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Ekeberg T, Assalauova D, Bielecki J, Boll R, Daurer BJ, Eichacker LA, Franken LE, Galli DE, Gelisio L, Gumprecht L, Gunn LH, Hajdu J, Hartmann R, Hasse D, Ignatenko A, Koliyadu J, Kulyk O, Kurta R, Kuster M, Lugmayr W, Lübke J, Mancuso AP, Mazza T, Nettelblad C, Ovcharenko Y, Rivas DE, Rose M, Samanta AK, Schmidt P, Sobolev E, Timneanu N, Usenko S, Westphal D, Wollweber T, Worbs L, Xavier PL, Yousef H, Ayyer K, Chapman HN, Sellberg JA, Seuring C, Vartanyants IA, Küpper J, Meyer M, Maia FRNC. Observation of a single protein by ultrafast X-ray diffraction. Light Sci Appl 2024; 13:15. [PMID: 38216563 PMCID: PMC10786860 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01352-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The idea of using ultrashort X-ray pulses to obtain images of single proteins frozen in time has fascinated and inspired many. It was one of the arguments for building X-ray free-electron lasers. According to theory, the extremely intense pulses provide sufficient signal to dispense with using crystals as an amplifier, and the ultrashort pulse duration permits capturing the diffraction data before the sample inevitably explodes. This was first demonstrated on biological samples a decade ago on the giant mimivirus. Since then, a large collaboration has been pushing the limit of the smallest sample that can be imaged. The ability to capture snapshots on the timescale of atomic vibrations, while keeping the sample at room temperature, may allow probing the entire conformational phase space of macromolecules. Here we show the first observation of an X-ray diffraction pattern from a single protein, that of Escherichia coli GroEL which at 14 nm in diameter is the smallest biological sample ever imaged by X-rays, and demonstrate that the concept of diffraction before destruction extends to single proteins. From the pattern, it is possible to determine the approximate orientation of the protein. Our experiment demonstrates the feasibility of ultrafast imaging of single proteins, opening the way to single-molecule time-resolved studies on the femtosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Ekeberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dameli Assalauova
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Rebecca Boll
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Benedikt J Daurer
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science & Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- University of Stavanger, Centre Organelle Research, Richard-Johnsensgate 4, 4021, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Linda E Franken
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI), Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestraße 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Davide E Galli
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Aldo Pontremoli", Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Gelisio
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars Gumprecht
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura H Gunn
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Janos Hajdu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Dirk Hasse
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexandr Ignatenko
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jayanath Koliyadu
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olena Kulyk
- ELI Beamlines/IoP Institute of Physics AS CR, v.v.i., Na Slovance 2, 182 21, Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ruslan Kurta
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Markus Kuster
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lugmayr
- Multi-User CryoEM Facility, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestr.85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jannik Lübke
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian P Mancuso
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Carl Nettelblad
- Division of Scientific Computing, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Box 337, SE-75105, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Max Rose
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Amit K Samanta
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Egor Sobolev
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, c/o DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nicusor Timneanu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, SE-75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sergey Usenko
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Daniel Westphal
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tamme Wollweber
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Worbs
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Lourdu Xavier
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hazem Yousef
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Kartik Ayyer
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henry N Chapman
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jonas A Sellberg
- Biomedical and X-Ray Physics, Department of Applied Physics, AlbaNova University Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolin Seuring
- Multi-User CryoEM Facility, Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Notkestr.85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivan A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Küpper
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- The Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Physics, Universität Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Filipe R N C Maia
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3 (Box 596), SE-75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
- NERSC, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Shevela D, Ananyev G, Vatland AK, Arnold J, Mamedov F, Eichacker LA, Dismukes GC, Messinger J. 'Birth defects' of photosystem II make it highly susceptible to photodamage during chloroplast biogenesis. Physiol Plant 2019; 166:165-180. [PMID: 30693529 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
High solar flux is known to diminish photosynthetic growth rates, reducing biomass productivity and lowering disease tolerance. Photosystem II (PSII) of plants is susceptible to photodamage (also known as photoinactivation) in strong light, resulting in severe loss of water oxidation capacity and destruction of the water-oxidizing complex (WOC). The repair of damaged PSIIs comes at a high energy cost and requires de novo biosynthesis of damaged PSII subunits, reassembly of the WOC inorganic cofactors and membrane remodeling. Employing membrane-inlet mass spectrometry and O2 -polarography under flashing light conditions, we demonstrate that newly synthesized PSII complexes are far more susceptible to photodamage than are mature PSII complexes. We examined these 'PSII birth defects' in barley seedlings and plastids (etiochloroplasts and chloroplasts) isolated at various times during de-etiolation as chloroplast development begins and matures in synchronization with thylakoid membrane biogenesis and grana membrane formation. We show that the degree of PSII photodamage decreases simultaneously with biogenesis of the PSII turnover efficiency measured by O2 -polarography, and with grana membrane stacking, as determined by electron microscopy. Our data from fluorescence, QB -inhibitor binding, and thermoluminescence studies indicate that the decline of the high-light susceptibility of PSII to photodamage is coincident with appearance of electron transfer capability QA - → QB during de-etiolation. This rate depends in turn on the downstream clearing of electrons upon buildup of the complete linear electron transfer chain and the formation of stacked grana membranes capable of longer-range energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Shevela
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gennady Ananyev
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Ann K Vatland
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Janine Arnold
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Fikret Mamedov
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - G Charles Dismukes
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- Molecular Biomimetics, Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, S-75237, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yadav KS, Semchonok DA, Nosek L, Kouřil R, Fucile G, Boekema EJ, Eichacker LA. Supercomplexes of plant photosystem I with cytochrome b6f, light-harvesting complex II and NDH. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics 2017; 1858:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shevela D, Arnold J, Reisinger V, Berends HM, Kmiec K, Koroidov S, Bue AK, Messinger J, Eichacker LA. Biogenesis of water splitting by photosystem II during de-etiolation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:1524-1536. [PMID: 26836813 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Etioplasts lack thylakoid membranes and photosystem complexes. Light triggers differentiation of etioplasts into mature chloroplasts, and photosystem complexes assemble in parallel with thylakoid membrane development. Plastids isolated at various time points of de-etiolation are ideal to study the kinetic biogenesis of photosystem complexes during chloroplast development. Here, we investigated the chronology of photosystem II (PSII) biogenesis by monitoring assembly status of chlorophyll-binding protein complexes and development of water splitting via O2 production in plastids (etiochloroplasts) isolated during de-etiolation of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Assembly of PSII monomers, dimers and complexes binding outer light-harvesting antenna [PSII-light-harvesting complex II (LHCII) supercomplexes] was identified after 1, 2 and 4 h of de-etiolation, respectively. Water splitting was detected in parallel with assembly of PSII monomers, and its development correlated with an increase of bound Mn in the samples. After 4 h of de-etiolation, etiochloroplasts revealed the same water-splitting efficiency as mature chloroplasts. We conclude that the capability of PSII to split water during de-etiolation precedes assembly of the PSII-LHCII supercomplexes. Taken together, data show a rapid establishment of water-splitting activity during etioplast-to-chloroplast transition and emphasize that assembly of the functional water-splitting site of PSII is not the rate-limiting step in the formation of photoactive thylakoid membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Shevela
