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Rechberger MV, Roberti D, Phillips A, Zehetner F, Keiblinger KM, Kandeler E, Gerzabek MH. Cadmium retention and microbial response in volcanic soils along gradients of soil age and climate on the Galápagos Islands. J Environ Qual 2021; 50:1233-1245. [PMID: 34350988 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The behavior of trace metals may vary strongly in the course of volcanic soil development. Cadmium retention in soils is specifically important for some Galápagos islands where agriculture is leading to anthropogenic Cd contamination. To assess the influence of soil development factors on soil Cd retention and toxicity, we performed Cd sorption-desorption experiments with volcanic topsoils from the Galápagos Islands sampled along gradients of (a) substrate age (chronosequence, 1.5-1,070 ka) and (b) climate (elevation sequence, 47-866 m asl) ranging from arid lowland areas to humid highland areas. Additionally, the effects of Cd toxicity on the soil microbial community composition were evaluated for two soils of the chronosequence. In young volcanic soils, the sorption capacity was very high but decreased rapidly with soil age and increasing elevation. These trends were coupled with decreases in soil weathering indicators (e.g., electrical conductivity, pH, and effective cation exchange capacity) as well as changes in soil mineralogy. Cadmium addition did not influence total phospholipid fatty acids and basal respiration in most soils. However, with increasing Cd concentration, a pronounced reduction in the Gram-negative/Gram-positive bacteria ratio (from 0.32 to 0.12) occurred in an old, highly weathered soil with low Cd retention capacity. Our results show that up to 60% of added Cd was only weakly sorbed in old volcanic soils. As a consequence, the old volcanic soils of Galápagos bear the potential risk that the mobile Cd fraction is taken up by soil microorganisms, transferring this element into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Rechberger
- Institute of Soil Research, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Daniela Roberti
- Institute of Soil Research, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Avion Phillips
- Institute of Soil Research, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Univ. of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, Vienna, 1190, Austria
- Galápagos National Park Directorate, Av. Charles Darwin s/n, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Katharina M Keiblinger
- Institute of Soil Research, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Ellen Kandeler
- Institute of Soil Science and Land Evaluation, Univ. of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 27, Stuttgart, 70599, Germany
| | - Martin H Gerzabek
- Institute of Soil Research, Univ. of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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Dinter TC, Gerzabek MH, Puschenreiter M, Strobel BW, Couenberg PM, Zehetner F. Heavy metal contents, mobility and origin in agricultural topsoils of the Galápagos Islands. Chemosphere 2021; 272:129821. [PMID: 35534959 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While the Galápagos Islands have been renowned for their unique flora and fauna since the time of Charles Darwin, the soils of the isolated island chain have been mostly overlooked and little information on their heavy metal contents is available. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the total heavy metal (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, U, Zn) contents of soils from the agricultural areas on islands Isabela, Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal, and identify trends with duration of exposure to weathering processes. Additionally, the mobility of these elements was assessed using ammonium nitrate extraction. In general, levels of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn were high compared to other world locations, while Pb levels were low and U levels were similar. Ni, Co, Cr, and to a lesser extent Pb and U tended to accumulate with increasing weathering duration. Soil concentrations of Cd, Zn, Cu, and possibly Pb and U, may have been influenced by use of agrochemicals, particularly on Santa Cruz Island. Mobility of Cd displayed an increasing trend with soil age, while Ni mobility decreased. Many soils had total contents of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn above threshold values indicating possible ecological or health risks. Systematic examination of trace element contents in soils from pristine national park areas would further assist in the delineation of background levels and the development of soil quality standards to ensure crop quality, animal and human health on this unique island chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara C Dinter
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin H Gerzabek
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Puschenreiter
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bjarne W Strobel
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paulina M Couenberg
- Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos, Ecuador
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria; Galápagos National Park Directorate, Galápagos, Ecuador.
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Yeh T, Krennmayr K, Liao C, Ejarque E, Schomakers J, Huang J, Zehetner F, Hein T. Effects of terrigenous organic substrates and additional phosphorus on bacterioplankton metabolism and exoenzyme stoichiometry. Freshw Biol 2020; 65:1973-1988. [PMID: 33288968 PMCID: PMC7689783 DOI: 10.1111/fwb.13593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo, as a pioneer vegetation, often forms forests on bare lands after catastrophic landslides. Compared to evergreen forest soil, bamboo forest soil is much more labile, with a higher percentage of microbially derived organic carbon (OC), lower molecular weight, and lower humic acid content. We hypothesised that different terrigenous organic matter (tOM) sources with varying lability and phosphorus (P) availability select for bacterioplankton with distinct metabolic pathways.We incubated natural bacterioplankton assemblages with tOM leached from bamboo forest soil (BOM) and evergreen forest soil (EOM) and compared these to a lake water control. To test if microbial metabolism would be limited by OC or P availability of each tOM treatment, we used acetate as an extra labile OC source and phosphate as an inorganic P source. Bacterial metabolism was measured by analysing respiration via O2 consumption and production via tritiated thymidine (TdR) assimilation.Bacterioplankton metabolism is limited by the availability of P in BOM substrates. When using BOM, bacteria had higher enzymatic activities for phosphatase. The nutrients required for bacterial biomass seemed to be derived from organic matter. Under BOM treatment, bacterial production (BP) (0.92 ± 0.13 μg C L-1 hr-1) and cell specific TdR assimilation rates (0.015 ± 0.002 10-18 M TdR cell-1 hr-1) were low. Adding P enhanced BP (BOM+P 1.52 ± 0.31 and BOM+C+P 2.25 ± 0.37 μg C L-1 hr-1) while acetate addition had no significant effect on BOM treatment.This indicated that the bacteria switched to using added inorganic P to respire a P-limited BOM substrate, which increased total BP and abundance, resulting in even more active respiration and lower growth efficiency. We also found higher activities for chitin-degrading enzyme β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, which is associated with N mining from aminosaccharides.Microbes using EOM, however, did not change metabolic strategies with additional acetate or/and inorganic P. This is due to higher concentrations of organic P in EOM substrates and the presence of inorganic N in the EOM leachates an alternative nutrient source. Bacteria produced β-glucosidase and leucyl-aminopeptidase in order to utilise the humic substances, which sustained greater bacterial abundance, higher BP (2.64 ± 0.39 μg C L-1 hr-1), and lower cell-specific respiration. This yielded a much higher bacterial growth efficiency (15 ± 9.2%) than the lake water control.Our study demonstrated the aquatic metabolic discrepancy between tOM of different forest types. Bacterioplankton in BOM and EOM exhibit distinct metabolic responses. Bacterial metabolic strategy when using BOM implied that the supposedly stabilised biomass OM might be efficiently used by aquatic bacterioplankton. As the labile and nutrient-deficient BOM is more susceptible to the influence of additional nutrients, fertiliser residues in bamboo forest catchments might have a stronger effect on aquatic bacterial metabolic pathways. Thus, it is important to take tOM differences into consideration when building models to estimate soil carbon turnover rates along a terrestrial-aquatic continuum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz‐Ching Yeh
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- WasserCluster Lunz (WCL) Biological StationLunz am SeeAustria
| | - Kathrin Krennmayr
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Chien‐Sen Liao
- Department of Civil and Ecological EngineeringI‐Shou UniversityKaohsiungTaiwan
| | | | - Jasmin Schomakers
- Institute of Soil ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Jr‐Chuan Huang
- Department of GeographyNational Taiwan University (NTU)TaipeiTaiwan
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil ResearchUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Hein
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem ManagementUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU)ViennaAustria
- WasserCluster Lunz (WCL) Biological StationLunz am SeeAustria
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Schneider M, Keiblinger KM, Paumann M, Soja G, Mentler A, Golestani-Fard A, Retzmann A, Prohaska T, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Wenzel W, Zehetner F. Fungicide application increased copper-bioavailability and impaired nitrogen fixation through reduced root nodule formation on alfalfa. Ecotoxicology 2019; 28:599-611. [PMID: 31140046 PMCID: PMC6647429 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-019-02047-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based fungicides have been used for a long time in viticulture and have accumulated in many vineyard soils. In this study, incrementing Cu(OH)2-based fungicide application from 0.05 to 5 g Cu kg-1 on two agricultural soils (an acidic sandy loam (L, pH 4.95) and an alkaline silt loam (D, pH 7.45)) resulted in 5 times more mobile Cu in the acidic soil. The most sensitive parameters of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) growing in these soils were the root nodule number, decreasing to 34% and 15% of the control at 0.1 g Cu kg-1 in soil L and at 1.5 g Cu kg-1 in soil D, respectively, as well as the nodule biomass, decreasing to 25% and 27% at 0.5 g Cu kg-1 in soil L and at 1.5 g Cu kg-1 in soil D, respectively. However, the enzymatic N2-fixation was not directly affected by Cu in spite of the presence of Cu in the meristem and the zone of effective N2-fixation, as illustrated by chemical imaging. The strongly different responses observed in the two tested soils reflect the higher buffering capacity of the alkaline silt loam and showed that Cu mitigation and remediation strategies should especially target vineyards with acidic, sandy soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schneider
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
- Division of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria.
