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Gates C, Ananyev G, Foflonker F, Bhattacharya D, Dismukes GC. Exceptional Quantum Efficiency Powers Biomass Production in Halotolerant Algae Picochlorum sp. . Photosynth Res 2024:10.1007/s11120-024-01075-9. [PMID: 38329705 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-024-01075-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The green algal genus Picochlorum is of biotechnological interest because of its robust response to multiple environmental stresses. We compared the metabolic performance of P. SE3 and P. oklahomense to diverse microbial phototrophs and observed exceptional performance of photosystem II (PSII) in light energy conversion in both Picochlorum species. The quantum yield (QY) for O2 evolution is the highest of any phototroph yet observed, 32% (20%) by P. SE3 (P. okl) when normalized to total PSII subunit PsbA (D1) protein, and 80% (75%) normalized per active PSII, respectively. Three factors contribute: (1) an efficient water oxidizing complex (WOC) with the fewest photochemical misses of any organism; (2) faster reoxidation of reduced (PQH2)B in P. SE3 than in P. okl. (period-2 Fourier amplitude); and (3) rapid reoxidation of the plastoquinol pool by downstream electron carriers (Cyt b6f/PETC) that regenerates PQ faster in P. SE3. This performance gain is achieved without significant residue changes around the QB site and thus points to a pull mechanism involving faster PQH2 reoxidation by Cyt b6f/PETC that offsets charge recombination. This high flux in P. SE3 may be explained by genomically encoded plastoquinol terminal oxidases 1 and 2, whereas P. oklahomense has neither. Our results suggest two distinct types of PSII centers exist, one specializing in linear electron flow and the other in PSII-cyclic electron flow. Several amino acids within D1 differ from those in the low-light-descended D1 sequences conserved in Viridiplantae, and more closely match those in cyanobacterial high-light D1 isoforms, including changes near tyrosine Yz and a water/proton channel near the WOC. These residue changes may contribute to the exceptional performance of Picochlorum at high-light intensities by increasing the water oxidation efficiency and the electron/proton flux through the PSII acceptors (QAQB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Gates
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60660, USA
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Fatima Foflonker
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA, 30314, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Gates C, Williams JM, Ananyev G, Dismukes GC. How chloride functions to enable proton conduction in photosynthetic water oxidation: Time-resolved kinetics of intermediates (S-states) in vivo and bromide substitution. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2023; 1864:148998. [PMID: 37499962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) is essential for O2 evolution during photosynthetic water oxidation. Two chlorides near the water-oxidizing complex (WOC) in Photosystem II (PSII) structures from Thermosynechococcus elongatus (and T. vulcanus) have been postulated to transfer protons generated from water oxidation. We monitored four criteria: primary charge separation flash yield (P* → P+QA-), rates of water oxidation steps (S-states), rate of proton evolution, and flash O2 yield oscillations by measuring chlorophyll variable fluorescence (P* quenching), pH-sensitive dye changes, and oximetry. Br-substitution slows and destabilizes cellular growth, resulting from lower light-saturated O2 evolution rate (-20 %) and proton release (-36 % ΔpH gradient). The latter implies less ATP production. In Br- cultures, protonogenic S-state transitions (S2 → S3 → S0') slow with increasing light intensity and during O2/water exchange (S0' → S0 → S1), while the non-protonogenic S1 → S2 transition is kinetically unaffected. As flash rate increases in Cl- cultures, both rate and extent of acidification of the lumen increase, while charge recombination is suppressed relative to Br-. The Cl- advantage in rapid proton escape from the WOC to lumen is attributed to correlated ion-pair movement of H3O+Cl- in dry water channels vs. separated Br- and H+ ion movement through different regions (>200-fold difference in Bronsted acidities). By contrast, at low flash rates a previously unreported reversal occurs that favors Br- cultures for both proton evolution and less PSII charge recombination. In Br- cultures, slower proton transfer rate is attributed to stronger ion-pairing of Br- with AA residues lining the water channels. Both anions charge-neutralize protons and shepherd them to the lumen using dry aqueous channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Gates
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, IL 60660, USA
| | - Jonah M Williams
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, NJ 08854, USA.
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Zhang Y, Ananyev G, Matsuoka A, Dismukes GC, Maliga P. Cyanobacterial photosystem II reaction center design in tobacco chloroplasts increases biomass in low light. Plant Physiol 2023; 191:2229-2244. [PMID: 36510848 PMCID: PMC10069877 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The D1 polypeptide of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center complex contains domains that regulate primary photochemical yield and charge recombination rate. Many prokaryotic oxygenic phototrophs express two or more D1 isoforms differentially in response to environmental light needs, a capability absent in flowering plants and algae. We report that tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants carrying the Synechococcus (Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942) low-light mutation (LL-E130Q) in the D1 polypeptide (NtLL) acquire the cyanobacterial photochemical phenotype: faster photodamage in high light and significantly more charge separations in productive linear electron flow in low light. This flux increase produces 16.5% more (dry) biomass under continuous low-light illumination (100 μE m-2 s-1, 24 h). This gain is offset by the predicted lower photoprotection at high light. By contrast, the introduction of the Synechococcus high-light mutation (HL-A152S) into tobacco D1 (NtHL) has slightly increased photoprotection, achieved by photochemical quenching, but no apparent impact on biomass yield compared to wild type under the tested conditions. The universal design principle of all PSII reaction centers trades off energy conversion for photoprotection in different proportions across all phototrophs and provides a useful guidance for testing in crop plants. The observed biomass advantage under continuous low light can be transferred between evolutionarily isolated lineages to benefit growth under artificial lighting conditions. However, removal of the selective marker gene was essential to observe the growth phenotype, indicating growth penalty imposed by use of the particular spectinomycin-resistance gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | - Aki Matsuoka
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
| | | | - Pal Maliga
- Author for correspondence: (P.M.); (G.C.D.)
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Gates C, Ananyev G, Roy-Chowdhury S, Fromme P, Dismukes GC. Regulation of light energy conversion between linear and cyclic electron flow within photosystem II controlled by the plastoquinone/quinol redox poise. Photosynth Res 2023; 156:113-128. [PMID: 36436152 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00985-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultrapurified Photosystem II complexes crystalize as uniform microcrystals (PSIIX) of unprecedented homogeneity that allow observation of details previously unachievable, including the longest sustained oscillations of flash-induced O2 yield over > 200 flashes and a novel period-4.7 water oxidation cycle. We provide new evidence for a molecular-based mechanism for PSII-cyclic electron flow that accounts for switching from linear to cyclic electron flow within PSII as the downstream PQ/PQH2 pool reduces in response to metabolic needs and environmental input. The model is supported by flash oximetry of PSIIX as the LEF/CEF switch occurs, Fourier analysis of O2 flash yields, and Joliot-Kok modeling. The LEF/CEF switch rebalances the ratio of reductant energy (PQH2) to proton gradient energy (H+o/H+i) created by PSII photochemistry. Central to this model is the requirement for a regulatory site (QC) with two redox states in equilibrium with the dissociable secondary electron carrier site QB. Both sites are controlled by electrons and protons. Our evidence fits historical LEF models wherein light-driven water oxidation delivers electrons (from QA-) and stromal protons through QB to generate plastoquinol, the terminal product of PSII-LEF in vivo. The new insight is the essential regulatory role of QC. This site senses both the proton gradient (H+o/H+i) and the PQ pool redox poise via e-/H+ equilibration with QB. This information directs switching to CEF upon population of the protonated semiquinone in the Qc site (Q-H+)C, while the WOC is in the reducible S2 or S3 states. Subsequent photochemical primary charge separation (P+QA-) forms no (QH2)B, but instead undergoes two-electron backward transition in which the QC protons are pumped into the lumen, while the electrons return to the WOC forming (S1/S2). PSII-CEF enables production of additional ATP needed to power cellular processes including the terminal carboxylation reaction and in some cases PSI-dependent CEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Gates
- Dept of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
- Dept of Computational Biology & Molecular Biophysics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Dept of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Dept of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Petra Fromme
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Dept of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA.
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, USA.