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Janine Arnold
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Veronika Reisinger
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hans-Martin Berends
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Karol Kmiec
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sergey Koroidov
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
- PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ann Kristin Bue
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Johannes Messinger
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biological Centre, Umeå University, S-90187, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, N-4036, Stavanger, Norway
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Geilfus CM, Ober D, Eichacker LA, Mühling KH, Zörb C. Down-regulation of ZmEXPB6 (Zea mays β-expansin 6) protein is correlated with salt-mediated growth reduction in the leaves of Z. mays L. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:11235-45. [PMID: 25750129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.619718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The salt-sensitive crop Zea mays L. shows a rapid leaf growth reduction upon NaCl stress. There is increasing evidence that salinity impairs the ability of the cell walls to expand, ultimately inhibiting growth. Wall-loosening is a prerequisite for cell wall expansion, a process that is under the control of cell wall-located expansin proteins. In this study the abundance of those proteins was analyzed against salt stress using gel-based two-dimensional proteomics and two-dimensional Western blotting. Results show that ZmEXPB6 (Z. mays β-expansin 6) protein is lacking in growth-inhibited leaves of salt-stressed maize. Of note, the exogenous application of heterologously expressed and metal-chelate-affinity chromatography-purified ZmEXPB6 on growth-reduced leaves that lack native ZmEXPB6 under NaCl stress partially restored leaf growth. In vitro assays on frozen-thawed leaf sections revealed that recombinant ZmEXPB6 acts on the capacity of the walls to extend. Our results identify expansins as a factor that partially restores leaf growth of maize in saline environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph-Martin Geilfus
- From the Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany,
| | - Dietrich Ober
- Botanical Institute and Botanical Gardens, Biochemical Ecology and Molecular Evolution, Christian-Albrechts-University, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Universitetet i Stavanger, Center for Organelle Research (CORE), Richard Johnsensgt. 4, N-4021, Norway, and
| | - Karl Hermann Mühling
- From the Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- From the Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 2, 24118 Kiel, Germany, Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University Hohenheim, Schloss, Westhof West, 118, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Bryan SJ, Burroughs NJ, Shevela D, Yu J, Rupprecht E, Liu LN, Mastroianni G, Xue Q, Llorente-Garcia I, Leake MC, Eichacker LA, Schneider D, Nixon PJ, Mullineaux CW. Localisation and interactions of the Vipp1 protein in cyanobacteria. Mol Microbiol 2014; 94:1179-1195. [PMID: 25308470 PMCID: PMC4297356 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Vipp1 protein is essential in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts for the maintenance of photosynthetic function and thylakoid membrane architecture. To investigate its mode of action we generated strains of the cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 and Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 in which Vipp1 was tagged with green fluorescent protein at the C-terminus and expressed from the native chromosomal locus. There was little perturbation of function. Live-cell fluorescence imaging shows dramatic relocalisation of Vipp1 under high light. Under low light, Vipp1 is predominantly dispersed in the cytoplasm with occasional concentrations at the outer periphery of the thylakoid membranes. High light induces Vipp1 coalescence into localised puncta within minutes, with net relocation of Vipp1 to the vicinity of the cytoplasmic membrane and the thylakoid membranes. Pull-downs and mass spectrometry identify an extensive collection of proteins that are directly or indirectly associated with Vipp1 only after high-light exposure. These include not only photosynthetic and stress-related proteins but also RNA-processing, translation and protein assembly factors. This suggests that the Vipp1 puncta could be involved in protein assembly. One possibility is that Vipp1 is involved in the formation of stress-induced localised protein assembly centres, enabling enhanced protein synthesis and delivery to membranes under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Bryan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonMile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Mathematics Institute and Warwick Systems Biology Centre, University of WarwickCoventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Dmitriy Shevela
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Jianfeng Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Eva Rupprecht
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Albert-Ludwigs-UniversitätStefan-Meier-Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonMile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Giulia Mastroianni
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonMile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Quan Xue
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of OxfordParks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Isabel Llorente-Garcia
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of OxfordParks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College LondonGower St., London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mark C Leake
- Biological Physical Sciences Institute (BPSI), Departments of Physics and Biology, University of YorkYork, YO105DD, UK
| | - Lutz A Eichacker
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger4036, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dirk Schneider
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, ZBMZ, Albert-Ludwigs-UniversitätStefan-Meier-Strasse 17, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institut für Pharmazie und Biochemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter J Nixon
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College LondonLondon, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Conrad W Mullineaux
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of LondonMile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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Boehm M, Yu J, Reisinger V, Beckova M, Eichacker LA, Schlodder E, Komenda J, Nixon PJ. Subunit composition of CP43-less photosystem II complexes of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: implications for the assembly and repair of photosystem II. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2013; 367:3444-54. [PMID: 23148271 PMCID: PMC3497071 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) mutants are useful experimental tools to trap potential intermediates involved in the assembly of the oxygen-evolving PSII complex. Here, we focus on the subunit composition of the RC47 assembly complex that accumulates in a psbC null mutant of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 unable to make the CP43 apopolypeptide. By using native gel electrophoresis, we showed that RC47 is heterogeneous and mainly found as a monomer of 220 kDa. RC47 complexes co-purify with small Cab-like proteins (ScpC and/or ScpD) and with Psb28 and its homologue Psb28-2. Analysis of isolated His-tagged RC47 indicated the presence of D1, D2, the CP47 apopolypeptide, plus nine of the 13 low-molecular-mass (LMM) subunits found in the PSII holoenzyme, including PsbL, PsbM and PsbT, which lie at the interface between the two momomers in the dimeric holoenzyme. Not detected were the LMM subunits (PsbK, PsbZ, Psb30 and PsbJ) located in the vicinity of CP43 in the holoenzyme. The photochemical activity of isolated RC47-His complexes, including the rate of reduction of P680+, was similar to that of PSII complexes lacking the Mn4CaO5 cluster. The implications of our results for the assembly and repair of PSII in vivo are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boehm
- Division of Molecular Biosciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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Plöscher M, Reisinger V, Eichacker LA. Proteomic comparison of etioplast and chloroplast protein complexes. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1256-65. [PMID: 21440687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiosperms grown in darkness develop etioplasts during skotomorphogenesis. It is well known that etioplasts accumulate large quantities of protochlorophyllideoxidoreductase, are devoid of chlorophyll and are the site to assemble the photosynthetic machinery during photomorphogenesis. Proteomic investigation of the membrane protein complexes by Native PAGE, in combination with CyDye labelling and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that etioplasts and chloroplasts share a number of membrane protein complexes characteristic for electron transport, chlorophyll and protein synthesis as well as fatty acid biosynthesis. The complex regulatory function in both developmental states is discussed.