- Institut für Bodenforschung, Schwackhöfer Haus, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Wien, Austria.
| | - Katharina M Keiblinger
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Paumann
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alireza Golestani-Fard
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Anika Retzmann
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln an der Donau, Austria
| | - Thomas Prohaska
- Chair of General and Analytical Chemistry, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz-Josef-Straße 18, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Walter Wenzel
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Schomakers J, Jien SH, Lee TY, Huang JC, Hseu ZY, Lin ZL, Lee LC, Hein T, Mentler A, Zehetner F. Soil and biomass carbon re-accumulation after landslide disturbances. Geomorphology (Amst) 2019; 288:164-174. [PMID: 31293283 PMCID: PMC6616031 DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In high-standing islands of the Western Pacific, typhoon-triggered landslides occasionally strip parts of the landscape of its vegetative cover and soil layer and export large amounts of biomass and soil organic carbon (OC) from land to the ocean. After such disturbances, new vegetation colonizes the landslide scars and OC starts to reaccumulate. In the subtropical mountains of Taiwan and in other parts of the world, bamboo (Bambusoideae) species may invade at a certain point in the succession of recovering landslide scars. Bamboo has a high potential for carbon sequestration because of its fast growth and dense rooting system. However, it is still largely unknown how these properties translate into soil OC re-accumulation rates after landslide disturbance. In this study, a chronosequence was established on four former landslide scars in the Central Mountain Range of Taiwan, ranging in age from 6 to 41 years post disturbance as determined by landslide mapping from remote sensing. The younger landslide scars were colonized by Miscanthus floridulus, while after approx. 15 to 20 years of succession, bamboo species (Phyllostachys) were dominating. Biomass and soil OC stocks were measured on the recovering landslide scars and compared to an undisturbed Cryptomeria japonica forest stand in the area. After initially slow re-vegetation, biomass carbon accumulated in Miscanthus stands with mean annual accretion rates of 2 ± 0.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. Biomass carbon continued to increase after bamboo invasion and reached ~40% of that in the reference forest site after 41 years of landslide recovery. Soil OC accumulation rates were ~2.0 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, 6 to 41 years post disturbance reaching ~64% of the level in the reference forest. Our results from this in-situ study suggest that recovering landslide scars are strong carbon sinks once an initial lag period of vegetation re-establishment is overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schomakers
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shih-Hao Jien
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Zeng-Yei Hseu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Zan Liang Lin
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Pingtung
University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Thomas Hein
- Department of Water – Atmosphere - Environment, Institute of
Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and
Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria & WasserCluster Lunz, Lunz am See,
Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Department of Forest and Soil Science, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Duboc O, Robbe A, Santner J, Folegnani G, Gallais P, Lecanuet C, Zehetner F, Nagl P, Wenzel WW. Silicon Availability from Chemically Diverse Fertilizers and Secondary Raw Materials. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:5359-5368. [PMID: 30994336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crops may require Si fertilization to sustain yields. Potential Si fertilizers include industrial byproducts (e.g., steel slags), mined minerals (CaSiO3), fused Ca-Mg-phosphates, biochar, ash, diatomaceous earth, and municipal sewage sludge. To date, no extraction method was shown to accurately predict plant availability of Si from such chemically diverse Si fertilizers. We tested a wide range of products in greenhouse experiments and related the plant Si content to Si extracted by several common Si fertilizer tests: 5-day extraction in Na2CO3-NH4NO3, 0.5 mol L-1 HCl, and Resin extraction. In addition, we tested a novel sink extraction approach for Si(OH)40 that utilizes a dialysis membrane filled with ferrihydrite ("Iron Bag"). Wheat straw biochars and ash exhibited equivalent or marginally higher Si solubility and availability compared to wheat straw. Thermo-chemically treated municipal sewage sludge, as well as diatomaceous earth, did not release substantial amounts of Si. The Resin and the Iron Bag extraction methods gave the best results to predict plant availability of Si. These methods better reproduce the conditions of fertilizer dissolution in soil and around the root by (1) buffering the pH close to neutral and (2) extracting the dissolved Si(OH)40 with ferrihydrite (Iron Bag method) for maximum quantitative extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duboc
- Institute of Soil Research , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Anja Robbe
- Institute of Soil Research , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Jakob Santner
- Division of Agronomy , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Giulia Folegnani
- Institute of Soil Research , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Perrine Gallais
- Institute of Soil Research , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Camille Lecanuet
- Institute of Soil Research , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Peter Jordan Straße 82 , 1190 Vienna , Austria
| | - Peter Nagl
- Department of Lithospheric Research , University of Vienna , Althanstraße 14 (UZA II) , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| | - Walter W Wenzel
- Institute of Soil Research , University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences , Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24 , 3430 Tulln , Austria
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Shih YT, Chen PH, Lee LC, Liao CS, Jien SH, Shiah FK, Lee TY, Hein T, Zehetner F, Chang CT, Huang JC. Dynamic responses of DOC and DIC transport to different flow regimes in a subtropical small mountainous river. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 2019; 22:6579-6590. [PMID: 31105411 PMCID: PMC6522373 DOI: 10.5194/hess-22-6579-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Transport of riverine dissolved carbon (including DOC and DIC) is a crucial process linking terrestrial and aquatic C reservoirs, but has rarely been examined in subtropical small mountainous rivers (SMRs). This study monitored DOC and DIC concentrations on a biweekly basis during non-event flow periods and at 3 h intervals during two typhoon events in three SMRs in southwestern Taiwan between January 2014 and August 2016. Two models, HBV (the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning model) and a three-endmember mixing model, were applied to determine the quantities of DOC and DIC transport from different flow paths. The results show that the annual DOC and DIC fluxes were 2.7-4.8 and 48.4-54.3 t C km-2 yr-1, respectively, which were approx. 2 and 20 times higher than the global mean of 1.4 and 2.6 t C km-2 yr-1, respectively. The DIC / DOC ratio was 14.08, which is much higher than the mean of large rivers worldwide (1.86), and indicates the high rates of chemical weathering in this region. The two typhoons contributed 12%-14% of the annual streamflow in only 3 days (about 1.0% of the annual time), whereas 15.0%-23.5% and 9.2%-12.6% of the annual DOC and DIC flux, respectively, suggested that typhoons play a more important role in DOC transport than DIC transport. The end-member mixing model suggested that DOC and DIC export was mainly from surface runoff and deep groundwater, respectively. The unique patterns seen in Taiwan SMRs characterized by high dissolved carbon flux, high DIC / DOC ratio, and large transport by intense storms should be taken into consideration when estimating global carbon budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Shih
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hao Chen
