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Rogier O, Chateigner A, Lesage-Descauses MC, Mandin C, Brunaud V, Caius J, Soubigou-Taconnat L, Almeida-Falcon J, Bastien C, Benoit V, Bodineau G, Boizot N, Buret C, Charpentier JP, Déjardin A, Delaunay A, Fichot R, Laine Prade V, Laurans F, Le Jan I, Legac AL, Maury S, Gebreselassie MN, Poursat P, Ridel C, Sanchez L, Jorge V, Segura V. RNAseq based variant dataset in a black poplar association panel. BMC Res Notes 2023; 16:248. [PMID: 37784104 PMCID: PMC10546633 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-023-06521-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Black poplar (Populus nigra L.) is a species native to Eurasia with a wide distribution area. It is an ecologically important species from riparian ecosystems, that is used as a parent of interspecific (P. deltoides x P. nigra) cultivated poplar hybrids. Variant detection from transcriptomics sequences of 241 P. nigra individuals, sampled in natural populations from 11 river catchments (in four European countries) is described here. These data provide new valuable resources for population structure analysis, population genomics and genome-wide association studies. DATA DESCRIPTION We generated transcriptomics data from a mixture of young differentiating xylem and cambium tissues of 480 Populus nigra trees sampled in a common garden experiment located at Orléans (France), corresponding to 241 genotypes (2 clonal replicates per genotype, at maximum) by using RNAseq technology. We launched on the resulting sequences an in-silico pipeline that allowed us to obtain 878,957 biallelic polymorphisms without missing data. More than 99% of these positions are annotated and 98.8% are located on the 19 chromosomes of the P. trichocarpa reference genome. The raw RNAseq sequences are available at the NCBI Sequence Read Archive SPR188754 and the variant dataset at the Recherche Data Gouv repository under https://doi.org/10.15454/8DQXK5 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Véronique Brunaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - José Caius
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Ludivine Soubigou-Taconnat
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, INRAE, Université Evry, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INRAE, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif sur Yvette, France
- Groupe d’Étude et de Contrôle des Variétés et des Semences (GEVES), Station Nationale d’Essais de Semences (SNES), 49071 Beaucouzé, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alain Delaunay
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE, EA1207 USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Régis Fichot
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE, EA1207 USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | | | | | - Isabelle Le Jan
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE, EA1207 USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Anne-Laure Legac
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE, EA1207 USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | - Stéphane Maury
- Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, INRAE, EA1207 USC1328, Université d’Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Vincent Segura
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA, 45075 Orléans, France
- UMR AGAP Institut, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Lapierre C, Sibout R, Laurans F, Lesage-Descauses MC, Déjardin A, Pilate G. p-Coumaroylation of poplar lignins impacts lignin structure and improves wood saccharification. Plant Physiol 2021; 187:1374-1386. [PMID: 34618081 PMCID: PMC8566233 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, referred to as saccharification, is severely hampered by lignins. Here, we analyzed transgenic poplars (Populus tremula × Populus alba) expressing the Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) p-coumaroyl-Coenzyme A monolignol transferase 1 (BdPMT1) gene driven by the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase (AtC4H) promoter in the wild-type (WT) line and in a line overexpressing the Arabidopsis Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase (AtF5H). BdPMT1 encodes a transferase which catalyzes the acylation of monolignols by p-coumaric acid (pCA). Several BdPMT1-OE/WT and BdPMT1-OE/AtF5H-OE lines were grown in the greenhouse, and BdPMT1 expression in xylem was confirmed by RT-PCR. Analyses of poplar stem cell walls (CWs) and of the corresponding purified dioxan lignins (DLs) revealed that BdPMT1-OE lignins were as p-coumaroylated as lignins from C3 grass straws. For some transformants, pCA levels reached 11 mg·g-1 CW and 66 mg·g-1 DL, exceeding levels in Brachypodium or wheat (Triticum aestivum) samples. This unprecedentedly high lignin p-coumaroylation affected neither poplar growth nor stem lignin content. Interestingly, p-coumaroylation of poplar lignins was not favored in BdPMT1-OE/AtF5H-OE transgenic lines despite their high frequency of syringyl units. However, lignins of all BdPMT1-OE lines were structurally modified, with an increase of terminal unit with free phenolic groups. Relative to controls, this increase argues for a reduced polymerization degree of BdPMT1-OE lignins and makes them more soluble in cold NaOH solution. The p-coumaroylation of poplar samples improved the saccharification yield of alkali-pretreated CW, demonstrating that the genetically driven p-coumaroylation of lignins is a promising strategy to make wood lignins more susceptible to alkaline treatments used during the industrial processing of lignocellulosics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gilles Pilate
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA, Orléans, France
- Author for communication:
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Montiel G, Gaudet M, Laurans F, Rozenberg P, Simon M, Gantet P, Jay-Allemand C, Breton C. Overexpression of MADS-box Gene AGAMOUS-LIKE 12 Activates Root Development in Juglans sp. and Arabidopsis thaliana. Plants (Basel) 2020; 9:plants9040444. [PMID: 32252382 PMCID: PMC7238194 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, the roles of plant MADS-box genes have mainly been characterized during inflorescence and flower differentiation. In order to precise the roles of AGAMOUS-LIKE 12, one of the few MADS-box genes preferentially expressed in roots, we placed its cDNA under the control of the double 35S CaMV promoter to produce transgenic walnut tree and Arabidopsis plants. In Juglans sp., transgenic somatic embryos showed significantly higher germination rates but abnormal development of their shoot apex prevented their conversion into plants. In addition, a wide range of developmental abnormalities corresponding to ectopic root-like structures affected the transgenic lines suggesting partial reorientations of the embryonic program toward root differentiation. In Arabidopsis, AtAGL12 overexpression lead to the production of faster growing plants presenting dramatically wider and shorter root phenotypes linked to increased meristematic cell numbers within the root apex. In the upper part of the roots, abnormal cell divisions patterns within the pericycle layer generated large ectopic cell masses that did not prevent plants to grow. Taken together, our results confirm in both species that AGL12 positively regulates root meristem cell division and promotes overall root vascular tissue formation. Genetic engineering of AGL12 expression levels could be useful to modulate root architecture and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Montiel
- INRAE Val de Loire–Orléans, UMR 0588 BioForA INRAE-ONF, 2163 avenue de la pomme de pin, CS 40001 Ardon, CEDEX 02, 45075 Orléans, France; (G.M.); (M.G.); (F.L.); (P.R.)
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Pathologie Végétales (EA 1157), 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 Nantes, France
| | - Muriel Gaudet
- INRAE Val de Loire–Orléans, UMR 0588 BioForA INRAE-ONF, 2163 avenue de la pomme de pin, CS 40001 Ardon, CEDEX 02, 45075 Orléans, France; (G.M.); (M.G.); (F.L.); (P.R.)
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), Via G. Marconi N. 2, 05010 Porano (TR), Italy
| | - Françoise Laurans
- INRAE Val de Loire–Orléans, UMR 0588 BioForA INRAE-ONF, 2163 avenue de la pomme de pin, CS 40001 Ardon, CEDEX 02, 45075 Orléans, France; (G.M.); (M.G.); (F.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Philippe Rozenberg
- INRAE Val de Loire–Orléans, UMR 0588 BioForA INRAE-ONF, 2163 avenue de la pomme de pin, CS 40001 Ardon, CEDEX 02, 45075 Orléans, France; (G.M.); (M.G.); (F.L.); (P.R.)
| | - Matthieu Simon
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE-AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Bâtiment 7, INRAE Centre de Versailles-Grignon, Route de St-Cyr, CEDEX, 78026 Versailles, France;
| | - Pascal Gantet
- Université de Montpellier, UMR DIADE, 911 avenue Agropolis, CEDEX 05, 34394 Montpellier, France;
| | - Christian Jay-Allemand
- Université de Montpellier, UMR IATE (UM, INRAE, CIRAD, SupAgro), CC024, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 05, 34095 Montpellier, France;
| | - Christian Breton
- INRAE Val de Loire–Orléans, UMR 0588 BioForA INRAE-ONF, 2163 avenue de la pomme de pin, CS 40001 Ardon, CEDEX 02, 45075 Orléans, France; (G.M.); (M.G.); (F.L.); (P.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-238-41-78-71
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Cuello C, Marchand P, Laurans F, Grand-Perret C, Lainé-Prade V, Pilate G, Déjardin A. ATR-FTIR Microspectroscopy Brings a Novel Insight Into the Study of Cell Wall Chemistry at the Cellular Level. Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:105. [PMID: 32153612 PMCID: PMC7047332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a complex tissue that fulfills three major functions in trees: water conduction, mechanical support and nutrient storage. In Angiosperm trees, vessels, fibers and parenchyma rays are respectively assigned to these functions. Cell wall composition and structure strongly varies according to cell type, developmental stages and environmental conditions. This complexity can therefore hinder the study of the molecular mechanisms of wood formation, underlying the construction of its properties. However, this can be circumvented thanks to the development of cell-specific approaches and microphenotyping. Here, we present a non-destructive microphenotyping method based on attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transformed infrared (ATR-FTIR) microspectroscopy. We applied this technique to three types of poplar wood: normal wood of staked trees (NW), tension and opposite wood of artificially tilted trees (TW, OW). TW is produced by angiosperm trees in response to mechanical strains and is characterized by the presence of G fibers, exhibiting a thick gelatinous extra-layer, named G-layer, located in place of the usual S2 and/or S3 layers. By contrast, OW located on the opposite side of the trunk is totally deprived of fibers with G-layers. We developed a workflow for hyperspectral image analysis with both automatic pixel clustering according to cell wall types and identification of differentially absorbed wavenumbers (DAWNs). As pixel clustering failed to assign pixels to ray S-layers with sufficient efficiency, the IR profiling and identification of DAWNs were restricted to fiber and vessel cell walls. As reported elsewhere, this workflow identified cellulose as the main component of the G-layers, while the amount in acetylated xylans and lignins were shown to be reduced. These results validate ATR-FTIR technique for in situ characterization of G layers. In addition, this study brought new information about IR profiling of S-layers in TW, OW and NW. While OW and NW exhibited similar profiles, TW fibers S-layers combined characteristics of TW G-layers and of regular fiber S-layers. Unexpectedly, vessel S-layers of the three kinds of wood showed significant differences in IR profiling. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR microspectroscopy offers new possibilities for studying cell wall composition at the cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Françoise Laurans