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Boehm M, Romero E, Reisinger V, Yu J, Komenda J, Eichacker LA, Dekker JP, Nixon PJ. Investigating the early stages of photosystem II assembly in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: isolation of CP47 and CP43 complexes. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14812-9. [PMID: 21339295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.207944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical characterization of intermediates involved in the assembly of the oxygen-evolving Photosystem II (PSII) complex is hampered by their low abundance in the membrane. Using the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, we describe here the isolation of the CP47 and CP43 subunits, which, during biogenesis, attach to a reaction center assembly complex containing D1, D2, and cytochrome b(559), with CP47 binding first. Our experimental approach involved a combination of His tagging, the use of a D1 deletion mutant that blocks PSII assembly at an early stage, and, in the case of CP47, the additional inactivation of the FtsH2 protease involved in degrading unassembled PSII proteins. Absorption spectroscopy and pigment analyses revealed that both CP47-His and CP43-His bind chlorophyll a and β-carotene. A comparison of the low temperature absorption and fluorescence spectra in the Q(Y) region for CP47-His and CP43-His with those for CP47 and CP43 isolated by fragmentation of spinach PSII core complexes confirmed that the spectroscopic properties are similar but not identical. The measured fluorescence quantum yield was generally lower for the proteins isolated from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, and a 1-3-nm blue shift and a 2-nm red shift of the 77 K emission maximum could be observed for CP47-His and CP43-His, respectively. Immunoblotting and mass spectrometry revealed the co-purification of PsbH, PsbL, and PsbT with CP47-His and of PsbK and Psb30/Ycf12 with CP43-His. Overall, our data support the view that CP47 and CP43 form preassembled pigment-protein complexes in vivo before their incorporation into the PSII complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Boehm
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Plöscher M, Granvogl B, Reisinger V, Eichacker LA. Identification of the N-termini of NADPH : protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A and B from barley etioplasts (Hordeum vulgare L.). FEBS J 2009; 276:1074-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Abstract
One major problem in proteomics is the biochemical complexity of living cells. Therefore, strategies are needed to reduce the number of proteins to a manageable amount, enabling researchers to make a statement concerning protein functions. One possibility is the isolation of organelles, which reduces the protein complexity, e.g., for the chloroplast to an estimated number of 2,700 different proteins. For further limitation of the protein number, proteins can be divided into membrane and soluble proteins, which can be analyzed separately in a subsequent step. For membrane proteins, blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) in combination with enzymatic in-gel assays (e.g. detection of NADPH dehydrogenases) is a suitable method for a fast and easy visualization and identification of only one class of membrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Reisinger
- Universitetat i Stavanger, Centre for Organelle Research, Kristine-Bonnevisvei 22, 4036 Stavangar, Norway
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12
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Umate P, Fellerer C, Schwenkert S, Zoryan M, Eichacker LA, Sadanandam A, Ohad I, Herrmann RG, Meurer J. Impact of PsbTc on forward and back electron flow, assembly, and phosphorylation patterns of photosystem II in tobacco. Plant Physiol 2008; 148:1342-53. [PMID: 18805952 PMCID: PMC2577276 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.126060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) of oxygen-evolving cyanobacteria, algae, and land plants mediates electron transfer from the Mn(4)Ca cluster to the plastoquinone pool. It is a dimeric supramolecular complex comprising more than 30 subunits per monomer, of which 16 are bitopic or peripheral, low-molecular-weight components. Directed inactivation of the plastid gene encoding the low-molecular-weight peptide PsbTc in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) does not prevent photoautotrophic growth. Mutant plants appear normal green, and levels of PSII proteins are not affected. Yet, PSII-dependent electron transport, stability of PSII dimers, and assembly of PSII light-harvesting complexes (LHCII) are significantly impaired. PSII light sensitivity is moderately increased and recovery from photoinhibition is delayed, leading to faster D1 degradation in DeltapsbTc under high light. Thermoluminescence emission measurements revealed alterations of midpoint potentials of primary/secondary electron-accepting plastoquinone of PSII interaction. Only traces of CP43 and no D1/D2 proteins are phosphorylated, presumably due to structural changes of PSII in DeltapsbTc. In striking contrast to the wild type, LHCII in the mutant is phosphorylated in darkness, consistent with its association with PSI, indicating an increased pool of reduced plastoquinone in the dark. Finally, our data suggest that the secondary electron-accepting plastoquinone of PSII site, the properties of which are altered in DeltapsbTc, is required for oxidation of reduced plastoquinone in darkness in an oxygen-dependent manner. These data present novel aspects of plastoquinone redox regulation, chlororespiration, and redox control of LHCII phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Umate
- Department of Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80638 Munich, Germany
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13
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Komenda J, Nickelsen J, Tichý M, Prásil O, Eichacker LA, Nixon PJ. The cyanobacterial homologue of HCF136/YCF48 is a component of an early photosystem II assembly complex and is important for both the efficient assembly and repair of photosystem II in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:22390-9. [PMID: 18550538 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801917200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the slr2034 (ycf48) gene product in the assembly and repair of photosystem II (PSII) has been studied in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. YCF48 (HCF136) is involved in the assembly of Arabidopsis thaliana PSII reaction center (RC) complexes but its mode of action is unclear. We show here that YCF48 is a component of two cyanobacterial PSII RC-like complexes in vivo and is absent in larger PSII core complexes. Interruption of ycf48 slowed the formation of PSII complexes in wild type, as judged from pulse-labeling experiments, and caused a decrease in the final level of PSII core complexes in wild type and a marked reduction in the levels of PSII assembly complexes in strains lacking either CP43 or CP47. Absence of YCF48 also led to a dramatic decrease in the levels of the COOH-terminal precursor (pD1) and the partially processed form, iD1, in a variety of PSII mutants and only low levels of unassembled mature D1 were observed. Yeast two-hybrid analyses using the split ubiquitin system showed an interaction of YCF48 with unassembled pD1 and, to a lesser extent, unassembled iD1, but not with unassembled mature D1 or D2. Overall our results indicate a role for YCF48 in the stabilization of newly synthesized pD1 and in its subsequent binding to a D2-cytochrome b559 pre-complex, also identified in this study. Besides a role in assembly, we show for the first time that YCF48 also functions in the selective replacement of photodamaged D1 during PSII repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Trebon, Czech Republic.
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14
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Reisinger V, Plöscher M, Eichacker LA. Lil3 assembles as chlorophyll-binding protein complex during deetiolation. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1547-51. [PMID: 18396166 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Revised: 03/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dark-grown angiosperm seedlings are etiolated and devoid of chlorophyll. Deetiolation is triggered by light leading to chlorophyll dependent accumulation of the photosynthetic machinery. The transfer of chlorophyll to the chlorophyll-binding proteins is still unclear. We demonstrate here that upon illumination of dark-grown barley seedlings, two new pigment-binding protein complexes are de novo accumulated. Pigments bound to both complexes are identified as chlorophyll a and protochlorophyll a. By auto-fluorescence tracking and mass spectrometry, we show that exclusively Lil3 is the pigment-binding complex subunit in both complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Reisinger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Department Biology I, Menzingerstrasse 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
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15
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Abstract
The cytochrome b6f complex is a dimeric protein complex that is of central importance for photosynthesis to carry out light driven electron and proton transfer in chloroplasts. One molecule of chlorophyll a was found to associate per cytochrome b6f monomer and the structural or functional importance of this is discussed. We show that etioplasts which are devoid of chlorophyll a already contain dimeric cytochrome b6f. However, the phytylated chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyll a, and not chlorophyll a, is associated with subunit b6. The data imply that a phytylated tetrapyrrol is an essential structural requirement for assembly of cytochrome b6f.