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Zournas A, Mani K, Dismukes GC. Cyclic electron flow around photosystem II in silico: How it works and functions in vivo. Photosynth Res 2023; 156:129-145. [PMID: 36753032 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-023-00997-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To date, cyclic electron flow around PSI (PSI-CEF) has been considered the primary (if not the only) mechanism accepted to adjust the ratio of linear vs cyclic electron flow that is essential to adjust the ratio of ATP/NADPH production needed for CO2 carboxylation. Here we provide a kinetic model showing that cyclic electron flow within PSII (PSII-CEF) is essential to account for the accelerating rate of decay in flash-induced oscillations of O2 yield as the PQ pool progressively reduces to PQH2. Previously, PSII-CEF was modeled by backward transitions using empirical Markov models like Joliot-Kok (J-K) type. Here, we adapted an ordinary differential equation methodology denoted RODE1 to identify which microstates within PSII are responsible for branching between PSII-CEF and Linear Electron Flow (LEF). We applied it to simulate the oscillations of O2 yield from both Chlorella ohadii, an alga that shows strong PSII-CEF attributed to high backward transitions, and Synechococcus elongatus sp. 7002, a widely studied model cyanobacterium. RODE2 simulations reveal that backward transitions occur in microstates that possess a QB- semiquinone prior to the flash. Following a flash that forms microstates populating (QAQB)2-, PSII-CEF redirects these two electrons to the donor side of PSII only when in the oxidized S2 and S3 states. We show that this backward transition pathway is the origin of the observed period-2 oscillations of flash O2 yield and contributes to the accelerated decay of period-4 oscillations. This newly added pathway improved RODE1 fits for cells of both S. elongatus and C. ohadii. RODE2 simulations show that cellular adaptation to high light intensity growth is due to a decrease in QB availability (empty or blocked by Q2-B), or equivalently due to a decrease in the difference in reduction potential relative to QA/QA-. PSII-CEF provides an alternative mechanism for rebalancing the NADPH:ATP ratio that occurs rapidly by adjusting the redox level of the PQ:PQH2 pool and is a necessary process for energy metabolism in aquatic phototrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Zournas
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Kyle Mani
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department. of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Dismukes GC, Stranger R, Smith P. Dedication to Ron Pace. Photosynth Res 2022; 152:95-96. [PMID: 35759129 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00928-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ron Pace (6 July 1946 to 4 January 2021) was a scientist of deep intellectual pursuits, an eager debater of the laws of nature, and an admired teacher, whose generous character and humorous spirit was a gift to his colleagues, collaborators, and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology and The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Rob Stranger
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Paul Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Valparaiso University, 1710 Chapel Drive, Valparaiso, IN, 46383, USA
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Gabr A, Zournas A, Stephens TG, Dismukes GC, Bhattacharya D. Evidence for a robust photosystem II in the photosynthetic amoeba Paulinella. New Phytol 2022; 234:934-945. [PMID: 35211975 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Paulinella represents the only known case of an independent primary plastid endosymbiosis, outside Archaeplastida, that occurred c. 120 (million years ago) Ma. These photoautotrophs grow very slowly in replete culture medium with a doubling time of 6-7 d at optimal low light, and are highly sensitive to photodamage under moderate light levels. We used genomic and biophysical methods to investigate the extreme slow growth rate and light sensitivity of Paulinella, which are key to photosymbiont integration. All photosystem II (PSII) genes except psb28-2 and all cytochrome b6 f complex genes except petM and petL are present in Paulinella micropora KR01 (hereafter, KR01). Biophysical measurements of the water oxidation complex, variable chlorophyll fluorescence, and photosynthesis-irradiance curves show no obvious evidence of PSII impairment. Analysis of photoacclimation under high-light suggests that although KR01 can perform charge separation, it lacks photoprotection mechanisms present in cyanobacteria. We hypothesize that Paulinella species are restricted to low light environments because they are deficient in mitigating the formation of reactive oxygen species formed within the photosystems under peak solar intensities. The finding that many photoprotection genes have been lost or transferred to the host-genome during endosymbiont genome reduction, and may lack light-regulation, is consistent with this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwa Gabr
- Graduate Program in Molecular Bioscience and Program in Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University, Nelson Lab-604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Apostolos Zournas
- Graduate Program in Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Timothy G Stephens
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Debashish Bhattacharya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rutgers University, Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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Gates C, Ananyev G, Roy-Chowdhury S, Cullinane B, Miller M, Fromme P, Dismukes GC. Why Did Nature Choose Manganese over Cobalt to Make Oxygen Photosynthetically on the Earth? J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3257-3268. [PMID: 35446582 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
All contemporary oxygenic phototrophs─from primitive cyanobacteria to complex multicellular plants─split water using a single invariant cluster comprising Mn4CaO5 (the water oxidation catalyst) as the catalyst within photosystem II, the universal oxygenic reaction center of natural photosynthesis. This cluster is unstable outside of PSII and can be reconstituted, both in vivo and in vitro, using elemental aqueous ions and light, via photoassembly. Here, we demonstrate the first functional substitution of manganese in any oxygenic reaction center by in vitro photoassembly. Following complete removal of inorganic cofactors from cyanobacterial photosystem II microcrystal (PSIIX), photoassembly with free cobalt (Co2+), calcium (Ca2+), and water (OH-) restores O2 evolution activity. Photoassembly occurs at least threefold faster using Co2+ versus Mn2+ due to a higher quantum yield for PSIIX-mediated charge separation (P*): Co2+ → P* → Co3+QA-. However, this kinetic preference for Co2+ over native Mn2+ during photoassembly is offset by significantly poorer catalytic activity (∼25% of the activity with Mn2+) and ∼3- to 30-fold faster photoinactivation rate. The resulting reconstituted Co-PSIIX oxidizes water by the standard four-flash photocycle, although they produce 4-fold less O2 per PSII, suggested to arise from faster charge recombination (Co3+QA ← Co4+QA-) in the catalytic cycle. The faster photoinactivation of reconstituted Co-PSIIX occurs under anaerobic conditions during the catalytic cycle, suggesting direct photodamage without the involvement of O2. Manganese offers two advantages for oxygenic phototrophs, which may explain its exclusive retention throughout Darwinian evolution: significantly slower charge recombination (Mn3+QA ← Mn4+QA-) permits more water oxidation at low and fluctuating solar irradiation (greater net energy conversion) and much greater tolerance to photodamage at high light intensities (Mn4+ is less oxidizing than Co4+). Future work to identify the chemical nature of the intermediates will be needed for further interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Gates
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Department of Computational Biology & Molecular Biophysics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Brendan Cullinane
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Mathias Miller
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Mani K, Zournas A, Dismukes GC. Bridging the gap between Kok-type and kinetic models of photosynthetic electron transport within Photosystem II. Photosynth Res 2022; 151:83-102. [PMID: 34402027 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00868-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Historically, two modeling approaches have been developed independently to describe photosynthetic electron transport (PET) from water to plastoquinone within Photosystem II (PSII): Markov models account for losses from finite redox transition probabilities but predict no reaction kinetics, and ordinary differential equation (ODE) models account for kinetics but not for redox inefficiencies. We have developed an ODE mathematical framework to calculate Markov inefficiencies of transition probabilities as defined in Joliot-Kok-type catalytic cycles. We adapted a previously published ODE model for PET within PSII that accounts for 238 individual steps to enable calculation of the four photochemical inefficiency parameters (miss, double hit, inactivation, backward transition) and the four redox accumulation states (S-states) that are predicted by the most advanced of the Joliot-Kok-type models (VZAD). Using only reaction kinetic parameters without other assumptions, the RODE-calculated time-averaged (e.g., equilibrium) inefficiency parameters and equilibrium S-state populations agree with those calculated by time-independent Joliot-Kok models. RODE also predicts their time-dependent values during transient photochemical steps for all 96 microstates involving PSII redox cofactors. We illustrate applications to two cyanobacteria, Arthrospira maxima and Synechococcus sp. 7002, where experimental data exists for the inefficiency parameters and the S-state populations, and historical data for plant chloroplasts as benchmarks. Significant findings: RODE predicts the microstates responsible for period-4 and period-2 oscillations of O2 and fluorescence yields and the four inefficiency parameters; the latter parameters are not constant for each S state nor in time, in contrast to predictions from Joliot-Kok models; some of the recombination pathways that contribute to the backward transition parameter are identified and found to contribute when their rates exceed the oxidation rate of the terminal acceptor pool (PQH2); prior reports based on the assumptions of Joliot-Kok parameters may require reinterpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Mani
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Apostolos Zournas