- INRAE, ONF, BioForA, Orléans, France
- INRAE, Phenobois, Orléans, France
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5
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Guiguet A, Ohshima I, Takeda S, Laurans F, Lopez-Vaamonde C, Giron D. Origin of gall-inducing from leaf-mining in Caloptilia micromoths (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:6794. [PMID: 31043653 PMCID: PMC6494848 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In insects, the gall-inducing life-style has evolved independently many times. Several evolutionary pathways leading to this lifestyle have been proposed. While there is compelling evidence supporting surface-feeders and stem-borers as ancestral states of insect gall-inducers, an evolutionary pathway from leaf-miners remains hypothetical. Here we explored this question by comparing the developmental processes of two micromoths, a gall-inducer Caloptilia cecidophora (Lep., Gracillariidae), and its non-gall-inducing relative C. ryukyuensis. Like other Caloptilia, the first and second instars of C. cecidophora are leaf-miners and the gall is initiated inside the leaf mine by the third instar, thus suggesting leaf-mining as an ancestral, plesiomorphic state in this case. This is the first example of an insect species switching from leaf-mining to gall-inducing during larval development. The first two leaf-mining instars of C. cecidophora exhibit an absence of growth and a reduced time duration compared to C. ryukyuensis. The shortening of the duration of leaf-mining stages is apparently compensated in C. cecidophora by a larger egg size than C. ryukyuensis, and an additional larval instar during the gall phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Guiguet
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France. .,Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Issei Ohshima
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeda
- Cell and Genome Biology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France.,INRA, UR0633 Zoologie Forestière, Orléans, France
| | - David Giron
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS/Université de Tours, UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
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Van Acker R, Déjardin A, Desmet S, Hoengenaert L, Vanholme R, Morreel K, Laurans F, Kim H, Santoro N, Foster C, Goeminne G, Légée F, Lapierre C, Pilate G, Ralph J, Boerjan W. Different Routes for Conifer- and Sinapaldehyde and Higher Saccharification upon Deficiency in the Dehydrogenase CAD1. Plant Physiol 2017; 175:1018-1039. [PMID: 28878036 PMCID: PMC5664467 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In the search for renewable energy sources, genetic engineering is a promising strategy to improve plant cell wall composition for biofuel and bioproducts generation. Lignin is a major factor determining saccharification efficiency and, therefore, is a prime target to engineer. Here, lignin content and composition were modified in poplar (Populus tremula × Populus alba) by specifically down-regulating CINNAMYL ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE1 (CAD1) by a hairpin-RNA-mediated silencing approach, which resulted in only 5% residual CAD1 transcript abundance. These transgenic lines showed no biomass penalty despite a 10% reduction in Klason lignin content and severe shifts in lignin composition. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and thioacidolysis revealed a strong increase (up to 20-fold) in sinapaldehyde incorporation into lignin, whereas coniferaldehyde was not increased markedly. Accordingly, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based phenolic profiling revealed a more than 24,000-fold accumulation of a newly identified compound made from 8-8 coupling of two sinapaldehyde radicals. However, no additional cinnamaldehyde coupling products could be detected in the CAD1-deficient poplars. Instead, the transgenic lines accumulated a range of hydroxycinnamate-derived metabolites, of which the most prominent accumulation (over 8,500-fold) was observed for a compound that was identified by purification and nuclear magnetic resonance as syringyl lactic acid hexoside. Our data suggest that, upon down-regulation of CAD1, coniferaldehyde is converted into ferulic acid and derivatives, whereas sinapaldehyde is either oxidatively coupled into S'(8-8)S' and lignin or converted to sinapic acid and derivatives. The most prominent sink of the increased flux to hydroxycinnamates is syringyl lactic acid hexoside. Furthermore, low-extent saccharification assays, under different pretreatment conditions, showed strongly increased glucose (up to +81%) and xylose (up to +153%) release, suggesting that down-regulating CAD1 is a promising strategy for improving lignocellulosic biomass for the sugar platform industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Van Acker
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sandrien Desmet
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lennart Hoengenaert
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kris Morreel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Hoon Kim
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-4084
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-4084
| | - Nicholas Santoro
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-4084
| | - Cliff Foster
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-4084
| | - Geert Goeminne
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Légée
- INRA/AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Science, Jean-Pierre Bourgin Institute, Versailles, France
| | - Catherine Lapierre
- INRA/AgroParisTech, UMR1318, Saclay Plant Science, Jean-Pierre Bourgin Institute, Versailles, France
| | | | - John Ralph
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Wisconsin Energy Institute, Madison, Wisconsin 53726-4084