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16
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Oreb M, Zoryan M, Vojta A, Maier UG, Eichacker LA, Schleiff E. Phospho-mimicry mutant of atToc33 affects early development of Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:5945-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2007.11.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 11/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Aseeva E, Ossenbühl F, Sippel C, Cho WK, Stein B, Eichacker LA, Meurer J, Wanner G, Westhoff P, Soll J, Vothknecht UC. Vipp1 is required for basic thylakoid membrane formation but not for the assembly of thylakoid protein complexes. Plant Physiol Biochem 2007; 45:119-28. [PMID: 17346982 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Vipp1 (vesicle inducing protein in plastids 1) is found in cyanobacteria and chloroplasts where it is essential for thylakoid formation. Arabidopsis thaliana mutant plants with a reduction of Vipp1 to about 20% of wild type content become albinotic at an early stage. We propose that this drastic phenotype results from an inability of the remaining Vipp1 protein to assemble into a homo-oligomeric complex, indicating that oligomerization is a prerequisite for Vipp1 function. A Vipp1-ProteinA fusion protein, expressed in the Deltavipp1 mutant background, is able to reinstate oligomerization and restore photoautotrophic growth. Plants containing Vipp1-ProteinA in amounts comparable to Vipp1 in the wild type exhibit a wild type phenotype. However, plants with a reduced amount of Vipp1-ProteinA protein are growth-retarded and significantly paler than the wild type. This phenotype is caused by a decrease in thylakoid membrane content and a concomitant reduction in photosynthetic activity. To the extent that thylakoid membranes are made in these plants they are properly assembled with protein-pigment complexes and are photosynthetically active. This strongly supports a function of Vipp1 in basic thylakoid membrane formation and not in the functional assembly of thylakoid protein complexes. Intriguingly, electron microscopic analysis shows that chloroplasts in the mutant plants are not equally affected by the Vipp1 shortage. Indeed, a wide range of different stages of thylakoid development ranging from wild-type-like chloroplasts to plastids nearly devoid of thylakoids can be observed in organelles of one and the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Aseeva
- Dept. Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximillian-Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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18
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Komenda J, Kuviková S, Granvogl B, Eichacker LA, Diner BA, Nixon PJ. Cleavage after residue Ala352 in the C-terminal extension is an early step in the maturation of the D1 subunit of Photosystem II in Synechocystis PCC 6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1767:829-37. [PMID: 17300742 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/07/2007] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the pathway by which the 16 amino-acid C-terminal extension of the D1 subunit of photosystem two is removed in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to leave Ala344 as the C-terminal residue. Previous work has suggested a two-step process involving formation of a processing intermediate of D1, termed iD1, of uncertain origin. Here we show by mass spectrometry that a synthetic peptide mimicking the C- terminus of the D1 precursor is cleaved by cellular extracts or purified CtpA processing protease after residue Ala352, making this a likely site for formation of iD1. Characteristics of D1 site-directed mutants with either the Leu353 residue replaced by Pro or with a truncation after Ala352 are in agreement with this assignment. Interestingly, analysis of various CtpA and CtpB null mutants further indicate that the CtpA protease plays a crucial role in forming iD1 but that, surprisingly, low levels of C-terminal processing occur in vivo in the absence of CtpA and CtpB, possibly catalysed by other related proteases. A possible role for two-step maturation of D1 in the assembly of PSII is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Komenda
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, Opatovický mlýn, 37981 Trebon, Czech Republic.
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19
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Moslavac S, Reisinger V, Berg M, Mirus O, Vosyka O, Plöscher M, Flores E, Eichacker LA, Schleiff E. The proteome of the heterocyst cell wall in Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Biol Chem 2007; 388:823-9. [PMID: 17655501 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2007.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 is a filamentous cyanobacterium that serves as a model to analyze prokaryotic cell differentiation, evolutionary development of plastids, and the regulation of nitrogen fixation. The cell wall is the cellular structure in contact with the surrounding medium. To understand the dynamics of the cell wall proteome during cell differentiation, the cell wall from Anabaena heterocysts was enriched and analyzed. In line with the recently proposed continuity of the outer membrane along the Anabaena filament, most of the proteins identified in the heterocyst cell-wall fraction are also present in the cell wall of vegetative cells, even though the lipid content of both membranes is different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suncana Moslavac
- Department of Biology I, VW-Research Group, LMU Munich, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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20
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Schwenkert S, Umate P, Dal Bosco C, Volz S, Mlçochová L, Zoryan M, Eichacker LA, Ohad I, Herrmann RG, Meurer J. PsbI affects the stability, function, and phosphorylation patterns of photosystem II assemblies in tobacco. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:34227-38. [PMID: 16920705 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604888200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) core complexes consist of CP47, CP43, D1, D2 proteins and of several low molecular weight integral membrane polypeptides, such as the chloroplast-encoded PsbE, PsbF, and PsbI proteins. To elucidate the function of PsbI in the photosynthetic process as well as in the biogenesis of PSII in higher plants, we generated homoplastomic knock-out plants by replacing most of the tobacco psbI gene with a spectinomycin resistance cartridge. Mutant plants are photoautotrophically viable under green house conditions but sensitive to high light irradiation. Antenna proteins of PSII accumulate to normal amounts, but levels of the PSII core complex are reduced by 50%. Bioenergetic and fluorescence studies uncovered that PsbI is required for the stability but not for the assembly of dimeric PSII and supercomplexes consisting of PSII and the outer antenna (PSII-LHCII). Thermoluminescence emission bands indicate that the presence of PsbI is required for assembly of a fully functional Q(A) binding site. We show that phosphorylation of the reaction center proteins D1 and D2 is light and redox-regulated in the wild type, but phosphorylation is abolished in the mutant, presumably due to structural alterations of PSII when PsbI is deficient. Unlike wild type, phosphorylation of LHCII is strongly increased in the dark due to accumulation of reduced plastoquinone, whereas even upon state II light phosphorylation is decreased in delta psbI. These data attest that phosphorylation of D1/D2, CP43, and LHCII is regulated differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Schwenkert
- Department Biology I, Botany, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Menzingerstrasse 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
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21
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Ossenbühl F, Inaba-Sulpice M, Meurer J, Soll J, Eichacker LA. The synechocystis sp PCC 6803 oxa1 homolog is essential for membrane integration of reaction center precursor protein pD1. Plant Cell 2006; 18:2236-46. [PMID: 16905652 PMCID: PMC1560907 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.043646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 Slr1471p, an Oxa1p/Alb3/YidC homolog, is an essential protein for cell viability for which functions in thylakoid membrane biogenesis and cell division have been proposed. Using a fusion of green fluorescent protein to the C terminus of Slr1471p, we found that the mutant slr1471-gfp is photochemically inhibited when light intensities increase to 80 micromol x m(-2) x s(-1). We show that photoinhibition correlates with an increased redox potential of the reaction center quinone Q(A)(-) and a decreased redox potential of Q(B)(-). Analysis reveals that membrane integration of the D1 precursor protein is affected, leading to the accumulation of pD1 in the membrane phase. We show that Slr1471p interacts directly with the D1 protein and discuss why the accumulation of pD1 in two reaction center assembly intermediates is dependent on Slr1471p.
