pattern with a significant increase beginning at 2 weeks and return to basal levels by 20 weeks of gestation. However, PAG concentrations reached a peak earlier in gestation (8 weeks) than P4 (10-14 weeks). Correlation analysis indicated a strong positive association (r = 0.748, p<0.01) between plasma PAG and P4 concentrations. In conclusion, results of this study indicate a distinct temporal pattern of PAG expression and secretion during gestation in the Barbari goat. The temporal changes in PAGs and the positive association with P4 are suggestive of their role in maintenance of pregnancy and progressive foetal development.

Follicular-phase concentrations of progesterone, estradiol-17β, LH, FSH, and a PGF2α metabolite and daily clustering of prolactin pulses, based on hourly blood sampling and hourly detection of ovulation in heifers

Circulating concentrations of hormones were determined each hour in 13 heifers from the end of the luteolytic period to ovulation (follicular phase, 3.5 days). Diameter of the preovulatory follicle was determined every 8 hours, and the time of ovulation was determined hourly. The diameter of the preovulatory follicle decreased 0.8 ± 0.1 mm/h in heifers when there was 1 to 3 hours between the last two diameter measurements before ovulation. The concentration of progesterone (P4) after the end of the luteolytic period (P4 < 1 ng/mL) changed (P < 0.0001), as shown by a continued decrease until Hour -57 (Hour 0 = ovulation), then was maintained at approximately 0.2 ng/mL until 2 hours before the peak of the LH surge at Hour -26, and then a decrease to 0.1 ng/mL along with a decrease in estradiol-17β. Concentrations of LH gradually increased (P < 0.007) and concentrations of FSH gradually decreased (P < 0.0001) after the end of luteolysis until the beginning nadirs of the respective preovulatory surges. A cluster of prolactin (PRL) pulses occurred (P < 0.0001) each day with approximately 24 hours between the maximum value of successive clusters. Hourly concentrations of a PGF2α metabolite decreased (P < 0.007) until Hour -40, but did not differ among hours thereafter. Novel observations included the gradual increase in LH and decrease in FSH until the beginning of the preovulatory surges and follicle diameter decrease a few hours before ovulation. Results supported the following hypotheses: (1) change in the low circulating P4 concentrations during the follicular phase are temporally associated with change in LH concentrations; and (2) PRL pulses occur in a cluster each day during the follicular phase of the estrous cycle.

The use of supportive observations within an inpatient mental health unit for older people and dilemma of using the Mental Health Act (2007) or the Mental Capacity Act (2005) in England and Wales

In England and Wales the interface between the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) and Mental Health Act 2007 (MHA) is frequently encountered in mental health practice. In services involving older adults many service users will have cognitive impairment and dementias in some instances with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia and assessments regarding their mental capacity to make decisions are frequently required. Service users with these illnesses are admitted to psychiatric wards and occasionally nursed under 'close observations' in order to maintain their safety and that of others. The concepts of 'complete and effective control' which may be exercised by ward staff in these circumstances, and the resulting 'loss of autonomy under supervision and control' must be understood in consideration of whether a 'deprivation of liberty' should ensue, particularly when they do not have mental capacity to make decisions about the observations. The observation policy must clearly delineate the different forms of nursing observations possible e.g. close, constant, intermediate, general etc. to avoid confusion among staff members implementing the observation plan. Various dilemmas and management of such dilemmas concerning the use of MCA 2005, MHA 2007 and observation policies has been discussed in this paper. Nursing staff working in both psychiatric and acute hospitals need training in concepts of MCA 2005, MHA 2007 and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards.