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Varga ZV, Pipicz M, Baán JA, Baranyai T, Koncsos G, Leszek P, Kuśmierczyk M, Sánchez-Cabo F, García-Pavía P, Brenner GJ, Giricz Z, Csont T, Mendler L, Lara-Pezzi E, Pacher P, Ferdinandy P. Alternative Splicing of NOX4 in the Failing Human Heart. Front Physiol 2017; 8:935. [PMID: 29204124 PMCID: PMC5698687 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased oxidative stress is a major contributor to the development and progression of heart failure, however, our knowledge on the role of the distinct NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoenzymes, especially on NOX4 is controversial. Therefore, we aimed to characterize NOX4 expression in human samples from healthy and failing hearts. Explanted human heart samples (left and right ventricular, and septal regions) were obtained from patients suffering from heart failure of ischemic or dilated origin. Control samples were obtained from donor hearts that were not used for transplantation. Deep RNA sequencing of the cardiac transcriptome indicated extensive alternative splicing of the NOX4 gene in heart failure as compared to samples from healthy donor hearts. Long distance PCR analysis with a universal 5′-3′ end primer pair, allowing amplification of different splice variants, confirmed the presence of the splice variants. To assess translation of the alternatively spliced transcripts we determined protein expression of NOX4 by using a specific antibody recognizing a conserved region in all variants. Western blot analysis showed up-regulation of the full-length NOX4 in ischemic cardiomyopathy samples and confirmed presence of shorter isoforms both in control and failing samples with disease-associated expression pattern. We describe here for the first time that NOX4 undergoes extensive alternative splicing in human hearts which gives rise to the expression of different enzyme isoforms. The full length NOX4 is significantly upregulated in ischemic cardiomyopathy suggesting a role for NOX4 in ROS production during heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán V Varga
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Márton Pipicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Júlia A Baán
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Baranyai
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gábor Koncsos
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Przemyslaw Leszek
- Department of Heart Failure and Transplantology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Institute of Cardiology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Mariusz Kuśmierczyk
- Department of Cardiac Surgery and Transplantology, Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński Institute of Cardiology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fátima Sánchez-Cabo
- Bioinformatics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardioavsculares Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Pavía
- Heart Failure and Inherited Cardiac Diseases Unit, Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gábor J Brenner
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tamás Csont
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Luca Mendler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Pál Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiometabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.,Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
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Abstract
We investigated the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK) within spinal neurons in producing pain hypersensitivity. Within a minute of an intense noxious peripheral or C-fiber electrical stimulus, many phosphoERK-positive neurons were observed, most predominantly in lamina I and IIo of the ipsilateral dorsal horn. This staining was intensity and NMDA receptor dependent. Low-intensity stimuli or A-fiber input had no effect. Inhibition of ERK phosphorylation by a MEK inhibitor reduced the second phase of formalin-induced pain behavior, a measure of spinal neuron sensitization. ERK signaling within the spinal cord is therefore involved in generating pain hypersensitivity. Because of its rapid activation, this effect probably involves regulation of neuronal excitability without changes in transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Ji
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 149 13th Street, Rm 4309, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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Brenner GJ, Moynihan JA. Stressor-induced alterations in immune response and viral clearance following infection with herpes simplex virus-type 1 in BALB/c and C57B1/6 mice. Brain Behav Immun 1997; 11:9-23. [PMID: 9193764 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.1997.0480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extending earlier studies of stress-induced modulation of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection and immunity, we investigated the effects of electric foot shock (0.3 mA) on cytokine production and immune effector function in response to a nonlethal inoculum of HSV-1 in two strains of inbred mice, C57B1/6 and BALB/c. Increased levels of infectious virus at the site of infection were observed in foot-shocked mice of both strains compared to control mice. The specific pattern of changes in interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon-gamma, as well as IL-4 and IL-10, induced by foot-shock stress differed between the two strains. IgM anti-HSV antibody responses were, however, increased in both strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Brenner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642, USA