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22
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Moslavac S, Bredemeier R, Mirus O, Granvogl B, Eichacker LA, Schleiff E. Proteomic analysis of the outer membrane of Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Proteome Res 2005; 4:1330-8. [PMID: 16083284 DOI: 10.1021/pr050044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Anabaena is a model to analyze the evolutionary development of plastids, cell differentiation, and the regulation of nitrogen fixation. Thereby, the outer membrane proteome is the place of sensing environmental differences and during plastid development, systems for intracellular communication had to be added to the proteome of this membrane. We present a protocol for the isolation of the outer membrane from Anabaena and the analysis of the proteome using different tools. 55 proteins were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suncana Moslavac
- Department of Biology I, LMU Munich, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 Münich, Germany
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23
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Komenda J, Tichý M, Eichacker LA. The PsbH protein is associated with the inner antenna CP47 and facilitates D1 processing and incorporation into PSII in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Plant Cell Physiol 2005; 46:1477-83. [PMID: 15970599 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pci159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of a number of PSII complexes detectable in the wild-type and mutant cells of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 showed that the PsbH protein is present in the complexes containing CP47, including unassembled CP47. In a mutant lacking CP47, in which the PSII assembly is stopped at the level of the D1-D2-cytochrome b-559 reaction centre complex, a negligible amount of the PsbH protein was not bound to this complex but was detected in the free form. The results indicate that the PsbH protein has a high affinity for CP47 and during PSII assembly most probably first associates with CP47 and this pair is subsequently attached to the reaction centre complex. Similarly to CP47, the PsbH protein exhibits a slow light-induced degradation in the presence of protein synthesis inhibitor. The absence of the PsbH protein leads to a greatly increased D1 pool that is not associated with other PSII proteins or it is present as a part of the reaction centre complex. We conclude that PsbH is important for the prompt incorporation of the newly synthesized D1 protein into PSII complexes and for the fast D1 maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Komenda
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences, 379 81 Trebon, Czech Republic.
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24
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Abstract
Proteomics of membrane proteins is essential for the understanding of cellular function. However, mass spectrometric analysis of membrane proteomes has been less successful than the proteomic determination of soluble proteins. To elucidate the mystery of transmembrane proteins in mass spectrometry, we present a detailed statistical analysis of experimental data derived from chloroplast membranes. This approach was further accomplished by the analysis of the Arabidopsis thaliana proteome after in silico digestion. We demonstrate that both the length and the hydrophobicity of the proteolytic fragments containing transmembrane segments are major determinants for detection by mass spectrometry. Based on a comparative analysis, we discuss possibilities to overcome the problem and provide possible protocols to shift the hydrophobicity of transmembrane segment-containing peptides to facilitate their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz A Eichacker
- Department für Biologie I, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, 80368 München, Germany.
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25
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Ossenbühl F, Göhre V, Meurer J, Krieger-Liszkay A, Rochaix JD, Eichacker LA. Efficient assembly of photosystem II in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii requires Alb3.1p, a homolog of Arabidopsis ALBINO3. Plant Cell 2004; 16:1790-800. [PMID: 15208384 PMCID: PMC514161 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.023226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Alb3 homologs Oxa1 and YidC have been shown to be required for the integration of newly synthesized proteins into membranes. Here, we show that although Alb3.1p is not required for integration of the plastid-encoded photosystem II core subunit D1 into the thylakoid membrane of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the insertion of D1 into functional photosystem II complexes is retarded in the Alb3.1 deletion mutant ac29. Alb3.1p is associated with D1 upon its insertion into the membrane, indicating that Alb3.1p is essential for the efficient assembly of photosystem II. Furthermore, levels of nucleus-encoded light-harvesting proteins are vastly reduced in ac29; however, the remaining antenna systems are still connected to photosystem II reaction centers. Thus, Alb3.1p has a dual function and is required for the accumulation of both nucleus- and plastid-encoded protein subunits in photosynthetic complexes of C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Ossenbühl
- Department for Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, D-80638, Germany
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26
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Aseeva E, Ossenbühl F, Eichacker LA, Wanner G, Soll J, Vothknecht UC. Complex formation of Vipp1 depends on its alpha-helical PspA-like domain. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:35535-41. [PMID: 15210715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401750200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Vipp1 (vesicle-inducing protein in plastids 1) is found in Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of photosynthetic eukaryotes where it is essential for the formation of the thylakoid membrane. Vipp1 is closely related to the phage shock protein A (PspA), a bacterial protein induced under diverse stress conditions. Vipp1 proteins differ from PspA by an additional C-terminal domain that is required for Vipp1 function in thylakoid biogenesis. We show here that in Cyanobacteria, green algae, and vascular plants, Vipp1 is part of a high molecular mass complex. The complex is formed by multiple copies of Vipp1, and complex formation involves interaction of the central alpha-helical domain that is common to Vipp1 as well as to PspA proteins. In chloroplasts of vascular plants, the Vipp1 complex can be visualized by green fluorescent protein fusion in discrete locations at the inner envelope. Green fluorescent protein fusion analysis furthermore revealed that complex formation is important for proper positioning of Vipp1 at the inner envelope of chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Aseeva
- Department of Biology I, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, München D-80638, Germany
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27
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Meimberg H, Thalhammer S, Brachmann A, Müller B, Eichacker LA, Heckl WM, Heubl G. Selection of chloroplasts by laser microbeam microdissection for single-chloroplast PCR. Biotechniques 2003; 34:1238-43. [PMID: 12813891 DOI: 10.2144/03346rr01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser microbeam microdissection and laser pressure catapulting offer the possibility of separating cell compartments, thus allowing for contamination-free analysis. Using these methods, we were able to select single chloroplasts of Nicotiana tabacum. Starting from homogenized leaf material, chloroplasts were purified by differential centrifugation and applied directly onto a poly-ethylene-naphthalate membrane that was mounted on a microscope slide. Single chloroplasts were dissected under microscopic control and catapulted into a PCR tube. Subsequent PCR of a spacer region between the trnT and trnF genes verified the successful amplification of DNA from a single chloroplast. The advantage of this method compared to the use of capillaries or optical tweezers is that one is able to prepare high numbers of samples in a short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Meimberg
- Department Biologie I, Bereich Biodiversitätsforschung: Systematische Botanik Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany.
