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Tsonkova VG, Sand FW, Wolf XA, Grunnet LG, Kirstine Ringgaard A, Ingvorsen C, Winkel L, Kalisz M, Dalgaard K, Bruun C, Fels JJ, Helgstrand C, Hastrup S, Öberg FK, Vernet E, Sandrini MPB, Shaw AC, Jessen C, Grønborg M, Hald J, Willenbrock H, Madsen D, Wernersson R, Hansson L, Jensen JN, Plesner A, Alanentalo T, Petersen MBK, Grapin-Botton A, Honoré C, Ahnfelt-Rønne J, Hecksher-Sørensen J, Ravassard P, Madsen OD, Rescan C, Frogne T. The EndoC-βH1 cell line is a valid model of human beta cells and applicable for screenings to identify novel drug target candidates. Mol Metab 2018; 8:144-157. [PMID: 29307512 PMCID: PMC5985049 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the EndoC-βH1 cell line as a model for human beta cells and evaluate its beta cell functionality, focusing on insulin secretion, proliferation, apoptosis and ER stress, with the objective to assess its potential as a screening platform for identification of novel anti-diabetic drug candidates. METHODS EndoC-βH1 was transplanted into mice for validation of in vivo functionality. Insulin secretion was evaluated in cells cultured as monolayer and as pseudoislets, as well as in diabetic mice. Cytokine induced apoptosis, glucolipotoxicity, and ER stress responses were assessed. Beta cell relevant mRNA and protein expression were investigated by qPCR and antibody staining. Hundreds of proteins or peptides were tested for their effect on insulin secretion and proliferation. RESULTS Transplantation of EndoC-βH1 cells restored normoglycemia in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice. Both in vitro and in vivo, we observed a clear insulin response to glucose, and, in vitro, we found a significant increase in insulin secretion from EndoC-βH1 pseudoislets compared to monolayer cultures for both glucose and incretins. Apoptosis and ER stress were inducible in the cells and caspase 3/7 activity was elevated in response to cytokines, but not affected by the saturated fatty acid palmitate. By screening of various proteins and peptides, we found Bombesin (BB) receptor agonists and Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptides (PACAP) to significantly induce insulin secretion and the proteins SerpinA6, STC1, and APOH to significantly stimulate proliferation. ER stress was readily induced by Tunicamycin and resulted in a reduction of insulin mRNA. Somatostatin (SST) was found to be expressed by 1% of the cells and manipulation of the SST receptors was found to significantly affect insulin secretion. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the EndoC-βH1 cells strongly resemble human islet beta cells in terms of glucose and incretin stimulated insulin secretion capabilities. The cell line has an active cytokine induced caspase 3/7 apoptotic pathway and is responsive to ER stress initiation factors. The cells' ability to proliferate can be further increased by already known compounds as well as by novel peptides and proteins. Based on its robust performance during the functionality assessment assays, the EndoC-βH1 cell line was successfully used as a screening platform for identification of novel anti-diabetic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Georgieva Tsonkova
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Wolfhagen Sand
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, GLP-1 & T2D Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Xenia Asbæk Wolf
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, GLP-1 & T2D Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Lars Groth Grunnet
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Anna Kirstine Ringgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Ingvorsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Louise Winkel
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mark Kalisz
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Kevin Dalgaard
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, GLP-1 & T2D Pharmacology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Christine Bruun
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Johannes Josef Fels
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Research Bioanalysis, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Helgstrand
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Expression Technologies 1, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Sven Hastrup
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Expression Technologies 1, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Fredrik Kryh Öberg
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Expression Technologies 1, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Erik Vernet
- Novo Nordisk Research Center Seattle Inc., Protein Engineering, NNRC Seattle, Inc., 530 Fairview Avenue North, 98109, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Allan Christian Shaw
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Characterisation & Modelling Technology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Carsten Jessen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Protein Engineering, Protein & Peptide Chemistry 2, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Mads Grønborg
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Discovery ADME, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hald
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Hanni Willenbrock
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Bioinformatics, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Dennis Madsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Discovery Biology & Technology, Bioinformatics, Maaloev, Denmark
| | | | - Lena Hansson
- Intomics A/S, Lottenborgvej 26, DK-2800, Lyngby, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Research Centre Oxford, Bioinformatics, Novo Nordisk Ltd., 3 City Place Beehive Ring Road, Gatwick, RH6 0PA, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Nygaard Jensen
- Novo Nordisk Pharma Ltd., Research Centre Oxford, Bioinformatics, Novo Nordisk Ltd., 3 City Place Beehive Ring Road, Gatwick, RH6 0PA, West Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plesner
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Tomas Alanentalo
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Maja Borup Kjær Petersen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark; University of Copenhagen, DanStem, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Grapin-Botton
- University of Copenhagen, DanStem, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Honoré
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jonas Ahnfelt-Rønne
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Jacob Hecksher-Sørensen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Histology & Imaging, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Institut du cerveau et de la moelle (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Sorbonne Universités, Inserm, CNRS, UPMC Univ, Paris 06, Paris, France
| | - Ole D Madsen
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Claude Rescan
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark
| | - Thomas Frogne
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Diabetes Research, Department of Islet & Stem Cell Biology, Novo Nordisk Park, 2760, Maaloev, Denmark.