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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Calvinho KUD, Alherz AW, Yap KMK, Laursen AB, Hwang S, Bare ZJL, Clifford Z, Musgrave CB, Dismukes GC. Surface Hydrides on Fe 2P Electrocatalyst Reduce CO 2 at Low Overpotential: Steering Selectivity to Ethylene Glycol. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21275-21285. [PMID: 34882386 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Development of efficient electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to multicarbon products has been constrained by high overpotentials and poor selectivity. Here, we introduce iron phosphide (Fe2P) as an earth-abundant catalyst for the CO2RR to mainly C2-C4 products with a total CO2RR Faradaic efficiency of 53% at 0 V vs RHE. Carbon product selectivity is tuned in favor of ethylene glycol formation with increasing negative bias at the expense of C3-C4 products. Both Grand Canonical-DFT (GC-DFT) calculations and experiments reveal that *formate, not *CO, is the initial intermediate formed from surface phosphino-hydrides and that the latter form ionic hydrides at both surface phosphorus atoms (H@Ps) and P-reconstructed Fe3 hollow sites (H@P*). Binding of these surface hydrides weakens with negative bias (reactivity increases), which accounts for both the shift to C2 products over higher C-C coupling products and the increase in the H2 evolution reaction (HER) rate. GC-DFT predicts that phosphino-hydrides convert *formate to *formaldehyde, the key intermediate for C-C coupling, whereas hydrogen atoms on Fe generate tightly bound *CO via sequential PCET reactions to H2O. GC-DFT predicts the peak in CO2RR current density near -0.1 V is due to a local maximum in the binding affinity of *formate and *formaldehyde at this bias, which together with the more labile C2 product affinity, accounts for the shift to ethylene glycol and away from C3-C4 products. Consistent with these predictions, addition of exogenous CO is shown to block all carbon product formation and lower the HER rate. These results demonstrate that the formation of ionic hydrides and their binding affinity, as modulated by the applied potential, controls the carbon product distribution. This knowledge provides new insight into the influence of hydride speciation and applied bias on the chemical reaction mechanism of CO2RR that is relevant to all transition metal phosphides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin U D Calvinho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Abdulaziz W Alherz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kyra M K Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Anders B Laursen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shinjae Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Zachary J L Bare
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Zachary Clifford
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Charles B Musgrave
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States.,Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States.,Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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11
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Laursen AB, Calvinho KU, Goetjen TA, Yap KM, Hwang S, Yang H, Garfunkel E, Dismukes GC. CO2 electro-reduction on Cu3P: Role of Cu(I) oxidation state and surface facet structure in C1-formate production and H2 selectivity. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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12
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Gates C, Ananyev G, Dismukes GC. Realtime kinetics of the light driven steps of photosynthetic water oxidation in living organisms by "stroboscopic" fluorometry. Biochim Biophys Acta Bioenerg 2020; 1861:148212. [PMID: 32320684 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2020.148212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We develop a rapid "stroboscopic" fluorescence induction method, using the fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRF) technique, to measure changes in the quantum yield of light emission from chlorophyll in oxygenic photosynthesis arising from competition with primary photochemical charge separation (P680* ➔ P680+QA-). This method determines the transit times of electrons that pass through PSII during the successive steps in the catalytic cycle of water oxidation/O2 formation (S states) and plastoquinone reduction in any oxygenic phototroph (in vivo or in vitro). We report the first measurements from intact living cells, illustrated by a eukaryotic alga (Nannochloropsis oceanica). We demonstrate that S state transition times depend strongly on the redox state of the PSII acceptor side, at both QB and the plastoquinone pool which serve as the major locus of regulation of PSII electron flux. We provide evidence for a kinetic intermediate S3' state (lifetime 220 μs) following formation of S3 and prior to the release of O2. We compare the FRRF-detected kinetics to other previous spectroscopic methods (optical absorbance, EPR, and XES) that are applicable only to in vitro samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Gates
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America; Department of Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States of America.
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13
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Potkay A, Ten Veldhuis MC, Fan Y, Mattos CRC, Ananyev G, Dismukes GC. Water and vapor transport in algal-fungal lichen: Modeling constrained by laboratory experiments, an application for Flavoparmelia caperata. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:945-964. [PMID: 31759337 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Algal-fungal symbionts share water, nutrients, and gases via an architecture unique to lichens. Because lichen activity is controlled by moisture dynamics, understanding water transport is prerequisite to understand their fundamental biology. We propose a model of water distributions within foliose lichens governed by laws of fluid motion. Our model differentiates between water stored in symbionts, on extracellular surfaces, and in distinct morphological layers. We parameterize our model with hydraulic properties inverted from laboratory measurements of Flavoparmelia caperata and validate for wetting and drying. We ask: (1) Where is the bottleneck to water transport? (2) How do hydration and dehydration dynamics differ? and (3) What causes these differences? Resistance to vapor flow is concentrated at thallus surfaces and acts as the bottleneck for equilibrium, while internal resistances are small. The model captures hysteresis in hydration and desiccation, which are shown to be controlled by nonlinearities in hydraulic capacitance. Muting existing nonlinearities slowed drying and accelerated wetting, while exaggerating nonlinearities accelerated drying and slowed wetting. The hydraulic nonlinearity of F. caperata is considerable, which may reflect its preference for humid and stable environments. The model establishes the physical foundation for future investigations of transport of water, gas, and sugar between symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Potkay
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University
| | - Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis
- Water Management Department, Delft University of Technology
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University
| | - Caio R C Mattos
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University
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14
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Ten Veldhuis MC, Ananyev G, Dismukes GC. Symbiosis extended: exchange of photosynthetic O 2 and fungal-respired CO 2 mutually power metabolism of lichen symbionts. Photosynth Res 2020; 143:287-299. [PMID: 31893333 PMCID: PMC7052035 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-019-00702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are a symbiosis between a fungus and one or more photosynthetic microorganisms that enables the symbionts to thrive in places and conditions they could not compete independently. Exchanges of water and sugars between the symbionts are the established mechanisms that support lichen symbiosis. Herein, we present a new linkage between algal photosynthesis and fungal respiration in lichen Flavoparmelia caperata that extends the physiological nature of symbiotic co-dependent metabolisms, mutually boosting energy conversion rates in both symbionts. Measurements of electron transport by oximetry show that photosynthetic O2 is consumed internally by fungal respiration. At low light intensity, very low levels of O2 are released, while photosynthetic electron transport from water oxidation is normal as shown by intrinsic chlorophyll variable fluorescence yield (period-4 oscillations in flash-induced Fv/Fm). The rate of algal O2 production increases following consecutive series of illumination periods, at low and with limited saturation at high light intensities, in contrast to light saturation in free-living algae. We attribute this effect to arise from the availability of more CO2 produced by fungal respiration of photosynthetically generated sugars. We conclude that the lichen symbionts are metabolically coupled by energy conversion through exchange of terminal electron donors and acceptors used in both photosynthesis and fungal respiration. Algal sugars and O2 are consumed by the fungal symbiont, while fungal delivered CO2 is consumed by the alga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claire Ten Veldhuis
- Water Resources Section, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628CN, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Rd, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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15
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Shevela D, Ananyev G, Vatland AK, Arnold J, Mamedov F, Eichacker LA, Dismukes GC, Messinger J. 'Birth defects' of photosystem II make it highly susceptible to photodamage during chloroplast biogenesis. Physiol Plant 2019; 166:165-180. [PMID: 30693529 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High solar flux is known to diminish photosynthetic growth rates, reducing biomass productivity and lowering disease tolerance. Photosystem II (PSII) of plants is susceptible to photodamage (also known as photoinactivation) in strong light, resulting in severe loss of water oxidation capacity and destruction of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). The repair of damaged PSIIs comes at a high energy cost and requires de novo biosynthesis of damaged PSII subunits, reassembly of the WOC inorganic cofactors and membrane remodeling. Employing membrane-inlet mass spectrometry and O2 -polarography under flashing light conditions, we demonstrate that newly synthesized PSII complexes are far more susceptible to photodamage than are mature PSII complexes. We examined these 'PSII birth defects' in barley seedlings and plastids (etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts) isolated at various times during de-etiolation as chloroplast development begins and matures in synchronization with thylakoid membrane biogenesis and grana membrane formation. We show that the degree of PSII photodamage decreases simultaneously with biogenesis of the PSII turnover efficiency measured by O2 -polarography, and with grana membrane stacking, as determined by electron microscopy. Our data from fluorescence, QB -inhibitor binding, and thermoluminescence studies indicate that the decline of the high-light susceptibility of PSII to photodamage is coincident with appearance of electron transfer capability QA - → QB during de-etiolation. This rate depends in turn on the downstream clearing of electrons upon buildup of the complete linear electron transfer chain and the formation of stacked grana membranes capable of longer-range energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ann K Vatland
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Janine Arnold