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Guedes FTP, Laurans F, Quemener B, Assor C, Lainé-Prade V, Boizot N, Vigouroux J, Lesage-Descauses MC, Leplé JC, Déjardin A, Pilate G. Non-cellulosic polysaccharide distribution during G-layer formation in poplar tension wood fibers: abundance of rhamnogalacturonan I and arabinogalactan proteins but no evidence of xyloglucan. Planta 2017; 246:857-878. [PMID: 28699115 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2737-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
RG-I and AGP, but not XG, are associated to the building of the peculiar mechanical properties of tension wood. Hardwood trees produce tension wood (TW) with specific mechanical properties to cope with environmental cues. Poplar TW fibers have an additional cell wall layer, the G-layer responsible for TW mechanical properties. We investigated, in two poplar hybrid species, the molecules potentially involved in the building of TW mechanical properties. First, we evaluated the distribution of the different classes of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during xylem fiber differentiation, using immunolocalization. In parallel, G-layers were isolated and their polysaccharide composition determined. These complementary approaches provided information on the occurrence of non-cellulosic polysaccharides during G-fiber differentiation. We found no evidence of the presence of xyloglucan (XG) in poplar G-layers, whereas arabinogalactan proteins (AGP) and rhamnogalacturonan type I pectins (RG-I) were abundant, with an apparent progressive loss of RG-I side chains during G-layer maturation. Similarly, the intensity of immunolabeling signals specific for glucomannans and glucuronoxylans varies during G-layer maturation. RG-I and AGP are best candidate matrix components to be responsible for TW mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carole Assor
- BIA, INRA, 44316, Nantes, France
- IATE, INRA, 34060, Montpellier, France
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Guet J, Fichot R, Lédée C, Laurans F, Cochard H, Delzon S, Bastien C, Brignolas F. Stem xylem resistance to cavitation is related to xylem structure but not to growth and water-use efficiency at the within-population level in Populus nigra L. J Exp Bot 2015; 66:4643-52. [PMID: 25979998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylem resistance to drought-induced cavitation is a key trait of plant water relations. This study assesses the genetic variation expressed for stem cavitation resistance within a population of a riparian species, the European black poplar (Populus nigra L.), and explores its relationships with xylem anatomy, water-use efficiency (WUE), and growth. Sixteen structural and physiological traits related to cavitation resistance, xylem anatomy, growth, bud phenology, and WUE were measured on 33 P. nigra genotypes grown under optimal irrigation in a 2-year-old clonal experiment in a nursery. Significant genetic variation was expressed for the xylem tension inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductivity (Ψ50) within the studied population, as attested by the high value of broad-sense heritability estimated for this trait (H (2) ind = 0.72). Stem cavitation resistance was associated with xylem structure: the more cavitation-resistant genotypes exhibited lower hydraulic efficiency and higher mechanical reinforcement as assessed from stem xylem cross sections. By contrast, Ψ50 was not significantly related to shoot height increment, total above-ground dry mass, or bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, a proxy for intrinsic WUE. These findings indicate that the trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation, hydraulic efficiency, and mechanical reinforcement can occur at the within-population level. Given that the studied genotypes were exposed to the same environmental conditions and evolutionary drivers in situ, the trade-offs detected at this scale are expected to reflect true functional relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Guet
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Régis Fichot
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France
| | - Camille Lédée
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Françoise Laurans
- INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Cochard
- INRA, Université Blaise Pascal, UMR 547 PIAF, F-63100 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvain Delzon
- INRA, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 1202 BIOGECO, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Catherine Bastien
- INRA, UR 0588 'Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières' (AGPF), Centre de Recherche Val de Loire, CS 40001 Ardon, F-45075 Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Franck Brignolas
- Université d'Orléans, INRA, EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, F-45067 Orléans France
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Baldacci-Cresp F, Moussawi J, Leplé JC, Van Acker R, Kohler A, Candiracci J, Twyffels L, Spokevicius AV, Bossinger G, Laurans F, Brunel N, Vermeersch M, Boerjan W, El Jaziri M, Baucher M. PtaRHE1, a Populus tremula × Populus alba RING-H2 protein of the ATL family, has a regulatory role in secondary phloem fibre development. Plant J 2015; 82:978-990. [PMID: 25912812 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
REALLY INTERESTING NEW GENE (RING) proteins play important roles in the regulation of many processes by recognizing target proteins for ubiquitination. Previously, we have shown that the expression of PtaRHE1, encoding a Populus tremula × Populus alba RING-H2 protein with E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, is associated with tissues undergoing secondary growth. To further elucidate the role of PtaRHE1 in vascular tissues, we have undertaken a reverse genetic analysis in poplar. Within stem secondary vascular tissues, PtaRHE1 and its corresponding protein are expressed predominantly in the phloem. The downregulation of PtaRHE1 in poplar by artificial miRNA triggers alterations in phloem fibre patterning, characterized by an increased portion of secondary phloem fibres that have a reduced cell wall thickness and a change in lignin composition, with lower levels of syringyl units as compared with wild-type plants. Following an RNA-seq analysis, a biological network involving hormone stress signalling, as well as developmental processes, could be delineated. Several candidate genes possibly associated with the altered phloem fibre phenotype observed in amiRPtaRHE1 poplar were identified. Altogether, our data suggest a regulatory role for PtaRHE1 in secondary phloem fibre development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Baldacci-Cresp