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Håkansson J, Ståhlberg A, Wolfhagen Sand F, Gerhardt H, Semb H. N-CAM exhibits a regulatory function in pathological angiogenesis in oxygen induced retinopathy. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26026. [PMID: 22043302 PMCID: PMC3197149 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity are diseases caused by pathological angiogenesis in the retina as a consequence of local hypoxia. The underlying mechanism for epiretinal neovascularization (tuft formation), which contributes to blindness, has yet to be identified. Neural cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) is expressed by Müller cells and astrocytes, which are in close contact with the retinal vasculature, during normal developmental angiogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Notably, during oxygen induced retinopathy (OIR) N-CAM accumulated on astrocytes surrounding the epiretinal tufts. Here, we show that N-CAM ablation results in reduced vascular tuft formation due to reduced endothelial cell proliferation despite an elevation in VEGFA mRNA expression, whereas retinal developmental angiogenesis was unaffected. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that N-CAM exhibits a regulatory function in pathological angiogenesis in OIR. This is a novel finding that can be of clinical relevance in diseases associated with proliferative vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joakim Håkansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- TATAA Biocenter, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wolfhagen Sand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Stem Cell and Pancreas Developmental Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, London Research Institute-Cancer Research UK, London, United Kingdom
| | - Henrik Semb
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Stem Cell and Pancreas Developmental Biology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Norrman K, Fischer Y, Bonnamy B, Wolfhagen Sand F, Ravassard P, Semb H. Quantitative comparison of constitutive promoters in human ES cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12413. [PMID: 20865032 PMCID: PMC2928720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Constitutive promoters that ensure sustained and high level gene expression are basic research tools that have a wide range of applications, including studies of human embryology and drug discovery in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Numerous cellular/viral promoters that ensure sustained gene expression in various cell types have been identified but systematic comparison of their activities in hESCs is still lacking. Methodology/Principal Findings We have quantitatively compared promoter activities of five commonly used constitutive promoters, including the human β-actin promoter (ACTB), cytomegalovirus (CMV), elongation factor-1α, (EF1α), phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and ubiquitinC (UbC) in hESCs. Lentiviral gene transfer was used to ensure stable integration of promoter-eGFP constructs into the hESCs genome. Promoter activities were quantitatively compared in long term culture of undifferentiated hESCs and in their differentiated progenies. Conclusion/Significance The ACTB, EF1α and PGK promoters showed stable activities during long term culture of undifferentiated hESCs. The ACTB promoter was superior by maintaining expression in 75–80% of the cells after 50 days in culture. During embryoid body (EB) differentiation, promoter activities of all five promoters decreased. Although the EF1α promoter was downregulated in approximately 50% of the cells, it was the most stable promoter during differentiation. Gene expression analysis of differentiated eGFP+ and eGFP- cells indicate that promoter activities might be restricted to specific cell lineages, suggesting the need to carefully select optimal promoters for constitutive gene expression in differentiated hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Norrman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Fischer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Blandine Bonnamy
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy Laboratory, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Fredrik Wolfhagen Sand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Philippe Ravassard
- Biotechnology and Biotherapy Laboratory, Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle, CNRS UMR 7225, INSERM UMRS 975, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Henrik Semb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Johannesson M, Ståhlberg A, Ameri J, Sand FW, Norrman K, Semb H. FGF4 and retinoic acid direct differentiation of hESCs into PDX1-expressing foregut endoderm in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4794. [PMID: 19277121 PMCID: PMC2651644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Retinoic acid (RA) and fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) signaling control endoderm patterning and pancreas induction/expansion. Based on these findings, RA and FGFs, excluding FGF4, have frequently been used in differentiation protocols to direct differentiation of hESCs into endodermal and pancreatic cell types. In vivo, these signaling pathways act in a temporal and concentration-dependent manner. However, in vitro, the underlying basis for the time of addition of growth and differentiation factors (GDFs), including RA and FGFs, as well as the concentration is lacking. Thus, in order to develop robust and reliable differentiation protocols of ESCs into mature pancreatic cell types, including insulin-producing β cells, it will be important to mechanistically understand each specification step. This includes differentiation of mesendoderm/definitive endoderm into foregut endoderm- the origin of pancreatic endoderm. Methodology/Principal Findings Here, we provide data on the individual and combinatorial role of RA and FGF4 in directing differentiation of ActivinA (AA)-induced hESCs into PDX1-expressing cells. FGF4's ability to affect endoderm patterning and specification in vitro has so far not been tested. By testing out the optimal concentration and timing of addition of FGF4 and RA, we present a robust differentiation protocol that on average generates 32% PDX1+ cells. Furthermore, we show that RA is required for converting AA-induced hESCs into PDX1+ cells, and that part of the underlying mechanism involves FGF receptor signaling. Finally, further characterization of the PDX1+ cells suggests that they represent foregut endoderm not yet committed to pancreatic, posterior stomach, or duodenal endoderm. Conclusion/Significance In conclusion, we show that RA and FGF4 jointly direct differentiation of PDX1+ foregut endoderm in a robust and efficient manner. RA signaling mediated by the early induction of RARβ through AA/Wnt3a is required for PDX1 expression. Part of RA's activity is mediated by FGF signaling.
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MESH Headings
- Activins/pharmacology
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/cytology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Endoderm/cytology
- Endoderm/drug effects
- Endoderm/metabolism
- Fibroblast Growth Factor 4/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Pancreas/cytology
- Pancreas/embryology
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/genetics
- Receptor, Fibroblast Growth Factor, Type 2/physiology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/biosynthesis
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Tretinoin/pharmacology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Wnt Proteins/physiology
- Wnt3 Protein
- Wnt3A Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Johannesson
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurosciences and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jacqueline Ameri
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Karin Norrman
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Henrik Semb
- Lund Center for Stem Cell Biology and Cell Therapy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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