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
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Ananyev G, Roy-Chowdhury S, Gates C, Fromme P, Dismukes GC. The Catalytic Cycle of Water Oxidation in Crystallized Photosystem II Complexes: Performance and Requirements for Formation of Intermediates. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shatabdi Roy-Chowdhury
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute and School of Molecular Sciences Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | | | - Petra Fromme
- Biodesign Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute and School of Molecular Sciences Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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Chen H, Case DA, Dismukes GC. Reconciling Structural and Spectroscopic Fingerprints of the Oxygen-Evolving Complex of Photosystem II: A Computational Study of the S 2 State. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:11868-11882. [PMID: 30444623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b08147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic cycle of photosynthetic water oxidation occurs at the Mn4CaO5 oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of photosystem II. Extensive spectroscopic data have been collected on the intermediates, especially the S2 (Kok) state, although the proton and electron inventories (Mn oxidation states) are still uncertain. The "high oxidation" paradigm assigns S2 Mn oxidation level (III, IV, IV, IV) or (IV, IV, IV, III), whereas a "low oxidation" paradigm posits two additional electrons. Here, we investigate the geometric (X-ray diffraction, extended X-ray absorption fine structure) and spectroscopic (electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR)) properties of the S2 state using quantum chemical density functional theory calculations, focusing on the neglected low paradigm. Two interconvertible electronic spin configurations are predicted as ground states, producing multiline ( S = 1/2) and broad ( S = 5/2) EPR signals in the low paradigm oxidation state (III, IV, III, III) and with W2 as OH- and O5 as OH-. They have "open" ( S = 5/2) and "closed" ( S = 1/2) Mn3CaO4-cubane geometries. Other energetically accessible isomers with ground spin states 1/2, 7/2, 9/2, or 11/2 can be obtained through perturbations of hydrogen-bonding networks (e.g., H+ from His337 to O3 or W2), consistent with experimental observations. Conformers with the low oxidation state configuration (III, IV, IV, II) also become energetically accessible when the protonation states are O5 (OH-), W2 (H2O), and neutral His337. The configuration with (III, IV, III, III) agrees well with earlier low-temperature EPR and ENDOR interpretations, whereas the MnII-containing configuration agrees partially with recent ENDOR data. However, the low oxidation paradigm does not yield isotropic ligand hyperfine interactions in good agreement with observed values. We conclude that the low Mn oxidation state proposal for the OEC can closely fit most of the available structural and electronic data for S2 at accessible energies.
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Vinyard DJ, Ananyev GM, Dismukes GC. Desiccation tolerant lichens facilitate in vivo H/D isotope effect measurements in oxygenic photosynthesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2018; 1859:1039-1044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Chen H, Dismukes GC, Case DA. Resolving Ambiguous Protonation and Oxidation States in the Oxygen Evolving Complex of Photosystem II. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:8654-8664. [PMID: 30134654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) of photosynthetic organisms converts light energy into chemical energy by oxidizing water to dioxygen at the Mn4CaO5 oxygen-evolving complex (OEC). Extensive structural data have been collected on the resting dark state (nominally S1 in the standard Kok nomenclature) from crystal diffraction and EXAFS studies but the protonation and Mn oxidation states are still uncertain. A "high-oxidation" model assigns the S1 state to have the formal Mn oxidation level of (III, IV, IV, III), whereas the "low-oxidation" model posits two additional electrons. Generally, additional protons are expected to be associated with the low-oxidation model and were not fully investigated until now. Here we consider structural features of the S0 and S1 states using a quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) method. We systematically alter the hydrogen-bonding network and the protonation states of bridging and terminal oxygens and His337 to investigate how they influence Mn-Mn and Mn-O distances, relative energetics, and the internal distribution of Mn oxidation states, in both high and low-oxidation state paradigms. The bridging oxygens (O1, O2, O3, O4) all need to be deprotonated (O2-) to be compatible with available structural data, whereas the position of O5 (bridging Mn3, Mn4, and Ca) in the XFEL structure is more consistent with an OH- under the low paradigm. We show that structures with two short Mn-Mn distances, which are sometimes argued to be diagnostic of a high oxidation state paradigm, can also arise in low oxidation-state models. We conclude that the low Mn oxidation state proposal for the OEC can closely fit all of the available structural data at accessible energies in a straightforward manner. Modeling at the 4 H+ protonation level of S1 under the high paradigm predicts rearrangement of bidentate D1-Asp170 to H-bond to O5 (OH-), a geometry found in artificial OEC catalysts.
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Qian X, Zhang Y, Lun DS, Dismukes GC. Rerouting of Metabolism into Desired Cellular Products by Nutrient Stress: Fluxes Reveal the Selected Pathways in Cyanobacterial Photosynthesis. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:1465-1476. [PMID: 29617123 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Boosting cellular growth rates while redirecting metabolism to make desired products are the preeminent goals of gene engineering of photoautotrophs, yet so far these goals have been hardly achieved owing to lack of understanding of the functional pathways and their choke points. Here we apply a 13C mass isotopic method (INST-MFA) to quantify instantaneous fluxes of metabolites during photoautotrophic growth. INST-MFA determines the globally most accurate set of absolute fluxes for each metabolite from a finite set of measured 13C-isotopomer fluxes by minimizing the sum of squared residuals between experimental and predicted mass isotopomers. We show that the widely observed shift in biomass composition in cyanobacteria, demonstrated here with Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, favoring glycogen synthesis during nitrogen starvation is caused by (1) increased flux through a bottleneck step in gluconeogenesis (3PG → GAP/DHAP), and (2) flux overflow through a previously unrecognized hybrid gluconeogenesis-pentose phosphate (hGPP) pathway. Our data suggest the slower growth rate and biomass accumulation under N starvation is due to a reduced carbon fixation rate and a reduced flux of carbon into amino acid precursors. Additionally, 13C flux from α-ketoglutarate to succinate is demonstrated to occur via succinic semialdehyde, an alternative to the conventional TCA cycle, in Synechococcus 7002 under photoautotrophic conditions. We found that pyruvate and oxaloacetate are synthesized mainly by malate dehydrogenase with minimal flux into acetyl coenzyme-A via pyruvate dehydrogenase. Nutrient stress induces major shifts in fluxes into new pathways that deviate from historical metabolic pathways derived from model bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qian
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Desmond S. Lun
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Rutgers University, Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Laursen AB, Wexler RB, Whitaker MJ, Izett EJ, Calvinho KUD, Hwang S, Rucker R, Wang H, Li J, Garfunkel E, Greenblatt M, Rappe AM, Dismukes GC. Climbing the Volcano of Electrocatalytic Activity while Avoiding Catalyst Corrosion: Ni3P, a Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalyst Stable in Both Acid and Alkali. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders B. Laursen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Robert B. Wexler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - Marianna J. Whitaker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Edward J. Izett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Karin U. D. Calvinho
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shinjae Hwang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Ross Rucker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 088544, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Eric Garfunkel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Martha Greenblatt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Andrew M. Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway New Jersey 08854, United States
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey,190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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22
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Zhang S, Qian X, Chang S, Dismukes GC, Bryant DA. Natural and Synthetic Variants of the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Cyanobacteria: Introduction of the GABA Shunt into Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1972. [PMID: 28018308 PMCID: PMC5160925 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
For nearly half a century, it was believed that cyanobacteria had an incomplete tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, because 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (2-OGDH) was missing. Recently, a bypass route via succinic semialdehyde (SSA), which utilizes 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase (OgdA) and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SsaD) to convert 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) into succinate, was identified, thus completing the TCA cycle in most cyanobacteria. In addition to the recently characterized glyoxylate shunt that occurs in a few of cyanobacteria, the existence of a third variant of the TCA cycle connecting these metabolites, the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt, was considered to be ambiguous because the GABA aminotransferase is missing in many cyanobacteria. In this study we isolated and biochemically characterized the enzymes of the GABA shunt. We show that N-acetylornithine aminotransferase (ArgD) can function as a GABA aminotransferase and that, together with glutamate decarboxylase (GadA), it can complete a functional GABA shunt. To prove the connectivity between the OgdA/SsaD bypass and the GABA shunt, the gadA gene from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was heterologously expressed in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002, which naturally lacks this enzyme. Metabolite profiling of seven Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 mutant strains related to these two routes to succinate were investigated and proved the functional connectivity. Metabolite profiling also indicated that, compared to the OgdA/SsaD shunt, the GABA shunt was less efficient in converting 2-OG to SSA in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. The metabolic profiling study of these two TCA cycle variants provides new insights into carbon metabolism as well as evolution of the TCA cycle in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Zhang