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Plücken H, Müller B, Grohmann D, Westhoff P, Eichacker LA. The HCF136 protein is essential for assembly of the photosystem II reaction center in Arabidopsis thaliana. FEBS Lett 2002; 532:85-90. [PMID: 12459468 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(02)03634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hcf136 encodes a hydrophilic protein localized in the lumen of stroma thylakoids. Its mutational inactivation in Arabidopsis thaliana results in a photosystem II (PHII)-less phenotype. Under standard illumination, PSII is not detectable and the amount of photosystem I (PSI) is reduced, which implies that HCF136p may be required for photosystem biogenesis in general. However, at low light, a comparison of mutants with defects in PSII, PSI, and the cytochrome b(6)f complex reveals that HCF136p regulates selectively biogenesis of PSII. We demonstrate by in vivo radiolabeling of hcf136 that biogenesis of the reaction center (RC) of PSII is blocked. Gel blot analysis and affinity chromatography of solubilized thylakoid membranes suggest that HCF136p associates with a PSII precomplex containing at least D2 and cytochrome b(559). We conclude that HCF136p is essential for assembly of the RC of PSII and discuss its function as a chaperone-like assembly factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Plücken
- Institut für Entwicklungs, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Universitätsstrasse 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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29
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Mithöfer A, Müller B, Wanner G, Eichacker LA. Identification of defence-related cell wall proteins in Phytophthora sojae-infected soybean roots by ESI-MS/MS. Mol Plant Pathol 2002; 3:163-166. [PMID: 20569322 DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2002.00109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Summary Root cell wall proteins involved in the incompatible interaction between soybean (Glycine max L.) and the phytopathogenic oomycete Phytophthora sojae were investigated by a proteomic approach using ESI-MS/MS analysis. Success of infection and subsequently induced defence reactions was proven by staining the cell wall localized defence-related 1,3-beta-glucan, callose, in semi-thin sections of the roots. Cell wall proteins of roots were extracted three weeks post-infection, separated by SDS-PAGE and eight selected protein bands were digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were subjected to mass spectrometry-based sequencing. For four proteins, amino acid sequence information was obtained and used to identify the corresponding proteins by a homology search in databases. All four proteins (cationic peroxidase, peroxidase precursor, amine oxidase and lipoxygenase) were defence-related and their involvement in the oxidative burst is discussed. Three of these proteins have not been described for soybean before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Mithöfer
- Department für Biologie I der Universität, Botanik, Menzinger Str. 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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Abstract
Protein export systems derived from prokaryotes are used to transport proteins into or across the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondrial inner membrane, and the chloroplast thylakoid membrane. Signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor are essential components used exclusively for cotranslational export of endomembrane and secretory proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and export of polytopic membrane proteins to the cytoplasmic membrane in prokaryotes. An organellar SRP in chloroplasts (cpSRP) participates in cotranslational targeting of chloroplast synthesized integral thylakoid proteins. Remarkably, cpSRP is also used to posttranslationally localize a subset of nuclear encoded thylakoid proteins. Recent work has begun to reveal the basis for cpSRP's unique ability to function in co- and posttranslational protein localization, yet much is left to question. This review will attempt to highlight these advances and will also focus on the role of other soluble and membrane components that are part of this novel organellar SRP targeting pathway.
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31
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Swiatek M, Kuras R, Sokolenko A, Higgs D, Olive J, Cinque G, Müller B, Eichacker LA, Stern DB, Bassi R, Herrmann RG, Wollman FA. The chloroplast gene ycf9 encodes a photosystem II (PSII) core subunit, PsbZ, that participates in PSII supramolecular architecture. Plant Cell 2001. [PMID: 11402165 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the biochemical nature and the function of PsbZ, the protein product of a ubiquitous open reading frame, which is known as ycf9 in Chlamydomonas and ORF 62 in tobacco, that is present in chloroplast and cyanobacterial genomes. After raising specific antibodies to PsbZ from Chlamydomonas and tobacco, we demonstrated that it is a bona fide photosystem II (PSII) subunit. PsbZ copurifies with PSII cores in Chlamydomonas as well as in tobacco. Accordingly, PSII mutants from Chlamydomonas and tobacco are deficient in PsbZ. Using psbZ-targeted gene inactivation in tobacco and Chlamydomonas, we show that this protein controls the interaction of PSII cores with the light-harvesting antenna; in particular, PSII-LHCII supercomplexes no longer could be isolated from PsbZ-deficient tobacco plants. The content of the minor chlorophyll binding protein CP26, and to a lesser extent that of CP29, also was altered substantially under most growth conditions in the tobacco mutant and in Chlamydomonas mutant cells grown under photoautotrophic conditions. These PsbZ-dependent changes in the supramolecular organization of the PSII cores with their peripheral antennas cause two distinct phenotypes in tobacco and are accompanied by considerable modifications in (1) the pattern of protein phosphorylation within PSII units, (2) the deepoxidation of xanthophylls, and (3) the kinetics and amplitude of nonphotochemical quenching. The role of PsbZ in excitation energy dissipation within PSII is discussed in light of its proximity to CP43, in agreement with the most recent structural data on PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Swiatek
- Botanisches Institut der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzingerstrasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
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32
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Swiatek M, Kuras R, Sokolenko A, Higgs D, Olive J, Cinque G, Müller B, Eichacker LA, Stern DB, Bassi R, Herrmann RG, Wollman FA. The chloroplast gene ycf9 encodes a photosystem II (PSII) core subunit, PsbZ, that participates in PSII supramolecular architecture. Plant Cell 2001; 13:1347-67. [PMID: 11402165 PMCID: PMC135574 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.13.6.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2001] [Accepted: 04/20/2001] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the biochemical nature and the function of PsbZ, the protein product of a ubiquitous open reading frame, which is known as ycf9 in Chlamydomonas and ORF 62 in tobacco, that is present in chloroplast and cyanobacterial genomes. After raising specific antibodies to PsbZ from Chlamydomonas and tobacco, we demonstrated that it is a bona fide photosystem II (PSII) subunit. PsbZ copurifies with PSII cores in Chlamydomonas as well as in tobacco. Accordingly, PSII mutants from Chlamydomonas and tobacco are deficient in PsbZ. Using psbZ-targeted gene inactivation in tobacco and Chlamydomonas, we show that this protein controls the interaction of PSII cores with the light-harvesting antenna; in particular, PSII-LHCII supercomplexes no longer could be isolated from PsbZ-deficient tobacco plants. The content of the minor chlorophyll binding protein CP26, and to a lesser extent that of CP29, also was altered substantially under most growth conditions in the tobacco mutant and in Chlamydomonas mutant cells grown under photoautotrophic conditions. These PsbZ-dependent changes in the supramolecular organization of the PSII cores with their peripheral antennas cause two distinct phenotypes in tobacco and are accompanied by considerable modifications in (1) the pattern of protein phosphorylation within PSII units, (2) the deepoxidation of xanthophylls, and (3) the kinetics and amplitude of nonphotochemical quenching. The role of PsbZ in excitation energy dissipation within PSII is discussed in light of its proximity to CP43, in agreement with the most recent structural data on PSII.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Swiatek