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sen Liao
- Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Jien
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National PingTung University of Science & Technology, PingTung, Taiwan
| | - Fuh-Kwo Shiah
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Hein
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Lunz, Austria
- WasserCluster Lunz (WCL), Inter-university Research Institute, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chung-Te Chang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lee LC, Hsu TC, Lee TY, Shih YT, Lin CY, Jien SH, Hein T, Zehetner F, Shiah FK, Huang JC. Unusual Roles of Discharge, Slope and SOC in DOC Transport in Small Mountainous Rivers, Taiwan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1574. [PMID: 30733531 PMCID: PMC6367504 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38276-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC), responsible for riverine productivity, is rarely documented in subtropical small mountainous rivers (SMRs) where high rainfall and steep slopes are the main features. This study investigated the DOC export at eight sites in three Taiwan SMRs to characterize the dynamics and controlling factors of DOC transport. Results showed that the mean DOC concentration of ~0.78 mg L−1 is much lower than the global average of ~5.29 mg L−1. However, the mean DOC yield, ~22.51 kg-C ha−1 yr−1, is higher than the global average of 14.4–19.3 kg-C ha−1 yr−1. Comparing with worldwide rivers from literature, the annual discharge, slope, and SOC (soil organic carbon) are controlling factors as expected, though they influence in different ways. SOC stock likely regulated by elevation-dependent biomes dominate the DOC supply, while slope restrains the DOC generation due to shallow soil depth and fast runoff velocity. However, the abundant discharge flushing this persistent low supply leads to a large DOC export in the SMRs. Furthermore, the DOC dynamics during typhoon periods showed a clockwise hysteresis, suggesting that the DOC is mainly from the riparian zone or downslope area during the rising limb of the hydrograph. This study elucidates the DOC transport in SMRs and provides an atypical yet significant piece of understanding on DOC transport in a global context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chin Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chang Hsu
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Shih
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chuan-Yao Lin
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Jien
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Ping Tung University of Science and Technology, Ping Tung, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Hein
- Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fuh-Kwo Shiah
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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9
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Rechberger MV, Kloss S, Wang SL, Lehmann J, Rennhofer H, Ottner F, Wriessnig K, Daudin G, Lichtenegger H, Soja G, Zehetner F. Enhanced Cu and Cd sorption after soil aging of woodchip-derived biochar: What were the driving factors? Chemosphere 2019; 216:463-471. [PMID: 30384316 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) is increasingly tested as a soil amendment for immobilization of heavy metals (HMs) and other pollutants. In our study, an acidic soil amended with wood chip-derived BC showed strongly enhanced Cu and Cd sorption after 15 months of aging under greenhouse conditions. X-ray absorption near edge structure suggested formation of Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3 and upon aging increasingly Cu sorption to the BC organic phase (from 9.2% to 40.7%) as main binding mechanisms of Cu on the BCs. In contrast, Cd was predominantly bound as CdCO3 on the BCs even after 15 months (82.7%). We found indications by mid-infrared spectroscopy that the formation of organic functional groups plays a role for increased HM sorption on aged BCs. Yet, our data suggest that the accessibility of BC's pore network and reactive surfaces is likely to be the overriding factor responsible for aging-related changes in HM sorption capacity, rather than direct interactions of HMs with oxidized functional groups. We observed highly weathered BC surface structures with scanning electron microscopy along with strongly increased wettability of the BCs after 15 months of soil aging as indicated by a decrease of water contact angles (from 62.4° to 4.2°).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Rechberger
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria; AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Energy Department, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefanie Kloss
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shan-Li Wang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Johannes Lehmann
- Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Harald Rennhofer
- Institute of Physics and Material Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Ottner
- Institute of Applied Geology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Wriessnig
- Institute of Applied Geology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabrielle Daudin
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Helga Lichtenegger
- Institute of Physics and Material Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Energy Department, Environmental Resources & Technologies, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria; Institute for Chemical and Energy Engineering, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 107, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Yeh TC, Liao CS, Chen TC, Shih YT, Huang JC, Zehetner F, Hein T. Differences in N loading affect DOM dynamics during typhoon events in a forested mountainous catchment. Sci Total Environ 2018; 633:81-92. [PMID: 29573694 PMCID: PMC6520230 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved organic matter (DOM) and nutrient dynamics in small mountainous rivers (SMRs) strongly depend on hydrologic conditions, and especially on extreme events. Here, we investigated the quantity and quality of DOM and inorganic nutrients during base-flow and typhoon events, in a chronically N-saturated mainstream and low N-loaded tributaries of a forested small mountainous reservoir catchment in Taiwan. Our results suggest that divergent transport mechanisms were triggered in the mainstream vs. tributaries during typhoons. The mainstream DON increased from 3.4 to 34.7% of the TDN pool with a static DOC:NO3-N ratio and enhanced DOM freshness, signalling a N-enriched DOM transport. Conversely, DON decreased from 46 to 6% of the TDN pool in the tributaries and was coupled with a rapid increase of the DOC:NO3-N ratio and humified DOM signals, suggesting the DON and DOC were passively and simultaneously transported. This study confirmed hydrology and spatial dimensions being the main drivers shaping the composition and concentration of DOM and inorganic nutrients in small mountainous catchments subject to hydrologic extremes. We highlighted that the dominant flow paths largely controlled the N-saturation status and DOM composition within each sub-catchment, the effect of land-use could therefore be obscured. Furthermore, N-saturation status and DOM composition are not only a result of hydrologic dynamics, but potential agents modifying the transport mechanism of solutes export from fluvial systems. We emphasize the importance of viewing elemental dynamics from the perspective of a terrestrial-aquatic continuum; and of taking hydrologic phases and individual catchment characteristics into account in water quality management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tz-Ching Yeh
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; WasserCluster Lunz (WCL), Inter-university Research Institute, Lunz am See, Austria
| | - Chien-Sen Liao
- Department of Civil and Ecological Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chien Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology (NPUST), Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Shih
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Hein
- Institute of Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecosystem Management, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria; WasserCluster Lunz (WCL), Inter-university Research Institute, Lunz am See, Austria.
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11
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Keiblinger KM, Zehetner F, Mentler A, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S. Biochar application increases sorption of nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate in soil. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:11173-11177. [PMID: 29520552 PMCID: PMC5895663 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) application to soils is of growing interest as a strategy to improve soil fertility and mitigate climate change. However, BC-induced alterations in the soil N cycle are currently under debate. BC has recently been shown to accelerate the emissions of N2O via the biotic ammonium oxidation pathway, which results in lower nitrogen use efficiency and environmentally harmful losses of NO3 and/ or N2O. To avoid these potential losses, the use of nitrification inhibitor (NI) could provide a useful mitigation strategy for BC-amended agricultural fields. Here, we tested the sorption behavior of a model NI, the synthetic 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on 15-month-aged soil-BC mixtures. We saw that BC additions increased DMPP sorption to varying extents depending on BC feedstock type and pyrolysis temperature. The highest sorption was found for BC pyrolyzed at a lower temperature. BC effects on soil physico-chemical characteristics (i.e., hydrophobicity) seem to be important factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Keiblinger
- Institute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter Jordan Strasse 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter Jordan Strasse 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Institute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter Jordan Strasse 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sophie Zechmeister-Boltenstern
- Institute of Soil Research, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Peter Jordan Strasse 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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12
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Keiblinger KM, Schneider M, Gorfer M, Paumann M, Deltedesco E, Berger H, Jöchlinger L, Mentler A, Zechmeister-Boltenstern S, Soja G, Zehetner F. Assessment of Cu applications in two contrasting soils-effects on soil microbial activity and the fungal community structure. Ecotoxicology 2018; 27:217-233. [PMID: 29297133 PMCID: PMC5847031 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1888-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu)-based fungicides have been used in viticulture to prevent downy mildew since the end of the 19th century, and are still used today to reduce fungal diseases. Consequently, Cu has built up in many vineyard soils, and it is still unclear how this affects soil functioning. The present study aimed to assess the short and medium-term effects of Cu contamination on the soil fungal community. Two contrasting agricultural soils, an acidic sandy loam and an alkaline silt loam, were used for an eco-toxicological greenhouse pot experiment. The soils were spiked with a Cu-based fungicide in seven concentrations (0-5000 mg Cu kg-1 soil) and alfalfa was grown in the pots for 3 months. Sampling was conducted at the beginning and at the end of the study period to test Cu toxicity effects on total microbial biomass, basal respiration and enzyme activities. Fungal abundance was analysed by ergosterol at both samplings, and for the second sampling, fungal community structure was evaluated via ITS amplicon sequences. Soil microbial biomass C as well as microbial respiration rate decreased with increasing Cu concentrations, with EC50 ranging from 76 to 187 mg EDTA-extractable Cu kg-1 soil. Oxidative enzymes showed a trend of increasing activity at the first sampling, but a decline in peroxidase activity was observed for the second sampling. We found remarkable Cu-induced changes in fungal community abundance (EC50 ranging from 9.2 to 94 mg EDTA-extractable Cu kg-1 soil) and composition, but not in diversity. A large number of diverse fungi were able to thrive under elevated Cu concentrations, though within the order of Hypocreales several species declined. A remarkable Cu-induced change in the community composition was found, which depended on the soil properties and, hence, on Cu availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina M Keiblinger
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Martin Schneider
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Business Unit Environmental Resources & Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Gorfer
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health and Bioresources, Business Unit Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | - Melanie Paumann
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evi Deltedesco
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health and Bioresources, Business Unit Bioresources, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Lisa Jöchlinger
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Gerhard Soja
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Energy, Business Unit Environmental Resources & Technologies, Tulln, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Karer J, Zehetner F, Dunst G, Fessl J, Wagner M, Puschenreiter M, Stapkēviča M, Friesl-Hanl W, Soja G. Immobilisation of metals in a contaminated soil with biochar-compost mixtures and inorganic additives: 2-year greenhouse and field experiments. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2018; 25:2506-2516. [PMID: 29127635 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0670-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Besides carbon sequestration and improvement of soil properties, biochar (BC) has increasingly been studied as an amendment to immobilise heavy metals in contaminated soils. In a 2-year experiment, we analysed the effects of poplar BC (P-BC, mixed with compost) and gravel sludge with siderite-bearing material (GSFe) on a Cd-, Pb- and Zn-contaminated soil and on metal concentration in Miscanthus × giganteus shoots under greenhouse and field conditions. In the greenhouse, 1% (m/m) P-BC addition reduced NH4NO3-extractable Cd, Pb and Zn concentrations by 75, 86 and 92%, respectively, at the end of the study. In the leachates, P-BC (1%) could significantly reduce Cd and Zn in both years. In the field, P-BC (3%) induced a reduction of extractable Cd by 87% whereas a combination of P-BC + GSFe reduced Pb by 82% and Zn by 98% in the first year and by 83 and 96% in the second year. In contrast, the metal immobilisation in the soil was hardly reflected in the shoots of Miscanthus × giganteus which generally showed metal concentrations close to control. While Cd was not influenced in both years, Pb and Zn were slightly reduced. Our study confirmed that Miscanthus is an efficient metal excluder, corroborating its suitability for the production of renewable biomass on metal-contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Karer
- Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria.
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Dunst
- Sonnenerde Gerald Dunst Kulturerden GmbH, Oberwarterstrase 100, 7422, Riedlingsdorf, Austria
| | - Jakob Fessl
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Wagner
- Wagner Handelsgesellschaft, Kaiser Franz Josefstraße 6, 1230, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Puschenreiter
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Māra Stapkēviča
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Latvia, Raina Blvd. 19, Riga, 1586, Latvia
| | - Wolfgang Friesl-Hanl
- Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Gerhard Soja
- Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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14
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Duboc O, Santner J, Golestani Fard A, Zehetner F, Tacconi J, Wenzel WW. Predicting phosphorus availability from chemically diverse conventional and recycling fertilizers. Sci Total Environ 2017; 599-600:1160-1170. [PMID: 28511361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fertilizers produced from heterogeneous, phosphorus-rich biowastes are becoming increasingly relevant. Treatment and processing (combustion, pyrolysis, anaerobic digestion, etc.) increase the diversity of their physico-chemical composition even further. We investigated several approaches to characterize P availability from a set of 13 contrasting fertilizers. We tested them directly using standard fertilizer extractions, as well as a continuous, sink-based P extraction (iron bag) method. We also performed Olsen, CAL and diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) tests on fertilized soil. Standard extractions correlated only weakly, whereas the iron bag method correlated highly (0.73<R2<0.85) with plant P uptake. Among the tests conducted on fertilized soils, DGT was equivalent or slightly better than Olsen, showing R2s of about 0.90 for P uptake and plant growth. Our results suggest that the validity of standard P fertilizer tests needs to be reassessed in the context of increasingly diverse recycling fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Duboc
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - J Santner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Division of Agronomy, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - A Golestani Fard
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria; University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Division of Agronomy, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - F Zehetner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Institute of Soil Research, Peter Jordan Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Tacconi
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - W W Wenzel
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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15