- 403C Althouse Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park PA, USA
| | - Xiao Qian
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
| | - Shannon Chang
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway NJ, USA
| | - G C Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, PiscatawayNJ, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, PiscatawayNJ, USA
| | - Donald A Bryant
- 403C Althouse Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University ParkPA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, BozemanMT, USA
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23
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Gates C, Ananyev G, Dismukes GC. The strontium inorganic mutant of the water oxidizing center (CaMn4O5) of PSII improves WOC efficiency but slows electron flux through the terminal acceptors. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2016; 1857:1550-1560. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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24
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Foflonker F, Ananyev G, Qiu H, Morrison A, Palenik B, Dismukes GC, Bhattacharya D. The unexpected extremophile: Tolerance to fluctuating salinity in the green alga Picochlorum. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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Vinyard DJ, Sun JS, Gimpel J, Ananyev GM, Mayfield SP, Charles Dismukes G. Natural isoforms of the Photosystem II D1 subunit differ in photoassembly efficiency of the water-oxidizing complex. Photosynth Res 2016; 128:141-150. [PMID: 26687161 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-015-0208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenic photosynthesis efficiency at increasing solar flux is limited by light-induced damage (photoinhibition) of Photosystem II (PSII), primarily targeting the D1 reaction center subunit. Some cyanobacteria contain two natural isoforms of D1 that function better under low light (D1:1) or high light (D1:2). Herein, rates and yields of photoassembly of the Mn4CaO5 water-oxidizing complex (WOC) from the free inorganic cofactors (Mn(2+), Ca(2+), water, electron acceptor) and apo-WOC-PSII are shown to differ significantly: D1:1 apo-WOC-PSII exhibits a 2.3-fold faster rate-limiting step of photoassembly and up to seven-fold faster rate to the first light-stable Mn(3+) intermediate, IM1*, but with a much higher rate of photoinhibition than D1:2. Conversely, D1:2 apo-WOC-PSII assembles slower but has up to seven-fold higher yield, achieved by a higher quantum yield of charge separation and slower photoinhibition rate. These results confirm and extend previous observations of the two holoenzymes: D1:2-PSII has a greater quantum yield of primary charge separation, faster [P680 (+) Q A (-) ] charge recombination and less photoinhibition that results in a slower rate and higher yield of photoassembly of its apo-WOC-PSII complex. In contrast, D1:1-PSII has a lower quantum yield of primary charge separation, a slower [P680 (+) Q A (-) ] charge recombination rate, and faster photoinhibition that together result in higher rate but lower yield of photoassembly at higher light intensities. Cyanobacterial PSII reaction centers that contain the high- and low-light D1 isoforms can tailor performance to optimize photosynthesis at varying light conditions, with similar consequences on their photoassembly kinetics and yield. These different efficiencies of photoassembly versus photoinhibition impose differential costs for biosynthesis as a function of light intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vinyard
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Jennifer S Sun
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Development Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Javier Gimpel
- San Diego Center for Algae Biotechnology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gennady M Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Stephen P Mayfield
- San Diego Center for Algae Biotechnology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Rd., Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
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26
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Ananyev G, Gates C, Dismukes GC. The Oxygen quantum yield in diverse algae and cyanobacteria is controlled by partitioning of flux between linear and cyclic electron flow within photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016; 1857:1380-1391. [PMID: 27117512 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We have measured flash-induced oxygen quantum yields (O2-QYs) and primary charge separation (Chl variable fluorescence yield, Fv/Fm) in vivo among phylogenetically diverse microalgae and cyanobacteria. Higher O2-QYs can be attained in cells by releasing constraints on charge transfer at the Photosystem II (PSII) acceptor side by adding membrane-permeable benzoquinone (BQ) derivatives that oxidize plastosemiquinone QB(-) and QBH2. This method allows uncoupling PSII turnover from its natural regulation in living cells, without artifacts of isolating PSII complexes. This approach reveals different extents of regulation across species, controlled at the QB(-) acceptor site. Arthrospira maxima is confirmed as the most efficient PSII-WOC (water oxidizing complex) and exhibits the least regulation of flux. Thermosynechococcus elongatus exhibits an O2-QY of 30%, suggesting strong downregulation. WOC cycle simulations with the most accurate model (VZAD) show that a light-driven backward transition (net addition of an electron to the WOC, distinct from recombination) occurs in up to 25% of native PSIIs in the S2 and S3 states, while adding BQ prevents backward transitions and increases the lifetime of S2 and S3 by 10-fold. Backward transitions occur in PSIIs that have plastosemiquinone radicals in the QB site and are postulated to be physiologically regulated pathways for storing light energy as proton gradient through direct PSII-cyclic electron flow (PSII-CEF). PSII-CEF is independent of classical PSI/cyt-b6f-CEF and provides an alternative proton translocation pathway for energy conversion. PSII-CEF enables variable fluxes between linear and cyclic electron pathways, thus accommodating species-dependent needs for redox and ion-gradient energy sources powered by a single photosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Ananyev
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology and the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Colin Gates
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology and the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology and the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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27
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Smith PF, Deibert BJ, Kaushik S, Gardner G, Hwang S, Wang H, Al-Sharab JF, Garfunkel E, Fabris L, Li J, Dismukes GC. Coordination Geometry and Oxidation State Requirements of Corner-Sharing MnO6 Octahedra for Water Oxidation Catalysis: An Investigation of Manganite (γ-MnOOH). ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Deibert
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shivam Kaushik
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Graeme Gardner
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shinjae Hwang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jafar F. Al-Sharab
- Department
of Engineering Technology, Northwestern State University, 205
Williamson Hall, Natchitoches, Louisiana 71497, United States
| | - Eric Garfunkel
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Laura Fabris
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- The
Waksman Institute, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 190 Freilinghuysen
Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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28
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Smith PF, Hunt L, Laursen AB, Sagar V, Kaushik S, Calvinho KUD, Marotta G, Mosconi E, De Angelis F, Dismukes GC. Water Oxidation by the [Co4O4(OAc)4(py)4]+ Cubium is Initiated by OH– Addition. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15460-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b09152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Liam Hunt
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Anders B. Laursen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Viral Sagar
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shivam Kaushik
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Karin U. D. Calvinho
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Gabriele Marotta
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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29
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Qian X, Kumaraswamy GK, Zhang S, Gates C, Ananyev GM, Bryant DA, Dismukes GC. Inactivation of nitrate reductase alters metabolic branching of carbohydrate fermentation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:979-88. [PMID: 26479976 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To produce cellular energy, cyanobacteria reduce nitrate as the preferred pathway over proton reduction (H2 evolution) by catabolizing glycogen under dark anaerobic conditions. This competition lowers H2 production by consuming a large fraction of the reducing equivalents (NADPH and NADH). To eliminate this competition, we constructed a knockout mutant of nitrate reductase, encoded by narB, in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. As expected, ΔnarB was able to take up intracellular nitrate but was unable to reduce it to nitrite or ammonia, and was unable to grow photoautotrophically on nitrate. During photoautotrophic growth on urea, ΔnarB significantly redirects biomass accumulation into glycogen at the expense of protein accumulation. During subsequent dark fermentation, metabolite concentrations--both the adenylate cellular energy charge (∼ATP) and the redox poise (NAD(P)H/NAD(P))--were independent of nitrate availability in ΔnarB, in contrast to the wild type (WT) control. The ΔnarB strain diverted more reducing equivalents from glycogen catabolism into reduced products, mainly H2 and d-lactate, by 6-fold (2.8% yield) and 2-fold (82.3% yield), respectively, than WT. Continuous removal of H2 from the fermentation medium (milking) further boosted net H2 production by 7-fold in ΔnarB, at the expense of less excreted lactate, resulting in a 49-fold combined increase in the net H2 evolution rate during 2 days of fermentation compared to the WT. The absence of nitrate reductase eliminated the inductive effect of nitrate addition on rerouting carbohydrate catabolism from glycolysis to the oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway, indicating that intracellular redox poise and not nitrate itself acts as the control switch for carbon flux branching between pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Qian
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.,Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Shuyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania
| | - Colin Gates
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | | | - Donald A Bryant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. .,Department of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, 08901.