- Botanisches Institut der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzingerstrasse 67, D-80638 Munich, Germany
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33
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Müller B, Eichacker LA. Assembly of the D1 precursor in monomeric photosystem II reaction center precomplexes precedes chlorophyll a-triggered accumulation of reaction center II in barley etioplasts. Plant Cell 1999. [PMID: 10590164 DOI: 10.2307/3870961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of plastid-encoded chlorophyll binding proteins of photosystem II (PSII) was studied in etiolated barley seedlings and isolated etioplasts and either the absence or presence of de novo chlorophyll synthesis. De novo assembly of reaction center complexes in etioplasts was characterized by immunological analysis of protein complexes solubilized from inner etioplast membranes and separated in sucrose density gradients. Previously characterized membrane protein complexes from chloroplasts were utilized as molecular mass standards for sucrose density gradient separation analysis. In etiolated seedlings, induction of chlorophyll a synthesis resulted in the accumulation of D1 in a dimeric PSII reaction center (RCII) complex. In isolated etioplasts, de novo chlorophyll a synthesis directed accumulation of D1 precursor in a monomeric RCII precomplex that also included D2 and cytochrome b(559). Chlorophyll a synthesis that was chemically prolonged in darkness neither increased the yield of RCII monomers nor directed assembly of RCII dimers in etioplasts. We therefore conclude that in etioplasts, assembly of the D1 precursor in monomeric RCII precomplexes precedes chlorophyll a-triggered accumulation of reaction center monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Müller
- Botanisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzingerstrasse 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
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34
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Müller B, Eichacker LA. Assembly of the D1 precursor in monomeric photosystem II reaction center precomplexes precedes chlorophyll a-triggered accumulation of reaction center II in barley etioplasts. Plant Cell 1999. [PMID: 10590164 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.11.12.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Assembly of plastid-encoded chlorophyll binding proteins of photosystem II (PSII) was studied in etiolated barley seedlings and isolated etioplasts and either the absence or presence of de novo chlorophyll synthesis. De novo assembly of reaction center complexes in etioplasts was characterized by immunological analysis of protein complexes solubilized from inner etioplast membranes and separated in sucrose density gradients. Previously characterized membrane protein complexes from chloroplasts were utilized as molecular mass standards for sucrose density gradient separation analysis. In etiolated seedlings, induction of chlorophyll a synthesis resulted in the accumulation of D1 in a dimeric PSII reaction center (RCII) complex. In isolated etioplasts, de novo chlorophyll a synthesis directed accumulation of D1 precursor in a monomeric RCII precomplex that also included D2 and cytochrome b(559). Chlorophyll a synthesis that was chemically prolonged in darkness neither increased the yield of RCII monomers nor directed assembly of RCII dimers in etioplasts. We therefore conclude that in etioplasts, assembly of the D1 precursor in monomeric RCII precomplexes precedes chlorophyll a-triggered accumulation of reaction center monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Müller
- Botanisches Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Menzingerstrasse 67, 80638 Munich, Germany
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35
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Mühlbauer SK, Eichacker LA. The stromal protein large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase is translated by membrane-bound ribosomes. Eur J Biochem 1999; 261:784-8. [PMID: 10215896 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Translation of the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (LSU) was investigated by labeling of isolated barley plastids with [35S]-methionine. In both chloroplasts and etioplasts, labeling of LSU was severely impaired if plastid membranes were removed from the reaction mixtures. Removal of membrane-bound polysomes with high salt or puromycin greatly decreased translation of LSU. Pulse-labeled chloroplast membranes were shown to release LSU if chased with unlabeled methionine in the presence of stroma. Immunoprecipitation detected higher amounts of labeled LSU translation intermediates associated with the membrane fraction than in the soluble fraction. We therefore conclude that, in plastids, membrane-bound polysomes are required not only for translation of membrane-intrinsic proteins but also for translation of a soluble protein.
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36
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Abstract
Intact and lysed chloroplasts isolated from the day or night phase of seedling growth exhibit a higher rate of [35S]Met incorporation into the D1 protein in the light than in darkness. In the presence of the translation initiation inhibitor lincomycin, radiolabel incorporation remains unaffected for 7.5-10 min of the in vitro translation reaction, indicating that radiolabel incorporation is regulated by translation elongation. The rate of [35S]Met incorporation into D1-protein can be increased by addition of exogenous ATP to the in vitro translation reactions; however, ATP cannot replace light, and at physiological concentrations of stromal ATP (40 microM), the rate is at least 25-fold higher in the light than in darkness. This indicates that translation elongation is arrested in darkness. Separation of translation-elongation reactions into polysome-bound and membrane-integrated D1 proteins demonstrates that the rate of translation elongation is higher in the presence of light. In the light, less time is required to transiently radiolabel a D1 translation intermediate of about 17 kDa and to chase the translation intermediate into mature D1 protein. We propose that light regulates the enzymatic activity of the translation-elongation process in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Edhofer
- Department of Botany, University of Munich, München, Germany
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37
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Mühlbauer SK, Eichacker LA. Light-dependent formation of the photosynthetic proton gradient regulates translation elongation in chloroplasts. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:20935-40. [PMID: 9694842 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.33.20935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon transfer of lysed chloroplasts from darkness to light, the accumulation of membrane and stromal chloroplast proteins is strictly regulated at the level of translation elongation. In darkness, translation elongation is retarded even in the presence of exogenously added ATP and dithiothreitol. In the light, addition of the electron transport inhibitor 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea inhibits translation elongation even in the presence of ATP. This inhibition can be overcome by addition of artificial electron donors in the presence of light, but not in darkness. Electron flow between photosystem II and I induced by far red light of 730 nm is sufficient for the activation of translation elongation. This activation can also be obtained by electron donors to photosystem I, which transport protons into the thylakoid lumen. Release of the proton gradient by uncouplers prevents the light-dependent activation of translation elongation. Also, the induction of translation activation is switched off rapidly upon transfer from light to darkness. Hence, we propose that the formation of a photosynthetic proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane activates translation elongation in chloroplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Mühlbauer
- Department of Botany, University of Munich, 80638 München, Menzinger Strasse 67, Federal Republic of Germany
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38