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jihad Moussawi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Jean-Charles Leplé
- Unité de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Physiologie Forestières (UR0588), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 45075, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Rebecca Van Acker
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annegret Kohler
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA, 54280, Champenoux, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 1136, Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, Lorraine University, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Julie Candiracci
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Laure Twyffels
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Antanas V Spokevicius
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic., 3363, Australia
| | - Gerd Bossinger
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Water Street, Creswick, Vic., 3363, Australia
| | - Françoise Laurans
- Unité de Recherche Amélioration Génétique et Physiologie Forestières (UR0588), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 45075, Orléans Cedex 02, France
| | - Nicole Brunel
- UMR A547 PIAF, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 10448, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- UMR A547 PIAF, INRA, 63100, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging-CMMI, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 6041, Gosselies, Belgium
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Dardeau F, Pointeau S, Ameline A, Laurans F, Cherqui A, Lieutier F, Sallé A. Host manipulation by a herbivore optimizes its feeding behaviour. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Abstract
The lignification process in poplar tension wood lignified cell wall layers, specifically the S(1) and S(2) layers and the compound middle lamella (CML), was analysed using ultraviolet (UV) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Variations in the thickness of the gelatinous layer (G-layer) were also measured to clarify whether the lignified cell wall layers had completed their lignification before the deposition of G-layers, or, on the contrary, if lignification of these layers was still active during G-layer formation. Observations using UV microscopy and TEM indicated that both UV absorbance and the degree of potassium permanganate staining increased in the CML and S(1) and S(2) layers during G-layer formation, suggesting that the lignification of these lignified layers is still in progress during G-layer formation. In the context of the cell-autonomous monolignol synthesis hypothesis, our observations suggest that monolignols must go through the developing G-layer during the lignification of CML and the S(1) and S(2) layers. The alternative hypothesis of external synthesis (in the rays) does not require that monolignols go through the G-layer before being deposited in the CML, or the S(1) and S(2) layers. Interestingly, the previous observation of lignin in the poplar G-layer was not confirmed with the microscopy techniques used in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Yoshinaga
- Laboratory of Tree Cell Biology, Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan.
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12
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Pointeau S, Ameline A, Laurans F, Sallé A, Rahbé Y, Bankhead-Dronnet S, Lieutier F. Exceptional plant penetration and feeding upon cortical parenchyma cells by the woolly poplar aphid. J Insect Physiol 2012; 58:857-66. [PMID: 22440739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2012.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Forty percent of aphids live wholly or partly on trees, most species being associated with leaves or petioles. Species able to exploit woody parts have either specific adaptations, such as extra long stylets that allow them to reach the phloem, or the ability to induce galls. The woolly poplar aphid, Phloeomyzus passerinii (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), colonizes the trunks and base of the lower branches of mature poplars and causes cortical necrosis leading to the death of trees where infestation is heavy. Very little is known about the mode of feeding of P. passerinii. This study looked at the feeding behavior of P. passerinii on stem-cuttings of Populus x canadensis Moench using: (i) histological analyses of the feeding site and stylet pathway and (ii) electrical penetration graphs (EPG, DC) based on parthenogenetic apterous females on woody tissues. The histological and EPG results showed that stylets of P. passerinii penetrated into the plant tissues following a straight unbranched extracellular and intracellular pathway to reach the cortical parenchyma. Compared to EPGs for phloem sap feeding aphids, there were differences in the waveforms A and C whereas a new waveform Icp was described. Based on histological analyses and previous descriptions of EPG waveforms, correlations with the stylet tip position and aphid activities within bark tissues are discussed. A pathway and a sustained intracellular phase were distinguished, both occurring in the cortical parenchyma cells. The bark aphid feeding mode is discussed in relation to the damage caused and in terms of changes in the aphid's diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Pointeau
- UPRES EA 1207, Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, Université d'Orléans, Rue de Chartres, BP 6759, FR-45067 Orléans Cedex, France.