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30
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Deibert BJ, Zhang J, Smith PF, Chapman KW, Rangan S, Banerjee D, Tan K, Wang H, Pasquale N, Chen F, Lee K, Dismukes GC, Chabal YJ, Li J. Surface and Structural Investigation of a MnO
x
Birnessite‐Type Water Oxidation Catalyst Formed under Photocatalytic Conditions. Chemistry 2015; 21:14218-28. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Deibert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Jingming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Paul F. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Karena W. Chapman
- X‐ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439 (USA)
| | - Sylvie Rangan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Debasis Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Kui Tan
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Nicholas Pasquale
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648 (USA)
| | - Ki‐Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
- The Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
| | - Yves J. Chabal
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080 (USA)
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 (USA)
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31
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Cady CW, Gardner G, Maron ZO, Retuerto M, Go YB, Segan S, Greenblatt M, Dismukes GC. Tuning the Electrocatalytic Water Oxidation Properties of AB2O4 Spinel Nanocrystals: A (Li, Mg, Zn) and B (Mn, Co) Site Variants of LiMn2O4. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.5b00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clyde W. Cady
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Graeme Gardner
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Zachary O. Maron
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Maria Retuerto
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Yong Bok Go
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Shreeda Segan
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Martha Greenblatt
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department of
Chemistry and
Chemical Biology and ‡The Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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32
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Krishnan A, Kumaraswamy GK, Vinyard DJ, Gu H, Ananyev G, Posewitz MC, Dismukes GC. Metabolic and photosynthetic consequences of blocking starch biosynthesis in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii sta6 mutant. Plant J 2015; 81:947-60. [PMID: 25645872 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Upon nutrient deprivation, microalgae partition photosynthate into starch and lipids at the expense of protein synthesis and growth. We investigated the role of starch biosynthesis with respect to photosynthetic growth and carbon partitioning in the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii starchless mutant, sta6, which lacks ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. This mutant is unable to convert glucose-1-phosphate to ADP-glucose, the precursor of starch biosynthesis. During nutrient-replete culturing, sta6 does not re-direct metabolism to make more proteins or lipids, and accumulates 20% less biomass. The underlying molecular basis for the decreased biomass phenotype was identified using LC-MS metabolomics studies and flux methods. Above a threshold light intensity, photosynthetic electron transport rates (water → CO2) decrease in sta6 due to attenuated rates of NADPH re-oxidation, without affecting photosystems I or II (no change in isolated photosynthetic electron transport). We observed large accumulations of carbon metabolites that are precursors for the biosynthesis of lipids, amino acids and sugars/starch, indicating system-wide consequences of slower NADPH re-oxidation. Attenuated carbon fixation resulted in imbalances in both redox and adenylate energy. The pool sizes of both pyridine and adenylate nucleotides in sta6 increased substantially to compensate for the slower rate of turnover. Mitochondrial respiration partially relieved the reductant stress; however, prolonged high-light exposure caused accelerated photoinhibition. Thus, starch biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas plays a critical role as a principal carbon sink influencing cellular energy balance however, disrupting starch biosynthesis does not redirect resources to other bioproducts (lipids or proteins) during nutrient-replete culturing, resulting in cells that are susceptible to photochemical damage caused by redox stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anagha Krishnan
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers: The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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33
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Messinger J, Debus R, Dismukes GC. Warwick Hillier: a tribute. Photosynth Res 2014; 122:1-11. [PMID: 25038923 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-014-0025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Warwick Hillier (October 18, 1967-January 10, 2014) made seminal contributions to our understanding of photosynthetic water oxidation employing membrane inlet mass spectrometry and FTIR spectroscopy. This article offers a collection of historical perspectives on the scientific impact of Warwick Hillier's work and tributes to the personal impact his life and ideas had on his collaborators and colleagues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre (KBC), Umeå University, Linnaeus väg 6, 90187, Umeå, Sweden
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34
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Carrell TG, Smith PF, Dennes J, Dismukes GC. Entropy and enthalpy contributions to the kinetics of proton coupled electron transfer to the Mn4O4(O2PPh2)6 cubane. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:11843-7. [PMID: 24643330 DOI: 10.1039/c3cp55200d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dependence of rate, entropy of activation, and ((1)H/(2)H) kinetic isotope effect for H-atom transfer from a series of p-substituted phenols to cubane Mn4O4L6 (L = O2PPh2) (1) reveals the activation energy to form the transition state is proportional to the phenolic O-H bond dissociation energy. New implications for water oxidation and charge recombination in photosystem II are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Carrell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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Vinyard DJ, Gimpel J, Ananyev GM, Mayfield SP, Dismukes GC. Engineered Photosystem II reaction centers optimize photochemistry versus photoprotection at different solar intensities. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:4048-55. [PMID: 24548276 DOI: 10.1021/ja5002967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The D1 protein of Photosystem II (PSII) provides most of the ligating amino acid residues for the Mn4CaO5 water-oxidizing complex (WOC) and half of the reaction center cofactors, and it is present as two isoforms in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. These isoforms, D1:1 and D1:2, confer functional advantages for photosynthetic growth at low and high light intensities, respectively. D1:1, D1:2, and seven point mutations in the D1:2 background that are native to D1:1 were expressed in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. We used these nine strains to show that those strains that confer a higher yield of PSII charge separation under light-limiting conditions (where charge recombination is significant) have less efficient photochemical turnover, measured in terms of both a lower WOC turnover probability and a longer WOC cycle period. Conversely, these same strains under light saturation (where charge recombination does not compete) confer a correspondingly faster O2 evolution rate and greater protection against photoinhibition. Taken together, the data clearly establish that PSII primary charge separation is a trade-off between photochemical productivity (water oxidation and plastoquinone reduction) and charge recombination (photoprotection). These trade-offs add up to a significant growth advantage for the two natural isoforms. These insights provide fundamental design principles for engineering of PSII reaction centers with optimal photochemical efficiencies for growth at low versus high light intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and ‡Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Smith PF, Kaplan C, Sheats JE, Robinson DM, McCool NS, Mezle N, Dismukes GC. What Determines Catalyst Functionality in Molecular Water Oxidation? Dependence on Ligands and Metal Nuclearity in Cobalt Clusters. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2113-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402720p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854, United States
| | - Christopher Kaplan
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854, United States
| | - John E. Sheats
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854, United States
| | - David M. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854, United States
| | - Nicholas S. McCool
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854, United States
| | - Nicholas Mezle
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854, United States
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, New Jersy 08854, United States