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Brenner GJ, Cohen N, Moynihan JA. Similar immune response to nonlethal infection with herpes simplex virus-1 in sensitive (BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6) strains of mice. Cell Immunol 1994; 157:510-24. [PMID: 8069930 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1994.1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Previous investigations have demonstrated a strain-associated differential susceptibility to herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection in mice; C57BL/6 mice are more resistant to infection than BALB/c mice. Despite considerable research dealing with the immune response to HSV-1, relatively little attention has been paid to differences in immune responses between strains with different sensitivities to the virus. Here we report that immune responses (i.e., cytokine profiles, CTL activity, serum antibody, and natural killer cell activity) following footpad infection with a sublethal dose of HSV-1 do not substantially differ between the two strains. It is notable that C57BL/6 mice are also more resistant than BALB/c mice to other pathogens, including Leishmania, and this resistance is associated with a predominant TH1 response in C57BL/6 mice versus a predominant TH2 response in BALB/c mice. However, unlike several other pathogens, the increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection of BALB/c mice, compared to C57BL/6 mice, does not appear to involve an obvious difference in the TH1 vs TH2 dominance of the immune response to this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Brenner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642
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Madden KS, Moynihan JA, Brenner GJ, Felten SY, Felten DL, Livnat S. Sympathetic nervous system modulation of the immune system. III. Alterations in T and B cell proliferation and differentiation in vitro following chemical sympathectomy. J Neuroimmunol 1994; 49:77-87. [PMID: 8294564 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90183-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Functional changes in lymph node (LN) and spleen lymphocytes were examined following sympathetic denervation of adult mice with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Sympathectomy reduced in vitro proliferation to concanavalin A (ConA) by LN cells and decreased LN Thy-1+ and CD4+ T cells. At the same time, ConA-induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production was increased, but interleukin-2 (IL-2) production was not altered. After sympathectomy, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated proliferation of LN B cells was enhanced, in parallel with an increase in the proportion of sIgM+ cells. LPS-induced polyclonal IgM secretion was decreased, whereas polyclonal IgG secretion was dramatically enhanced. In the spleen, ConA and LPS responsiveness was reduced after sympathectomy, as was IL-2 and IFN-gamma production. The decreased proliferation was not associated with changes in splenic T and B cell populations. The uptake blocker desipramine prevented the 6-OHDA-induced changes in spleen and LN, indicating that these alterations were dependent upon neuronal destruction. These results provide evidence for heterogeneity of sympathetic nervous system regulation of T and B lymphocyte function and for organ-specific influences on immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Madden
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14642
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Abstract
The sympathetic nervous system can signal cells of the immune system through release of norepinephrine (NE), and may thus modulate several aspects of immune reactivity. We have examined the consequences of chemical denervation using 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the response of BALB/c mice to tumor cell challenge. In this study, chemical axotomy prior to the intravenous (i.v.) injection of the alveolar carcinoma line 1 significantly increased the number of pulmonary metastases. In contrast, axotomy performed after i.v. injection of tumor cells had no effect on the number of lung metastases. Line 1 tumor cells have been reported to be susceptible to lysis by natural killer (NK) cells. To examine possible mechanisms through which prior axotomy leads to increased lung metastases, we tested the effects of axotomy on in vitro and in vivo NK cell activity. No differences in NK cell activity were found between 6-OHDA- and vehicle-treated mice. Line 1 tumor cell growth in vitro was unaffected by both 6-OHDA and NE, and the tumor cells do not express beta-adrenergic receptors. Priming mice with lethally irradiated line 1 cells significantly reduced the number of lung metastases following challenge with live tumor cells; axotomy did not alter this decrease in metastases associated with priming. In summary, chemical axotomy of mice prior to injection of alveolar carcinoma cells resulted in an increased number of pulmonary metastases that was not correlated with alterations in either NK cell cytotoxicity or the putative immunological consequences of in vivo priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Brenner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY
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Abstract
We have demonstrated that holding BALB/c female mice for two minutes per day for two weeks prior to injection of line 1, a BALB/c derived alveolar carcinoma, results in a significant increase in pulmonary metastases compared to unhandled controls. Handling did not affect splenic in vitro or in vivo natural killer (NK) cell activity but, surprisingly, was associated with increased NK cell activity in the lungs of these handled mice. These results demonstrate that a simple psychosocial manipulation may effect the metastatic process. The implications of these findings and potential mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Brenner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, NY 14642
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Walker JW, Brenner GJ, Walker AG. Winteraceous Pollen in the Lower Cretaceous of Israel: Early Evidence of a Magnolialean Angiosperm Family. Science 1983; 220:1273-5. [PMID: 17769368 DOI: 10.1126/science.220.4603.1273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pollen of the primitive angiosperm family Winteraceae has been discovered in the Aptian-Albian of Israel, extending the fossil record of this phylogenetically important family of flowering plants from the uppermost Upper Cretaceous back some 40 million years to the upper Lower Cretaceous. This appears to represent the earliest known record of a magnolialean angiosperm family and is convincing evidence for the existence in the Early Cretaceous of an extant family of angiosperms.
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