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13
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Guedes F, Takeuchi M, Laurans F, Pilate G. Toward identifying molecules responsible for the peculiar properties of the G-layer in tension wood fibres. BMC Proc 2011. [PMCID: PMC3239966 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-5-s7-p121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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14
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Fichot R, Barigah TS, Chamaillard S, LE Thiec D, Laurans F, Cochard H, Brignolas F. Common trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation and other physiological traits do not hold among unrelated Populus deltoides x Populus nigra hybrids. Plant Cell Environ 2010; 33:1553-68. [PMID: 20444213 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2010.02164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We examined the relationships between xylem resistance to cavitation and 16 structural and functional traits across eight unrelated Populus deltoides x Populus nigra genotypes grown under two contrasting water regimes. The xylem water potential inducing 50% loss of hydraulic conductance (Psi(50)) varied from -1.60 to -2.40 MPa. Drought-acclimated trees displayed a safer xylem, although the extent of the response was largely genotype dependent, with Psi(50) being decreased by as far as 0.60 MPa. At the tissue level, there was no clear relationship between xylem safety and either xylem water transport efficiency or xylem biomechanics; the only structural trait to be strongly associated with Psi(50) was the double vessel wall thickness, genotypes exhibiting a thicker double wall being more resistant. At the leaf level, increased cavitation resistance was associated with decreased stomatal conductance, while no relationship could be identified with traits associated with carbon uptake or bulk leaf carbon isotope discrimination, a surrogate of intrinsic water-use efficiency. At the whole-plant level, increased safety was associated with higher shoot growth potential under well-irrigated regime only. We conclude that common trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation and other physiological traits that are observed across species may not necessarily hold true at narrower scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Fichot
- Université d'Orléans, UFR-Faculté des Sciences, UPRES EA 1207 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures, BP 6759, France
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15
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Fichot R, Laurans F, Monclus R, Moreau A, Pilate G, Brignolas F. Xylem anatomy correlates with gas exchange, water-use efficiency and growth performance under contrasting water regimes: evidence from Populus deltoides x Populus nigra hybrids. Tree Physiol 2009; 29:1537-49. [PMID: 19825869 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpp087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Six Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. x P. nigra L. genotypes were selected to investigate whether stem xylem anatomy correlated with gas exchange rates, water-use efficiency (WUE) and growth performance. Clonal copies of the genotypes were grown in a two-plot common garden test under contrasting water regimes, with one plot maintained irrigated and the other one subjected to moderate summer water deficit. The six genotypes displayed a large range of xylem anatomy, mean vessel and fibre diameter varying from about 40 to 60 microm and from 7.5 to 10.5 microm, respectively. Decreased water availability resulted in a reduced cell size and an important rise in vessel density, but the extent of xylem plasticity was both genotype and trait dependent. Vessel diameter and theoretical xylem-specific hydraulic conductivity correlated positively with stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and growth performance-related traits and negatively with intrinsic WUE, especially under water deficit conditions. Vessel diameter and vessel density measured under water deficit conditions correlated with the relative losses in biomass production in response to water deprivation; this resulted from the fact that a more plastic xylem structure was generally accompanied by a larger loss in biomass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis Fichot
- Université d'Orléans, UFR-Faculté des Sciences, UPRES EA 1207 Laboratoire de Biologie des Ligneux et des Grandes Cultures (LBLGC), Orléans, France
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16
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Decou R, Lhernould S, Laurans F, Sulpice E, Leplé JC, Déjardin A, Pilate G, Costa G. Cloning and expression analysis of a wood-associated xylosidase gene (PtaBXL1) in poplar tension wood. Phytochemistry 2009; 70:163-72. [PMID: 19162284 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2008] [Revised: 12/15/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In stems of woody angiosperms responding to mechanical stress, imposed for instance by tilting the stem or formation of a branch, tension wood (TW) forms above the affected part, while anatomically distinct opposite wood (OW) forms below it. In poplar TW the S3 layer of the secondary walls is substituted by a "gelatinous layer" that is almost entirely composed of cellulose and has much lower hemicellulose contents than unstressed wood. However, changes in xylan contents (the predominant hemicelluloses), their interactions with other wall components and the mechanisms involved in TW formation have been little studied. Therefore, in the study reported here we determined the structure and distribution of xylans, cloned the genes encoding the xylan remodeling enzymes beta-xylosidases (PtaBXLi), and examined their expression patterns during tension wood, normal wood and opposite wood xylogenesis in poplar. We confirm that poplar wood xylans are substituted solely by 4-O-methylglucuronic acid in both TW and OW. However, although glucuronoxylans are strongly represented in both primary and secondary layers of OW, no 4-O-methylGlcA xylan was found in G-layers of TW. Four full-length BXL cDNAs encoding putative beta-xylosidases were cloned. One, PtaBXL1, for which xylosidase activity was confirmed by heterologous expression in Escherichia coli, exhibited a wood-specific expression pattern in TW. In conclusion, xylan as PtaBXL1, encoding beta4-xylosidase activity, are down-regulated in TW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Decou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Groupe de Glycobiologie Forestière, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, 87060 Limoges, Cédex, France