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Bao H, Kao SJ, Lee TY, Zehetner F, Huang JC, Chang YP, Lu JT, Lee JY. Distribution of organic carbon and lignin in soils in a subtropical small mountainous river basin. Geoderma 2017; 306:81-88. [PMID: 31798184 PMCID: PMC6887555 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a unique biomarker of terrigenous organic matter (OM), lignin has provided valuable information for tracing the sources of OM in land to ocean transfer. Oceanian small mountainous rivers (SMRs) are characterized by extremely high erosional rate and quick change in microclimate within watershed, which may potentially affect the distribution of soil OC and lignin concentrations and compositions. Bulk OC% and lignin were determined on surface soils and soil profiles from a Taiwanese SMR (Jhuoshuei River) and nearby region along a large altitudinal gradient (3-3176 m) to investigate the influence of microclimate on soil OC and lignin. Both surface soils OC% and lignin increased in higher altitude, suggesting higher preservation of OM in the cold region. Variations in lignin vegetation indices (S/V and C/V) in surface soils generally reflect the vegetation change in this river basin, and were more affected by precipitation seasonality than mean annual precipitation. Lignin concentration decreased with depth, along with a decrease in S/V and C/V and an increase in degradation indices ((Ad/Al)v and DHBA/V), reflecting a decreased input and/or biodegradation of lignin in subsoils. Our survey on soil lignin in Taiwan SMR provided the basis for utilizing lignin to trace the source of OC in land to ocean transfer as well as paleo-climate and paleo-vegetation reconstruction study in Taiwan SMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Zhoulongquan Building, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Zhoulongquan Building, Xiang'an Campus, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Chang
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tai Lu
- Department of Oceanography, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Hseu ZY, Su YC, Zehetner F, Hsi HC. Leaching potential of geogenic nickel in serpentine soils from Taiwan and Austria. J Environ Manage 2017; 186:151-157. [PMID: 26928072 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Serpentine soils may be natural sources of metal leaching and pollution. In this study, two contrasting serpentine soils from Taiwan and Austria were selected to evaluate the leaching potential of geogenic nickel (Ni). We applied selective sequential extractions and dissolution kinetics with three inorganic acids (HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4) and three organic acids (citric, acetic, and oxalic acids) in concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 10 mM to determine the release rate of Ni in the soils with respect to pH and acid types. Chlorite and serpentine were the major Ni-bearing minerals in the studied soils. Ni was dominantly bound in unavailable forms within these silicate minerals, but smaller fractions of acid-soluble, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, and organically bound Ni represented more labile Ni sources in the soils. The release rate of Ni from the soils increased with decreasing pH in all acids. However, the organic acids caused stronger pH dependences than the inorganic acids, likely because of ligand-promoted dissolution. The maximum total rate of Ni dissolution occurred with citric acid in both soils. The dissolution of Ni strongly increased when the ionic strength in the background solutions increased. We observed marked differences in dissolution rates and ligand effects between the Austrian and Taiwanese soils, which reflect differences in labile Ni pools, especially in the organically bound fraction. Our results demonstrate that labile fractions control the leaching potential of Ni in serpentine soils and that Ni associated with soil organic matter may contribute to leaching at moderately acidic pH levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Yei Hseu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Ching Su
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hsing-Cheng Hsi
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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17
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Bachmann HJ, Bucheli TD, Dieguez-Alonso A, Fabbri D, Knicker H, Schmidt HP, Ulbricht A, Becker R, Buscaroli A, Buerge D, Cross A, Dickinson D, Enders A, Esteves VI, Evangelou MWH, Fellet G, Friedrich K, Gasco Guerrero G, Glaser B, Hanke UM, Hanley K, Hilber I, Kalderis D, Leifeld J, Masek O, Mumme J, Carmona MP, Calvelo Pereira R, Rees F, Rombolà AG, de la Rosa JM, Sakrabani R, Sohi S, Soja G, Valagussa M, Verheijen F, Zehetner F. Toward the Standardization of Biochar Analysis: The COST Action TD1107 Interlaboratory Comparison. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:513-527. [PMID: 26693953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Biochar produced by pyrolysis of organic residues is increasingly used for soil amendment and many other applications. However, analytical methods for its physical and chemical characterization are yet far from being specifically adapted, optimized, and standardized. Therefore, COST Action TD1107 conducted an interlaboratory comparison in which 22 laboratories from 12 countries analyzed three different types of biochar for 38 physical-chemical parameters (macro- and microelements, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pH, electrical conductivity, and specific surface area) with their preferential methods. The data were evaluated in detail using professional interlaboratory testing software. Whereas intralaboratory repeatability was generally good or at least acceptable, interlaboratory reproducibility was mostly not (20% < mean reproducibility standard deviation < 460%). This paper contributes to better comparability of biochar data published already and provides recommendations to improve and harmonize specific methods for biochar analysis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jörg Bachmann
- Agroscope Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas D Bucheli
- Agroscope Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniele Fabbri
- University of Bologna, CIRI EA c/o CIRSA , Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Heike Knicker
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) , Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Axel Ulbricht
- Eurofins Umwelt Ost GmbH , 09633 Halsbruecke OT Tuttendorf, Germany
| | - Roland Becker
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) , Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Buscaroli
- University of Bologna, CIRI EA c/o CIRSA , Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - Diane Buerge
- Agroscope Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Cross
- UK Biochar Research Centre, University of Edinburgh , Crew Building, Room 119, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Dane Dickinson
- UK Biochar Research Centre, University of Edinburgh , Crew Building, Room 119, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Akio Enders
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University , 908 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Valdemar I Esteves
- CESAM & Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro , Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Michael W H Evangelou
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich , Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido Fellet
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine , Via delle Scienze 208, IT-33100 Udine, Italy
| | - Kevin Friedrich
- Fachhochschule Bingen , Berlinstraße 109, D-55411 Bingen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gasco Guerrero
- Departamento de Producción Agraria, ETSI Agrónomos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Calle Ramiro de Maeztu 7, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Glaser
- Institut für Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaften, Bodenbiogeochemie, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg , von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, D-06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Hanke
- Department of Geography, University of Zürich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Hanley
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University , 908 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Isabel Hilber
- Agroscope Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Technological and Educational Institute of Crete , GR-73100 Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - Jens Leifeld
- Agroscope Institute for Sustainability Sciences ISS , Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ondrej Masek
- UK Biochar Research Centre, University of Edinburgh , Crew Building, Room 119, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Mumme
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering, Potsdam-Bornim , Max-Eyth-Allee 100, D-14469 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marina Paneque Carmona
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) , Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Roberto Calvelo Pereira
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University , Private Bag 11-222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Frederic Rees
- Laboratoire Sols et Environnement , 2 Avenue de la Forêt de Haye - TSA 40602, F-54518 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Alessandro G Rombolà
- University of Bologna, CIRI EA c/o CIRSA , Via S. Alberto 163, 48123 Ravenna, Italy
| | - José Maria de la Rosa
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC) , Avenida Reina Mercedes 10, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ruben Sakrabani
- School of Energy, Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University , Cranfield MK43 0AL, United Kingdom
| | - Saran Sohi
- UK Biochar Research Centre, University of Edinburgh , Crew Building, Room 119, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, United Kingdom
| | - Gerhard Soja
- Health and Environment Department, Environmental Resources and Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Konrad Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Massimo Valagussa