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Sivaraia M, Charles Dismukes G. A Comparison of the Manganese Center Responsible for Photosynthetic Water Oxidation in O2-Evolving Core Particles and Photosystem II Enriched Membranes: EPR of the S2State. Isr J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.198800019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Holder AA, Taylor P, Magnusen AR, Moffett ET, Meyer K, Hong Y, Ramsdale SE, Gordon M, Stubbs J, Seymour LA, Acharya D, Weber RT, Smith PF, Dismukes GC, Ji P, Menocal L, Bai F, Williams JL, Cropek DM, Jarrett WL. Preliminary anti-cancer photodynamic therapeutic in vitro studies with mixed-metal binuclear ruthenium(II)-vanadium(IV) complexes. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:11881-99. [PMID: 23783642 PMCID: PMC3751419 DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50547b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterisation of mixed-metal binuclear ruthenium(II)-vanadium(IV) complexes, which were used as potential photodynamic therapeutic agents for melanoma cell growth inhibition. The novel complexes, [Ru(pbt)2(phen2DTT)](PF6)2·1.5H2O 1 (where phen2DTT = 1,4-bis(1,10-phenanthrolin-5-ylsulfanyl)butane-2,3-diol and pbt = 2-(2'-pyridyl)benzothiazole) and [Ru(pbt)2(tpphz)](PF6)2·3H2O 2 (where tpphz = tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3'',2''-h:2''',3'''-j]phenazine) were synthesised and characterised. Compound 1 was reacted with [VO(sal-L-tryp)(H2O)] (where sal-L-tryp = N-salicylidene-L-tryptophanate) to produce [Ru(pbt)2(phen2DTT)VO(sal-L-tryp)](PF6)2·5H2O 4; while [VO(sal-L-tryp)(H2O)] was reacted with compound 2 to produce [Ru(pbt)2(tpphz)VO(sal-L-tryp)](PF6)2·6H2O 3. All complexes were characterised by elemental analysis, HRMS, ESI MS, UV-visible absorption, ESR spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry, where appropriate. In vitro cell toxicity studies (with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay) via dark and light reaction conditions were carried out with sodium diaqua-4,4',4'',4''' tetrasulfophthalocyaninecobaltate(II) (Na4[Co(tspc)(H2O)2]), [VO(sal-L-tryp)(phen)]·H2O, and the chloride salts of complexes 3 and 4. Such studies involved A431, human epidermoid carcinoma cells; human amelanotic malignant melanoma cells; and HFF, non-cancerous human skin fibroblast cells. Both chloride salts of complexes 3 and 4 were found to be more toxic to melanoma cells than to non-cancerous fibroblast cells, and preferentially led to apoptosis of the melanoma cells over non-cancerous skin cells. The anti-cancer property of the chloride salts of complexes 3 and 4 was further enhanced when treated cells were exposed to light, while no such effect was observed on non-cancerous skin fibroblast cells. ESR and (51)V NMR spectroscopic studies were also used to assess the stability of the chloride salts of complexes 3 and 4 in aqueous media at pH 7.19. This research illustrates the potential for using mixed-metal binuclear ruthenium(II)-vanadium(IV) complexes to fight skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin A. Holder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Patrick Taylor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Anthony R. Magnusen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Erick T. Moffett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Kyle Meyer
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, U.S.A
| | - Yiling Hong
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, 300 College Park, Dayton, OH 45469-2320, U.S.A
| | - Stuart E. Ramsdale
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Michelle Gordon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Javelyn Stubbs
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Luke A. Seymour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, # 5043, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-0001, U.S.A. , telephone: 601-266-4767, and fax: 601-266-6075
| | - Dhiraj Acharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, MS 39406, U.S.A
| | - Ralph T. Weber
- EPR Division Bruker BioSpin, 44 Manning Road, Billerica, MA 01821, U.S.A
| | - Paul F. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, U.S.A
| | - Ping Ji
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC T-17 room 080, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8175, U.S.A
| | - Laura Menocal
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC T-17 room 080, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8175, U.S.A
| | - Fengwei Bai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, MS 39406, U.S.A
| | - Jennie L. Williams
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, HSC T-17 room 080, Stony Brook, NY 11794-8175, U.S.A
| | - Donald M. Cropek
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Construction Engineering Research Laboratory, Champaign, IL 61822, U.S.A
| | - William L. Jarrett
- School of Polymers and High-Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive, #5050, Hattiesburg, MS 39406-0076, U.S.A
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Khorobrykh A, Dasgupta J, Kolling DRJ, Terentyev V, Klimov VV, Dismukes GC. Evolutionary origins of the photosynthetic water oxidation cluster: bicarbonate permits Mn(2+) photo-oxidation by anoxygenic bacterial reaction centers. Chembiochem 2013; 14:1725-31. [PMID: 24006214 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The enzyme that catalyzes water oxidation in oxygenic photosynthesis contains an inorganic cluster (Mn4 CaO5 ) that is universally conserved in all photosystem II (PSII) protein complexes. Its hypothesized precursor is an anoxygenic photobacterium containing a type 2 reaction center as photo-oxidant (bRC2, iron-quinone type). Here we provide the first experimental evidence that a native bRC2 complex can catalyze the photo-oxidation of Mn(2+) to Mn(3+) , but only in the presence of bicarbonate concentrations that allows the formation of (bRC2)Mn(2+) (bicarbonate)1-2 complexes. Parallel-mode EPR spectroscopy was used to characterize the photoproduct, (bRC2)Mn(3+) (CO3 (2-) ), based on the g tensor and (55) Mn hyperfine splitting. (Bi)carbonate coordination extends the lifetime of the Mn(3+) photoproduct by slowing charge recombination. Prior electrochemical measurements show that carbonate complexation thermodynamically stabilizes the Mn(3+) product by 0.9-1 V relative to water ligands. A model for the origin of the water oxidation catalyst is presented that proposes chemically feasible steps in the evolution of oxygenic PSIIs, and is supported by literature results on the photoassembly of contemporary PSIIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Khorobrykh
- Institute of Basic Biological Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290 (Russia)
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; ,
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540;
| | - Gennady M. Ananyev
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; ,
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and the Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854; ,
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41
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Guerra LT, Xu Y, Bennette N, McNeely K, Bryant DA, Dismukes GC. Natural osmolytes are much less effective substrates than glycogen for catabolic energy production in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. J Biotechnol 2013; 166:65-75. [PMID: 23608552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, encoded by glgC, catalyzes the first step of glycogen and glucosylglycer(ol/ate) biosynthesis. Here we report the construction of the first glgC null mutant of a marine cyanobacterium (Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002) and investigate its impact on dark anoxic metabolism (autofermentation). The glgC mutant had 98% lower ADP-glucose, synthesized no glycogen and produced appreciably more soluble sugars (mainly sucrose) than wild type (WT). Some glucosylglycerol was still observed, which suggests that the mutant has another, inefficient ADP-glucose synthesis pathway. In contrast, hypersaline conditions (1M NaCl) were lethal to the mutant strain, indicating that, unlike other strains, the elevated sucrose does not compensate for the reduced GG as osmolyte. In contrast to WT, nitrate limitation did not cause bleaching of N-containing pigments or carbohydrate accumulation in the glgC mutant, indicating impaired recycling of nitrogen stores. Despite the 2-fold increase in osmolytes, both the respiration and autofermentation rates of the glgC mutant were appreciably slower (2-4-fold) and correlated quantitatively with the lower fraction of insoluble carbohydrates relative to WT (85% vs. 12%). However, the remaining insoluble carbohydrates still accounted for a high fraction of the carbohydrate catabolized (38%), indicating that insoluble carbohydrates rather than osmolytes were the preferred substrate for autofermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tiago Guerra
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Robinson DM, Go YB, Mui M, Gardner G, Zhang Z, Mastrogiovanni D, Garfunkel E, Li J, Greenblatt M, Dismukes GC. Photochemical Water Oxidation by Crystalline Polymorphs of Manganese Oxides: Structural Requirements for Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3494-501. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310286h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 493] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David M. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Yong Bok Go
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Michelle Mui
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Graeme Gardner
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Zhijuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Daniel Mastrogiovanni
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Eric Garfunkel
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - Martha Greenblatt
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, Rutgers,
The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854,
United States