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Kuttkat A, Edhofer I, Eichacker LA, Paulsen H. Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein stably inserts into etioplast membranes supplemented with Zn-pheophytin a/b. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:20451-5. [PMID: 9252354 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein, LHCP, or its precursor, pLHCP, cannot be stably inserted into barley etioplast membranes in vitro. However, when these etioplast membranes are supplemented with the chlorophyll analogs Zn-pheophytin a/b, synthesized in situ from Zn-pheophorbide a/b and digeranyl pyrophosphate, pLHCP is inserted into a protease-resistant state. This proves that chlorophyll is the only component lacking in etioplast membranes that is necessary for stable LHCP insertion. Synthesis of Zn-pheophytin b alone promotes insertion of LHCP in vitro into a protease-resistant state, whereas synthesis of Zn-pheophytin a alone does not. Insertion of pLHCP into etioplast membranes can also be stimulated by adding chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b to the membranes, albeit at a significantly lower efficiency as compared with Zn-pheophytin a/b synthesized in situ. When pLHCP is inserted into chlorophyll- or Zn-pheophytin-supplemented etioplast membranes and then assayed with protease, only the protease digestion product indicative of the monomeric major light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b complex (LHCII) is found but not the one indicating trimeric complexes. In this respect, chlorophyll- or Zn-pheophytin-supplemented etioplast membranes resemble thylakoid membranes at an early greening stage: pLHCP inserted into plastid membranes from greening barley is assembled into trimeric LHCII only after more than 1 h of greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuttkat
- Botanisches Institut, Universität München, Menzinger Strasse 67, D-80638 München, Germany
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Eichacker LA, Helfrich M, Rüdiger W, Müller B. Stabilization of chlorophyll a-binding apoproteins P700, CP47, CP43, D2, and D1 by chlorophyll a or Zn-pheophytin a. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:32174-9. [PMID: 8943272 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.50.32174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of chlorophyll a-binding apoproteins P700, CP47, CP43, D2, and D1 against proteolytic degradation has been investigated through in vitro synthesis of chlorophyll a or Zn-pheophytin a in intact etioplasts from barley. Stabilization of the apoproteins was dependent on the concentration of chlorophyll a or Zn-pheophytin a. Zn-pheophytin a was superior to chlorophyll a with respect to the concentration of pigment required for an equal yield of the stabilized chlorophyll a protein CP47, CP43, and P700 and for the total yield of chlorophyll a proteins. Zn-pheophytin a was most efficient for stabilizing CP47 and, at an increased concentration, efficient for stabilizing CP43, P700, and D1. Stabilization of apoproteins was highest after de novo synthesis of 90-300 pmol of Zn-pheophytin a or of about 400-600 pmol of chlorophyll a/4.2 x 10(7) etioplasts. The yield of stabilized chlorophyll proteins decreased at higher concentrations of Zn-pheophytin a, but was unaffected by higher concentrations of chlorophyll a.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Eichacker
- Department of Botany, University of Munich, 80638 München, Menzinger Strasse 67, Federal Republic of Germany.
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40
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Eichacker LA, Müller B, Helfrich M. Stabilization of the chlorophyll binding apoproteins, P700, CP47, CP43, D2, and D1, by synthesis of Zn-pheophytin a in intact etioplasts from barley. FEBS Lett 1996; 395:251-6. [PMID: 8898106 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(96)01026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a was compared with Zn-pheophytin a for stabilization of chlorophyll binding apoproteins, P700, CP47, CP43, D2, and D1, in intact etioplasts from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Intact etioplasts were shown to effectively translate the chlorophyll apoproteins, to take up and esterify the exogenously added substrates, chlorophyllide a and Zn-pheophorbide a, with geranylgeraniolpyrophosphate. For stabilization of P700, CP47, D2, and D1, the product, Zn-pheophytin a, was shown to substitute for chlorophyll a. Stabilization of CP43 was selectively increased in the presence of Zn-pheophytin a. The degree of stabilization was shown to depend on the amount of newly synthesized Zn-pheophytin a and on the central atom of the chlorophyll molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Eichacker
- Department of Botany, University of Munich, Germany.
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Kim J, Eichacker LA, Rudiger W, Mullet JE. Chlorophyll regulates accumulation of the plastid-encoded chlorophyll proteins P700 and D1 by increasing apoprotein stability. Plant Physiol 1994; 104:907-16. [PMID: 8165261 PMCID: PMC160688 DOI: 10.1104/pp.104.3.907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll protein accumulation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) chloroplasts is controlled posttranscriptionally by light-induced formation of chlorophyll a. The abundance of translation initiation complexes associated with psbA, psaA, and rbcL mRNAs was measured using extension and inhibition analysis in plants grown in the dark for 4.5 d and then illuminated for up to 16 h. Light-induced accumulation of the chlorophyll proteins was not accompanied by changes in the abundance of translation initiation complexes, indicating that regulation of chlorophyll protein accumulation at this stage of development does not occur at the level of translation initiation. Translational runoff assays were performed in the presence of lincomycin, an inhibitor of translation initiation, to determine whether chlorophyll protein accumulation was regulated at the level of translation elongation. The extent of ribosome runoff of psaA and psbA mRNAs was similar in the presence or absence of chlorophyll, indicating that chlorophyll did not alter chlorophyll protein translation elongation. Polysome-associated D1 translation intermediates were radiolabeled in the presence or absence of chlorophyll, even though full-length D1 accumulated only in the presence of chlorophyll. Chlorophyll influenced the stability of D1 translation intermediates to a small extent and greatly increased D1 stability after release from ribosomes. Overall, these results demonstrate that light-induced chlorophyll biosynthesis triggers the accumulation of the chlorophyll proteins D1 and P700 in barley chloroplasts by enhancement of chlorophyll apoprotein stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-2128
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42
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Eichacker LA, Soll J, Lauterbach P, Rüdiger W, Klein RR, Mullet JE. In vitro synthesis of chlorophyll a in the dark triggers accumulation of chlorophyll a apoproteins in barley etioplasts. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:13566-71. [PMID: 2199441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An in vitro translation system using lysed etioplasts was developed to test if the accumulation of plastid-encoded chlorophyll a apoproteins is dependent on the de novo synthesis of chlorophyll a. The P700 apoproteins, CP47 and CP43, were not radiolabeled in pulsechase translation assays employing lysed etioplasts in the absence of added chlorophyll precursors. When chlorophyllide a plus phytylpyrophosphate were added to lysed etioplast translation assays in the dark, chlorophyll a was synthesized and radiolabeled P700 apoproteins, CP47 and CP43, and a protein which comigrates with D1 accumulated. Chlorophyllide a or phytylpyrophosphate added separately to the translation assay in darkness did not induce chlorophyll a formation or chlorophyll a apoprotein accumulation. Chlorophyll a formation and chlorophyll a apoprotein accumulation were also induced in the lysed etioplast translation system by the photoreduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide a in the presence of exogenous phytylpyrophosphate. Accumulation of radiolabeled CP47 was detectable when very low levels of chlorophyll a were synthesized de novo (less than 0.01 nmol/10(7) plastids), and radiolabel increased linearly with increasing de novo chlorophyll a formation. Higher levels of de novo synthesized chlorophyll a were required prior to detection of radiolabel incorporation into the P700 apoproteins and CP43 (greater than 0.01 nmol/10(7) plastids). Radiolabel incorporation into the P700 apoproteins, CP47 and CP43, saturated at a chlorophyll a concentration which corresponds to 50% of the etioplast protochlorophyllide content (0.06 nmol of chlorophyll a/10(7) plastids).
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Eichacker
- Department of Botany, University of Munich, Federal Republic of Germany
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