- Minoprio Analisi e Certificazioni S.r.l. , Viale Raimondi 54, I-22070 Vertemate con Minoprio (Como), Italy
| | - Frank Verheijen
- Environment and Planning Department, CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro , Campus Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) , Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria
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Schomakers J, Zehetner F, Mentler A, Ottner F, Mayer H. Erratum to: Study of soil aggregate breakdown dynamics under low dispersive ultrasonic energies with sedimentation and X-ray attenuation. Int Agrophys 2016; 30:131-132. [PMID: 31265515 PMCID: PMC4892344 DOI: 10.1515/intag-2015-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
[This corrects the article PMC4834993.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schomakers
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190
Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190
Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190
Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Ottner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190
Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Mayer
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research,
University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190
Vienna, Austria
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19
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Schomakers J, Zehetner F, Mentler A, Ottner F, Mayer H. Study of soil aggregate breakdown dynamics under low dispersive ultrasonic energies with sedimentation and X-ray attenuation. Int Agrophys 2015; 29:501-508. [PMID: 27099408 PMCID: PMC4834993 DOI: 10.1515/intag-2015-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been increasingly recognized that soil organic matter stabilization is strongly controlled by physical binding within soil aggregates. It is therefore essential to measure soil aggregate stability reliably over a wide range of disruptive energies and different aggregate sizes. To this end, we tested high-accuracy ultrasonic dispersion in combination with subsequent sedimentation and X-ray attenuation. Three arable topsoils (notillage) from Central Europe were subjected to ultrasound at four different specific energy levels: 0.5, 6.7, 100 and 500 J cm-3, and the resulting suspensions were analyzed for aggregate size distribution by wet sieving (2 000-63 μm) and sedimentation/X-ray attenuation (63-2 μm). The combination of wet sieving and sedimentation technique allowed for a continuous analysis, at high resolution, of soil aggregate breakdown dynamics after defined energy inputs. Our results show that aggregate size distribution strongly varied with sonication energy input and soil type. The strongest effects were observed in the range of low specific energies (< 10 J cm-3), which previous studies have largely neglected. This shows that low ultrasonic energies are required to capture the full range of aggregate stability and release of soil organic matter upon aggregate breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Schomakers
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Mentler
- Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Ottner
- Department of Civil Engineering and Natural Hazards, Institute of Applied Geology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 70, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herwig Mayer
- Department of Material Sciences and Process Engineering, Institute of Physics and Material Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Lee TY, Huang JC, Lee JY, Jien SH, Zehetner F, Kao SJ. Magnified Sediment Export of Small Mountainous Rivers in Taiwan: Chain Reactions from Increased Rainfall Intensity under Global Warming. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138283. [PMID: 26372356 DOI: 10.10.1371/journal.pone.0138283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluvial sediment export from small mountainous rivers in Oceania has global biogeochemical significance affecting the turnover rate and export of terrestrial carbon, which might be speeding up at the recognized conditions of increased rainfall intensity. In this study, the historical runoff and sediment export from 16 major rivers in Taiwan are investigated and separated into an early stage (1970-1989) and a recent stage (1990-2010) to illustrate the changes of both runoff and sediment export. The mean daily sediment export from Taiwan Island in the recent stage significantly increased by >80% with subtle increase in daily runoff, indicating more sediment being delivered to the ocean per unit of runoff in the recent stage. The medians of the runoff depth and sediment yield extremes (99.0-99.9 percentiles) among the 16 rivers increased by 6.5%-37% and 62%-94%, respectively, reflecting the disproportionately magnified response of sediment export to the increased runoff. Taiwan is facing increasing event rainfall intensity which has resulted in chain reactions on magnified runoff and sediment export responses. As the globe is warming, rainfall extremes, which are proved to be temperature-dependent, very likely intensify runoff and trigger more sediment associated hazards. Such impacts might occur globally because significant increases of high-intensity precipitation have been observed not only in Taiwan but over most land areas of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Jien
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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21
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Lee TY, Huang JC, Lee JY, Jien SH, Zehetner F, Kao SJ. Magnified Sediment Export of Small Mountainous Rivers in Taiwan: Chain Reactions from Increased Rainfall Intensity under Global Warming. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138283. [PMID: 26372356 PMCID: PMC4570790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluvial sediment export from small mountainous rivers in Oceania has global biogeochemical significance affecting the turnover rate and export of terrestrial carbon, which might be speeding up at the recognized conditions of increased rainfall intensity. In this study, the historical runoff and sediment export from 16 major rivers in Taiwan are investigated and separated into an early stage (1970–1989) and a recent stage (1990–2010) to illustrate the changes of both runoff and sediment export. The mean daily sediment export from Taiwan Island in the recent stage significantly increased by >80% with subtle increase in daily runoff, indicating more sediment being delivered to the ocean per unit of runoff in the recent stage. The medians of the runoff depth and sediment yield extremes (99.0–99.9 percentiles) among the 16 rivers increased by 6.5%-37% and 62%-94%, respectively, reflecting the disproportionately magnified response of sediment export to the increased runoff. Taiwan is facing increasing event rainfall intensity which has resulted in chain reactions on magnified runoff and sediment export responses. As the globe is warming, rainfall extremes, which are proved to be temperature-dependent, very likely intensify runoff and trigger more sediment associated hazards. Such impacts might occur globally because significant increases of high-intensity precipitation have been observed not only in Taiwan but over most land areas of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Yi Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hao Jien
- Department of Soil and Water Conservation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shuh-Ji Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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22
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Berger TW, Duboc O, Djukic I, Tatzber M, Gerzabek MH, Zehetner F. Decomposition of beech ( Fagus sylvatica) and pine ( Pinus nigra) litter along an Alpine elevation gradient: Decay and nutrient release. Geoderma 2015; 251-252:92-104. [PMID: 26240437 PMCID: PMC4418737 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Litter decomposition is an important process for cycling of nutrients in terrestrial ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate direct and indirect effects of climate on litter decomposition along an altitudinal gradient in a temperate Alpine region. Foliar litter of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and Black pine (Pinus nigra) was incubated in litterbags during two years in the Hochschwab massif of the Northern Limestone Alps of Austria. Eight incubation sites were selected following an altitudinal/climatic transect from 1900 to 900 m asl. The average remaining mass after two years of decomposition amounted to 54% (beech) and 50% (pine). Net release of N, P, Na, Al, Fe and Mn was higher in pine than in beech litter due to high immobilization (retention) rates of beech litter. However, pine litter retained more Ca than beech litter. Altitude retarded decay (mass loss and associated C release) in beech litter during the first year only but had a longer lasting effect on decaying pine litter. Altitude comprises a suite of highly auto-correlated characteristics (climate, vegetation, litter, soil chemistry, soil microbiology, snow cover) that influence litter decomposition. Hence, decay and nutrient release of incubated litter is difficult to predict by altitude, except during the early stage of decomposition, which seemed to be controlled by climate. Reciprocal litter transplant along the elevation gradient yielded even relatively higher decay of pine litter on beech forest sites after a two-year adaptation period of the microbial community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten W. Berger
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Ecology, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Olivier Duboc
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ika Djukic
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Tatzber
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin H. Gerzabek
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Zehetner
- Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Live Sciences (BOKU), Peter Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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Rosner FG, Dobritzhofer W, Geyrhofer A, Glatt J, Großauer S, Pöchtrager S, Regner F, Sauberer N, Scheiblhofer H, Sellner G, Soja G, Vogl K, Zehetner F. Assessment of sustainability in Austrian wine production. BIO Web of Conferences 2015. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20150501022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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24
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Kloss S, Zehetner F, Buecker J, Oburger E, Wenzel WW, Enders A, Lehmann J, Soja G. Trace element biogeochemistry in the soil-water-plant system of a temperate agricultural soil amended with different biochars. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015; 22:4513-4526. [PMID: 25315931 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Various biochar (BC) types have been investigated as soil amendment; however, information on their effects on trace element (TE) biogeochemistry in the soil-water-plant system is still scarce. In the present study, we determined aqua-regia (AR) and water-extractable TEs of four BC types (woodchips (WC), wheat straw (WS), vineyard pruning (VP), pyrolyzed at 525 °C, of which VP was also pyrolyzed at 400 °C) and studied their effects on TE concentrations in leachates and mustard (Sinapis alba L.) tissue in a greenhouse pot experiment. We used an acidic, sandy agricultural soil and a BC application rate of 3% (w/w). Our results show that contents and extractability of TEs in the BCs and effectuated changes of TE biogeochemistry in the soil-water-plant system strongly varied among the different BC types. High AR-digestable Cu was found in VP and high B contents in WC. WS had the highest impact on TEs in leachates showing increased concentrations of As, Cd, Mo, and Se, whereas WC application resulted in enhanced leaching of B. All BC types increased Mo and decreased Cu concentrations in the plant tissue; however, they showed diverging effects on Cu in the leachates with decreased concentrations for WC and WS, but increased concentrations for both VPs. Our results demonstrate that BCs may release TEs into the soil-water-plant system. A BC-induced liming effect in acidic soils may lead to decreased plant uptake of cationic TEs, including Pb and Cd, but may enhance the mobility of anionic TEs like Mo and As. We also found that BCs with high salt contents (e.g., straw-based BCs) may lead to increased mobility of both anionic and cationic TEs in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kloss
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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25
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Duboc O, Dignac MF, Djukic I, Zehetner F, Gerzabek MH, Rumpel C. Lignin decomposition along an Alpine elevation gradient in relation to physicochemical and soil microbial parameters. Glob Chang Biol 2014; 20:2272-2285. [PMID: 24323640 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic plant compound that decomposes more slowly than other organic matter compounds; however, it was recently shown that lignin could decompose as fast as litter bulk carbon in minerals soils. In alpine Histosols, where organic matter dynamics is largely unaffected by mineral constituents, lignin may be an important part of soil organic matter (SOM). These soils are expected to experience alterations in temperature and/or physicochemical parameters as a result of global climate change. The effect of these changes on lignin dynamics remains to be examined and the importance of lignin as SOM compound in these soils evaluated. Here, we investigated the decomposition of individual lignin phenols of maize litter incubated for 2 years in-situ in Histosols on an Alpine elevation gradient (900, 1300, and 1900 m above sea level); to this end, we used the cupric oxide oxidation method and determined the phenols' (13) C signature. Maize lignin decomposed faster than bulk maize carbon in the first year (86 vs. 78% decomposed); however, after the second year, lignin and bulk C decomposition did not differ significantly. Lignin mass loss did not correlate with soil temperature after the first year, and even correlated negatively at the end of the second year. Lignin mass loss also correlated negatively with the remaining maize N at the end of the second year, and we interpreted this result as a possible negative influence of nitrogen on lignin degradation, although other factors (notably the depletion of easily degradable carbon sources) may also have played a role at this stage of decomposition. Microbial community composition did not correlate with lignin mass loss, but it did so with the lignin degradation indicators (Ac/Al)s and S/V after 2 years of decomposition. Progressing substrate decomposition toward the final stages thus appears to be linked with microbial community differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Duboc
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
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26
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Kloss S, Zehetner F, Oburger E, Buecker J, Kitzler B, Wenzel WW, Wimmer B, Soja G. Trace element concentrations in leachates and mustard plant tissue (Sinapis alba L.) after biochar application to temperate soils. Sci Total Environ 2014; 481:498-508. [PMID: 24631613 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar application to agricultural soils has been increasingly promoted worldwide. However, this may be accompanied by unexpected side effects in terms of trace element (TE) behavior. We used a greenhouse pot experiment to study the influence of woodchip-derived biochar (wcBC) on leaching and plant concentration of various TEs (Al, Cd, Cu, Pb, Mn, As, B, Mo, Se). Three different agricultural soils from Austria (Planosol, Cambisol, Chernozem) were treated with wcBC at application rates of 1 and 3% (w/w) and subsequently planted with mustard (Sinapis alba L.). Soil samples were taken 0 and 7 months after the start of the pot experiment, and leachate water was collected twice (days 0 and 54). The extractability (with NH4NO3) of cationic TEs was decreased in the (acidic) Planosol and Cambisol after wcBC application, whereas in the (neutral) Chernozem it hardly changed. In contrast, anionic TEs were mobilized in all three soils, which resulted in higher anion concentrations in the leachates. The application of wcBC had no effect on Al and Pb in the mustard plants, but increased their B and Mo concentrations and decreased their Cd, Cu and Mn concentrations. A two-way analysis of variance showed significant interactions between wcBC application rate and soil type for most TEs, which indicates that different soil types may react differently upon wcBC application. Correlation and partial correlation analyses revealed that TE behavior was primarily related to soil pH, whereas the involvement of other factors such as electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC) content and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was found to be more soil and TE-specific. The application of wcBC may be a useful strategy for the remediation of soils with elevated levels of cationic TEs, but could lead to deficiencies of cationic micronutrients and enhance short-term translocation of anionic TEs towards the groundwater at high leaching rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kloss
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Franz Zehetner
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Str. 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Eva Oburger
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Jannis Buecker
- Water Management in Mining Landscapes, Dresden Groundwater Research Center, Meraner Str. 10, 01217 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Barbara Kitzler
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, 1131 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Walter W Wenzel
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Wimmer
- Department of Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Gerhard Soja
- Department of Health and Environment, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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Djukic I, Zehetner F, Watzinger A, Horacek M, Gerzabek MH. In situ carbon turnover dynamics and the role of soil microorganisms therein: a climate warming study in an Alpine ecosystem. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2012; 83:112-24. [PMID: 22809312 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2012.01449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Litter decomposition represents one of the largest fluxes in the global terrestrial carbon cycle. The aim of this study was to improve our understanding of the factors governing decomposition in alpine ecosystems and how their responses to changing environmental conditions change over time. Our study area stretches over an elevation gradient of 1000 m on the Hochschwab massif in the Northern Limestone Alps of Austria. We used high-to-low elevation soil translocation to simulate the combined effects of changing climatic conditions, shifting vegetation zones, and altered snow cover regimes. In original and translocated soils, we conducted in situ decomposition experiments with maize litter and studied carbon turnover dynamics as well as temporal response patterns of the pathways of carbon during microbial decomposition over a 2-year incubation period. A simulated mean annual soil warming (through down-slope translocation) of 1.5 and 2.7 °C, respectively, resulted in a significantly accelerated turnover of added maize carbon. Changes in substrate quantity and quality in the course of the decomposition appeared to have less influence on the microbial community composition and its substrate utilization than the prevailing environmental/site conditions, to which the microbial community adapted quickly upon change. In general, microbial community composition and function significantly affected substrate decomposition rates only in the later stage of decomposition when the differentiation in substrate use among the microbial groups became more evident. Our study demonstrated that rising temperatures in alpine ecosystems may accelerate decomposition of litter carbon and also lead to a rapid adaptation of the microbial communities to the new environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ika Djukic