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17
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Abstract
Wood is a complex and highly variable tissue, the formation of which is developmentally and environmentally regulated. In reaction to gravitropic stimuli, angiosperm trees differentiate tension wood, a wood with specific anatomical, chemical and mechanical features. In poplar the most significant of these features is an additional layer that forms in the secondary wall of tension wood fibres. This layer is mainly constituted of cellulose microfibrils oriented nearly parallel to the fibre axis. Tension wood formation can be induced easily and strongly by bending the stem of a tree. Located at the upper side of the bent stem, tension wood can be compared with the wood located on its lower side. Therefore tension wood represents an excellent model for studying the formation of xylem cell walls. This review summarizes results recently obtained in the field of genomics on tension wood. In addition, we present an example of how the application of functional genomics to tension wood can help decipher the molecular mechanisms responsible for cell wall characteristics such as the orientation of cellulose microfibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Pilate
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45166 Olivet Cédex, France
| | - Annabelle Déjardin
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45166 Olivet Cédex, France
| | - Françoise Laurans
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45166 Olivet Cédex, France
| | - Jean-Charles Leplé
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45166 Olivet Cédex, France
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18
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Lafarguette F, Leplé JC, Déjardin A, Laurans F, Costa G, Lesage-Descauses MC, Pilate G. Poplar genes encoding fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins are highly expressed in tension wood. New Phytol 2004; 164:107-121. [PMID: 33873473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
• Fifteen poplar cDNA encoding fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins (PopFLAs) were finely characterized, whereas the presence of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) was globally assessed during wood formation. • PopFLAs transcript accumulation was analysed through EST distribution in cDNA libraries, semi-quantitative RT-PCR, microarray experiment and Northern blot analysis. Similarly, AGPs contents were globally quantified by rocket electrophoresis. AGPs accumulation was further examined by Western blotting and immunocytolocalization. • Ten PopFLAs were specifically expressed in tension wood (TW) and not expressed in the cambial zone. Rocket electrophoresis revealed important AGPs accumulation in TW xylem. An anti-AGPs specific antibody recognized two proteins preferentially present in the cell wall-bound fraction from TW. Immunocytochemistry revealed a strong labelling close to the inner part of the G-layer of TW fibres. • PopFLAs are expressed in xylem and many are up-regulated in TW. It is suggested that some PopFLAs accumulating at the inner side of the G-layer may have a specific function in the building of this layer. PopFLAs expression may therefore be linked to the specific mechanical properties of TW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lafarguette
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45 166 Olivet Cedex, France
- Present address: Forest Biology Research Center, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada, G1K 7P4
| | - Jean-Charles Leplé
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45 166 Olivet Cedex, France
| | - Annabelle Déjardin
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45 166 Olivet Cedex, France
| | - Françoise Laurans
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45 166 Olivet Cedex, France
| | - Guy Costa
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Groupe de Glycobiologie Forestière, 123, Avenue Albert Thomas, F-87 060 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Claude Lesage-Descauses
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45 166 Olivet Cedex, France
| | - Gilles Pilate
- Equipe 'Formation des Parois Lignifiées', Unité Amélioration, Génétique et Physiologie Forestières, INRA Orléans, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, F-45 166 Olivet Cedex, France
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Abstract
Hardwood trees are able to reorient their axes owing to tension wood differentiation. Tension wood is characterised by important ultrastructural modifications, such as the occurrence in a number of species, of an extra secondary wall layer, named gelatinous layer or G-layer, mainly constituted of cellulose microfibrils oriented nearly parallel to the fibre axis. This G-layer appears directly involved in the definition of tension wood mechanical properties. This review gathers the data available in the literature about lignification during tension wood formation. Potential roles for lignin in tension wood formation are inferred from biochemical, anatomical and mechanical studies, from the hypotheses proposed to describe tension wood function and from data coming from new research areas such as functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Pilate
- Unité INRA Orléans, av de la Pomme-de-Pin, BP 20 619 Ardon, 45166 Olivet cedex, France.