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Vinyard DJ, Gimpel J, Ananyev GM, Cornejo MA, Golden SS, Mayfield SP, Dismukes GC. Natural variants of photosystem II subunit D1 tune photochemical fitness to solar intensity. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:5451-62. [PMID: 23271739 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.394668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is composed of six core polypeptides that make up the minimal unit capable of performing the primary photochemistry of light-driven charge separation and water oxidation in all oxygenic phototrophs. The D1 subunit of this complex contains most of the ligating amino acid residues for the Mn(4)CaO(5) core of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). Most cyanobacteria have 3-5 copies of the psbA gene coding for at least two isoforms of D1, whereas algae and plants have only one isoform. Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 contains two D1 isoforms; D1:1 is expressed under low light conditions, and D1:2 is up-regulated in high light or stress conditions. Using a heterologous psbA expression system in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, we have measured growth rate, WOC cycle efficiency, and O(2) yield as a function of D1:1, D1:2, or the native algal D1 isoform. D1:1-PSII cells outcompete D1:2-PSII cells and accumulate more biomass in light-limiting conditions. However, D1:2-PSII cells easily outcompete D1:1-PSII cells at high light intensities. The native C. reinhardtii-PSII WOC cycles less efficiently at all light intensities and produces less O(2) than either cyanobacterial D1 isoform. D1:2-PSII makes more O(2) per saturating flash than D1:1-PSII, but it exhibits lower WOC cycling efficiency at low light intensities due to a 40% faster charge recombination rate in the S(3) state. These functional advantages of D1:1-PSII and D1:2-PSII at low and high light regimes, respectively, can be explained by differences in predicted redox potentials of PSII electron acceptors that control kinetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Vinyard
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Xu Y, Guerra LT, Li Z, Ludwig M, Dismukes GC, Bryant DA. Altered carbohydrate metabolism in glycogen synthase mutants of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002: Cell factories for soluble sugars. Metab Eng 2012; 16:56-67. [PMID: 23262095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen and compatible solutes are the major polymeric and soluble carbohydrates in cyanobacteria and function as energy reserves and osmoprotectants, respectively. Glycogen synthase null mutants (glgA-I glgA-II) were constructed in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7002. Under standard conditions the double mutant produced no glycogen and more soluble sugars. When grown under hypersaline conditions, the glgA-I glgA-II mutant accumulated 1.8-fold more soluble sugars (sucrose and glucosylglycer-(ol/ate)) than WT, and these cells spontaneously excreted soluble sugars into the medium at high levels without the need for additional transporters. An average of 27% more soluble sugars was released from the glgA-I glgA-II mutant than WT by hypo-osmotic shock. Extracellular vesicles budding from the outer membrane were observed by transmission electron microscopy in glgA-I glgA-II cells grown under hypersaline conditions. The glgA-I glgA-II mutant serves as a starting point for developing cell factories for photosynthetic production and excretion of sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Ananyev GM, Skizim NJ, Dismukes GC. Enhancing biological hydrogen production from cyanobacteria by removal of excreted products. J Biotechnol 2012; 162:97-104. [PMID: 22503939 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen is produced by a [NiFe]-hydrogenase in the cyanobacterium Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima during autofermentation of photosynthetically accumulated glycogen under dark anaerobic conditions. Herein we show that elimination of H₂ backpressure by continuous H₂ removal ("milking") can significantly increase the yield of H₂ in this strain. We show that "milking" by continuous selective consumption of H₂ using an electrochemical cell produces the maximum increase in H₂ yield (11-fold) and H₂ rate (3.4-fold), which is considerably larger than through "milking" by non-selective dilution of the biomass in media (increases H₂ yield 3.7-fold and rate 3.1-fold). Exhaustive autofermentation under electrochemical milking conditions consumes >98% of glycogen and 27.6% of biomass over 7-8 days and extracts 39% of the energy content in glycogen as H₂. Non-selective dilution stimulates H₂ production by shifting intracellular equilibria competing for NADH from excreted products and terminal electron sinks into H₂ production. Adding a mixture of the carbon fermentative products shifts the equilibria towards reactants, resulting in increased intracellular NADH and an increased H₂ yield (1.4-fold). H₂ production is sustained for a period of time up to 7days, after which the PSII activity of the cells decreases by 80-90%, but can be restored by regeneration under photoautotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennady M Ananyev
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology and Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Gardner GP, Go YB, Robinson DM, Smith PF, Hadermann J, Abakumov A, Greenblatt M, Dismukes GC. Structural Requirements in Lithium Cobalt Oxides for the Catalytic Oxidation of Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gardner GP, Go YB, Robinson DM, Smith PF, Hadermann J, Abakumov A, Greenblatt M, Dismukes GC. Structural Requirements in Lithium Cobalt Oxides for the Catalytic Oxidation of Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:1616-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Swiegers GF, MacFarlane DR, Officer DL, Ballantyne A, Boskovic D, Chen J, Dismukes GC, Gardner GP, Hocking RK, Smith PF, Spiccia L, Wagner P, Wallace GG, Winther-Jensen B, Winther-Jensen O. Towards Hydrogen Energy: Progress on Catalysts for Water Splitting. Aust J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1071/ch12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews some of the recent work by fellows and associates of the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES) at Monash University and the University of Wollongong, as well as their collaborators, in the field of water oxidation and reduction catalysts. This work is focussed on the production of hydrogen for a hydrogen-based energy technology. Topics include: (1) the role and apparent relevance of the cubane-like structure of the Photosystem II Water Oxidation Complex (PSII-WOC) in non-biological homogeneous and heterogeneous water oxidation catalysts, (2) light-activated conducting polymer catalysts for both water oxidation and reduction, and (3) porphyrin-based light harvesters and catalysts.
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Abstract
Photosystem II is a blueprint for the design of water oxidation catalysts for incorporation into photoelectrochemical devices capable of efficient solar hydrogen production. In this chapter, we review ongoing efforts to develop manganese water oxidation catalysts. These catalytic systems embody one or more of the key features observed in the PSII water oxidizing complex – the concentration of high energy oxidation states of multiple manganese centres, the ability to facilitate di-oxygen bridge formation, a dynamic supporting environment that prevents dissociation of the complex, assists in electron and proton removal, and aids coupling to a photoactive charge separation centre – with the most successful examples incorporating most or all of these key features. Promising advances have been made towards achieving solar water oxidation, ranging from the direct coupling of Mn complexes to Ru dyes or TiO2 to demonstrate successful oxidation of Mn centers, to achieving direct light driven water oxidation by coupling a Nafion supported Mn catalysts to a Ru-dye sensitized TiO2 electrode, which should stimulate further interesting developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Brimblecombe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and School of Chemistry Monash University, 3800, Victoria Australia
| | - G. Charles Dismukes
- Rutgers University, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Gerhard F. Swiegers
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and Intelligent Polymer Research Institute University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Leone Spiccia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science and School of Chemistry Monash University, 3800, Victoria Australia
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Skizim NJ, Ananyev GM, Krishnan A, Dismukes GC. Metabolic pathways for photobiological hydrogen production by nitrogenase- and hydrogenase-containing unicellular cyanobacteria Cyanothece. J Biol Chem 2011; 287:2777-86. [PMID: 22128188 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.302125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current biotechnological interest in nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria stems from their robust respiration and capacity to produce hydrogen. Here we quantify both dark- and light-induced H(2) effluxes by Cyanothece sp. Miami BG 043511 and establish their respective origins. Dark, anoxic H(2) production occurs via hydrogenase utilizing reductant from glycolytic catabolism of carbohydrates (autofermentation). Photo-H(2) is shown to occur via nitrogenase and requires illumination of PSI, whereas production of O(2) by co-illumination of PSII is inhibitory to nitrogenase above a threshold pO(2). Carbohydrate also serves as the major source of reductant for the PSI pathway mediated via nonphotochemical reduction of the plastoquinone pool by NADH dehydrogenases type-1 and type-2 (NDH-1 and NDH-2). Redirection of this reductant flux exclusively through the proton-coupled NDH-1 by inhibition of NDH-2 with flavone increases the photo-H(2) production rate by 2-fold (at the expense of the dark-H(2) rate), due to production of additional ATP (via the proton gradient). Comparison of photobiological hydrogen rates, yields, and energy conversion efficiencies reveals opportunities for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Skizim
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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