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Kloss S, Zehetner F, Dellantonio A, Hamid R, Ottner F, Liedtke V, Schwanninger M, Gerzabek MH, Soja G. Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars: effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties. J Environ Qual 2012; 41:990-1000. [PMID: 22751041 DOI: 10.2134/jeq.2011.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are increasingly used as soil amendment and for C sequestration in soils. The influence of feedstock differences and pyrolysis temperature on biochar characteristics has been widely studied. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the formation of potentially toxic compounds that remain in the biochars after pyrolysis. We investigated biochars from three feedstocks (wheat straw, poplar wood, and spruce wood) that were slowly pyrolyzed at 400, 460, and 525°C for 5 h (straw) and 10 h (woodchips), respectively. We characterized the biochars' pH, electrical conductivity, elemental composition (by dry combustion and X-ray fluorescence), surface area (by N adsorption), water-extractable major elements, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). We further conducted differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometry to obtain information on the biochars' molecular characteristics and mineralogical composition. We investigated trace metal content, total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, and PAH composition in the biochars. The highest salt (4.92 mS cm) and ash (12.7%) contents were found in straw-derived biochars. The H/C ratios of biochars with highest treatment temperature (HTT) 525°C were 0.46 to 0.40. Surface areas were low but increased (1.8-56 m g) with increasing HTT, whereas CEC decreased (162-52 mmol kg) with increasing HTT. The results of DSC and FTIR suggested a loss of labile, aliphatic compounds during pyrolysis and the formation of more recalcitrant, aromatic constituents. X-ray diffractometry patterns indicated a mineralogical restructuring of biochars with increasing HTT. Water-extractable major and trace elements varied considerably with feedstock composition, with trace elements also affected by HTT. Total PAH contents (sum of EPA 16 PAHs) were highly variable with values up to 33.7 mg kg; irrespective of feedstock type, the composition of PAHs showed increasing dominance of naphthalene with increasing HTT. The results demonstrate that biochars are highly heterogeneous materials that, depending on feedstock and HTT, may be suitable for soil application by contributing to the nutrient status and adding recalcitrant C to the soil but also potentially pose ecotoxicological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kloss
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Kloss S, Zehetner F, Dellantonio A, Hamid R, Ottner F, Liedtke V, Schwanninger M, Gerzabek MH, Soja G. Characterization of slow pyrolysis biochars: effects of feedstocks and pyrolysis temperature on biochar properties. J Environ Qual 2012; 41:990-1000. [PMID: 22751041 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2011.0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochars are increasingly used as soil amendment and for C sequestration in soils. The influence of feedstock differences and pyrolysis temperature on biochar characteristics has been widely studied. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the formation of potentially toxic compounds that remain in the biochars after pyrolysis. We investigated biochars from three feedstocks (wheat straw, poplar wood, and spruce wood) that were slowly pyrolyzed at 400, 460, and 525°C for 5 h (straw) and 10 h (woodchips), respectively. We characterized the biochars' pH, electrical conductivity, elemental composition (by dry combustion and X-ray fluorescence), surface area (by N adsorption), water-extractable major elements, and cation exchange capacity (CEC). We further conducted differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffractometry to obtain information on the biochars' molecular characteristics and mineralogical composition. We investigated trace metal content, total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content, and PAH composition in the biochars. The highest salt (4.92 mS cm) and ash (12.7%) contents were found in straw-derived biochars. The H/C ratios of biochars with highest treatment temperature (HTT) 525°C were 0.46 to 0.40. Surface areas were low but increased (1.8-56 m g) with increasing HTT, whereas CEC decreased (162-52 mmol kg) with increasing HTT. The results of DSC and FTIR suggested a loss of labile, aliphatic compounds during pyrolysis and the formation of more recalcitrant, aromatic constituents. X-ray diffractometry patterns indicated a mineralogical restructuring of biochars with increasing HTT. Water-extractable major and trace elements varied considerably with feedstock composition, with trace elements also affected by HTT. Total PAH contents (sum of EPA 16 PAHs) were highly variable with values up to 33.7 mg kg; irrespective of feedstock type, the composition of PAHs showed increasing dominance of naphthalene with increasing HTT. The results demonstrate that biochars are highly heterogeneous materials that, depending on feedstock and HTT, may be suitable for soil application by contributing to the nutrient status and adding recalcitrant C to the soil but also potentially pose ecotoxicological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Kloss
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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Lair GJ, Zehetner F, Fiebig M, Gerzabek MH, van Gestel CAM, Hein T, Hohensinner S, Hsu P, Jones KC, Jordan G, Koelmans AA, Poot A, Slijkerman DME, Totsche KU, Bondar-Kunze E, Barth JAC. How do long-term development and periodical changes of river-floodplain systems affect the fate of contaminants? Results from European rivers. Environ Pollut 2009; 157:3336-3346. [PMID: 19604610 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In many densely populated areas, riverine floodplains have been strongly impacted and degraded by river channelization and flood protection dikes. Floodplains act as buffers for flood water and as filters for nutrients and pollutants carried with river water and sediment from upstream source areas. Based on results of the EU-funded "AquaTerra" project (2004-2009), we analyze changes in the dynamics of European river-floodplain systems over different temporal scales and assess their effects on contaminant behaviour and ecosystem functioning. We find that human-induced changes in the hydrologic regime of rivers have direct and severe consequences on nutrient cycling and contaminant retention in adjacent floodplains. We point out the complex interactions of contaminants with nutrient availability and other physico-chemical characteristics (pH, organic matter) in determining ecotoxicity and habitat quality, and draw conclusions for improved floodplain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Lair
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Str 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Lair GJ, Graf M, Zehetner F, Gerzabek MH. Distribution of cadmium among geochemical fractions in floodplain soils of progressing development. Environ Pollut 2008; 156:207-214. [PMID: 18222578 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2007] [Revised: 10/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/08/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Initial soil development in river floodplains influences soil properties and processes. In this study, suites of young floodplain soils sampled at three European rivers (Danube/Austria, Ebro/Spain and Elbe/Germany) were used to link soil development to the soils' retention capacity for cadmium. Geochemical fractionation of original and metal-spiked soils was conducted. Cadmium remained in weakly bound fractions in both original and spiked soils, representing an entirely different behaviour than observed for copper in an earlier study. The tendency of incorporation into more stable forms over time was only slightly expressed. Correlation analysis revealed the involvement of different sorption surfaces in soil, with no single soil constituent determining cadmium retention behaviour. Nevertheless, in the calcareous soils of the Danube floodplain, we found increased cadmium retention and decreased portions of desorbable cadmium with progressing soil development.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Lair
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Graf M, Lair GJ, Zehetner F, Gerzabek MH. Geochemical fractions of copper in soil chronosequences of selected European floodplains. Environ Pollut 2007; 148:788-96. [PMID: 17383781 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The influence of soil formation on copper sorption is documented based on chronosequences of soils from three river floodplains in Europe (Danube, Ebro and Elbe). Sequential extraction was used to fractionate copper in original and spiked soils in order to study the long-term and short-term behaviour of copper retention. Copper partitioning among defined geochemical fractions was mainly determined by soil pH and the contents of carbonates, organic matter and Fe-/Mn-oxides and hydroxides. Copper extracted with NH(2)OH.HCl correlated well with the contents of crystalline Fe-oxides and hydroxides, demonstrating increasing retention capacity with progressing soil development. Copper retained in original soils was found in more strongly bound fractions, whereas sorption of freshly added copper was primarily influenced by the presence of carbonates. Beyond the effect of progressing soil formation, variations in organic carbon contents due to different land use history affected the copper retention capacity of the investigated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Graf
- Institute for Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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