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Clergeot PH, Gourgues M, Cots J, Laurans F, Latorse MP, Pepin R, Tharreau D, Notteghem JL, Lebrun MH. PLS1, a gene encoding a tetraspanin-like protein, is required for penetration of rice leaf by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe grisea. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:6963-8. [PMID: 11391010 PMCID: PMC34461 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.111132998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe in this study punchless, a nonpathogenic mutant from the rice blast fungus M. grisea, obtained by plasmid-mediated insertional mutagenesis. As do most fungal plant pathogens, M. grisea differentiates an infection structure specialized for host penetration called the appressorium. We show that punchless differentiates appressoria that fail to breach either the leaf epidermis or artificial membranes such as cellophane. Cytological analysis of punchless appressoria shows that they have a cellular structure, turgor, and glycogen content similar to those of wild type before penetration, but that they are unable to differentiate penetration pegs. The inactivated gene, PLS1, encodes a putative integral membrane protein of 225 aa (Pls1p). A functional Pls1p-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was detected only in appressoria and was localized in plasma membranes and vacuoles. Pls1p is structurally related to the tetraspanin family. In animals, these proteins are components of membrane signaling complexes controlling cell differentiation, motility, and adhesion. We conclude that PLS1 controls an appressorial function essential for the penetration of the fungus into host leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Clergeot
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique-Aventis 1932 Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale and Recherche Fongicides, Aventis CropScience, Lyon F69009, France
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Laurans F, Pepin R, Gay G. Fungal auxin overproduction affects the anatomy of Hebeloma cylindrosporum-Pinus pinaster ectomycorrhizas. Tree Physiol 2001; 21:533-540. [PMID: 11359711 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/21.8.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We studied the effect of fungal auxin overproduction on the growth polarity of cortical cells in pine mycorrhizas by comparing the anatomy of Pinus pinaster (Ait.) Sol. mycorrhizas formed by an IAA-overproducing mutant of Hebeloma cylindrosporum Romagnesi or by the corresponding wild type with non-mycorrhizal short roots. Both wild- type and mutant strains induced an increase in root diameter that was mostly a result of the influence of the fungus on root cortical development. Both strains affected growth polarity of P. pinaster cortical cells and induced a change in their shape. The main modifications were a large reduction in axial diameter and an increase in the radial diameter of the cortical cells. The modifications were more marked with the mutant than with the wild type. The mutant induced a 43% reduction in cortical cell elongation and a 35% increase in radial diameter, whereas the corresponding changes induced by the wild type were 30 and 10%, respectively. The volume of cortical cells in mature mycorrhizas was generally lower than in uninoculated short roots indicating that wild-type and mutant strains induced a reorientation of cortical cell growth but did not induce an increase in turgor pressure of the cells. Immunolocalization allowed visualization of alpha-tubulin in root cortical cells, but no obvious modification in alpha-tubulin distribution was detected as a consequence of symbiosis establishment. Likewise, cytochemical localization of polysaccharides in cortical cell walls did not show significant modification following symbiosis establishment and Hartig net formation. The only noticeable modification was a reduction in cortical cell wall thickness in mycorrhizas compared with uninoculated short roots. The possible involvement of fungal auxin in the observed modifications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Laurans
- Université Claude-Bernard Lyon 1, UMR CNRS 5557, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne (Bât. 405), 43 Boulevard du 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Abstract
ABSTRACT The course of the infection and development of the biotrophic fungus Melampsora larici-populina on leaf tissue from the hybrid poplar Populus deltoides x P. nigra 'Ogy' was monitored at the histological level. Leaf disks were inoculated with one of two rust physiological races (E1 and E2), resulting in interactions that were either incompatible (race E1) or compatible (race E2). In the compatible interaction, the fungus rapidly colonized the leaf without inducing any apparent host response. Symptoms appeared on the leaf several days after inoculation just prior to spore dissemination. The incompatible interaction was characterized by the early collapse and disorganization of cytoplasm of infected cells 17 h after inoculation and within 2 h after the appearance of the first haustoria. Resistance to M. larici-populina was mediated through a hypersensitive response, since it was extremely localized and involved only the few cells that were in the immediate vicinity of each infected cell.
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