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Maddineni S, Ocón-Grove OM, Krzysik-Walker SM, Hendricks GL, Proudman JA, Ramachandran R. Gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone receptor expression in the chicken pituitary gland: potential influence of sexual maturation and ovarian steroids. J Neuroendocrinol 2008; 20:1078-88. [PMID: 18638025 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2008.01765.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH), a hypothalamic RFamide, has been found to inhibit gonadotrophin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland originally in birds and, subsequently, in mammalian species. The gene encoding a transmembrane receptor for GnIH (GnIHR) was recently identified in the brain, pituitary gland and gonads of song bird, chicken and Japanese quail. The objectives of the present study are to characterise the expression of GnIHR mRNA and protein in the chicken pituitary gland, and to determine whether sexual maturation and gonadal steroids influence pituitary GnIHR mRNA abundance. GnIHR mRNA quantity was found to be significantly higher in diencephalon compared to either anterior pituitary gland or ovaries. GnIHR mRNA quantity was significantly higher in the pituitaries of sexually immature chickens relative to sexually mature chickens. Oestradiol or a combination of oestradiol and progesterone treatment caused a significant decrease in pituitary GnIHR mRNA quantity relative to vehicle controls. GnIHR-immunoreactive (ir) cells were identified in the chicken pituitary gland cephalic and caudal lobes. Furthermore, GnIHR-ir cells were found to be colocalised with luteinising hormone (LH)beta mRNA-, or follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)beta mRNA-containing cells. GnIH treatment significantly decreased LH release from anterior pituitary gland slices collected from sexually immature, but not from sexually mature chickens. Taken together, GnIHR gene expression is possibly down regulated in response to a surge in circulating oestradiol and progesterone levels as the chicken undergoes sexual maturation to allow gonadotrophin secretion. Furthermore, GnIHR protein expressed in FSHbeta or LHbeta mRNA-containing cells is likely to mediate the inhibitory effect of GnIH on LH and FSH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maddineni
- Department of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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Mashaly MM, Hendricks GL, Kalama MA, Gehad AE, Abbas AO, Patterson PH. Effect of Heat Stress on Production Parameters and Immune Responses of Commercial Laying Hens. Poult Sci 2004; 83:889-94. [PMID: 15206614 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.6.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was conducted to determine the adverse effects of high temperature and humidity not only on live performance and egg quality but also on immune function in commercial laying hens. One hundred eighty 31-wk-old laying hens at peak production were used in this study. Hens were housed in cages (15 cages of 4 birds/cage) in each of 3 environmental chambers and received 1 of 3 treatments. The 3 treatments were control (average temperature and relative humidity), cyclic (daily cyclic temperature and humidity), and heat stress (constant heat and humidity) for 5 wk. Different production and immune parameters were measured. Body weight and feed consumption were significantly reduced in hens in the heat stress group. Egg production, egg weight, shell weight, shell thickness, and specific gravity were significantly inhibited among hens in the heat stress group. Likewise, total white blood cell (WBC) counts and antibody production were significantly inhibited in hens in the heat stress group. In addition, mortality was higher in the heat stress group compared to the cyclic and control groups. Even though T- and B-lymphocyte activities were not significantly affected by any of the treatments, lymphocytes from hens in the heat stress group had the least activity at 1 wk following treatment. These results indicate that heat stress not only adversely affects production performance but also inhibits immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mashaly
- Department of Poultry Production, Minofiya University, Egypt.
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Gehad AE, Lillehoj HS, Hendricks GL, Mashaly MM. Initiation of humoral immunity. II. The effects of T-independent and T-dependent antigens on the distribution of lymphocyte populations. Dev Comp Immunol 2002; 26:761-771. [PMID: 12206839 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00021-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The effect of injecting T-independent (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and T-dependent (bovine serum albumin, BSA) antigens on the redistribution of lymphocyte populations in immature male chickens was investigated. In the blood, percentages of total T-cells (CD3+), T-helper cells (CD4+), and T-cytotoxic/suppressor cells (CD8+) significantly decreased post-LPS injection (PLI) but not post-BSA injection (PBI), while percentages of monocytes/thrombocytes (K1+) significantly increased PLI. Interleukin-1 receptor expression on blood lymphocytes increased significantly PLI and PBI. In the spleen, the percentages of total T-cells (CD3+) increased significantly PLI and PBI, macrophage (K1+) percentages increased significantly PLI, while B-cell percentages decreased significantly PLI. These results indicate that following antigen injection, there is a redistribution of peripheral blood lymphocytes (specifically T-lymphocytes) to secondary lymphoid organs and the kinetics and magnitude of the changes can differ according to the type of antigen used.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gehad
- National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Gehad AE, Lillehoj HS, Hendricks GL, Mashaly MM. Initiation of humoral immunity. I. The role of cytokines and hormones in the initiation of humoral immunity using T-independent and T-dependent antigens. Dev Comp Immunol 2002; 26:751-759. [PMID: 12206838 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The early events during the initiation of immune responses following the injection of T-independent (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and T-dependent (bovine serum albumin, BSA) antigens were studied in immature male chickens. Specifically, the role of cytokines and hormones in the initiation of humoral immunity against these antigens was investigated. Both interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha) increased significantly post-LPS but not post-BSA injection. While interleukin-2 (IL-2) significantly decreased post-LPS injection, IL-2 significantly increased post-BSA injection. Furthermore, corticosterone levels significantly increased and tri-iodothyronine (T(3)) levels significantly decreased post-LPS but not post-BSA injection. In this study, the results indicate that although LPS and BSA can induce a humoral antibody response in chickens, they activate different cytokines and neuroendocrine network systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Gehad
- National Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract
Understanding the role of melatonin in affecting different physiological functions, especially immune responses, is becoming increasingly important in the basic and applied sciences. Enhancing the immune response will result in increasing disease resistance and, therefore, improve production efficiency. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of melatonin, administered during the light or dark period, on BW, feed consumption (FC), and immune responses of immature chickens. Eight-week-old Cornell White Leghorn males were used in this study. The doses of melatonin were 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg BW. Melatonin was administered s.c. every 24 h for 7 consecutive d. The chicks were randomly divided into two groups; one group received injection during the middle of the light period, and the other group received injection during the middle of the dark period. All birds received 16 h light and 8 h darkness during a 24-h period. Body weights were measured before and after melatonin treatment, and FC was also measured. After the seven injections, blood samples were collected from the brachial vein, and total white blood cell (WBC) counts, differential cell counts, and activities of T and B lymphocytes were measured. Body weight was not significantly affected by dose of melatonin or time of injection. Furthermore, melatonin did not significantly affect FC; however, FC was significantly lower in the group that was injected in the dark vs. light period. The WBC counts of birds injected with 40 mg melatonin/kg BW were significantly higher than the WBC counts of saline-injected birds. The heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios of birds injected during the light period were significantly higher than those of birds injected during the dark period. T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation were significantly higher in birds injected with 40 mg melatonin/kg BW compared to saline-injected birds. These results indicate that melatonin in vivo is important in enhancing not only circulating WBC but also activities of B and T lymphocytes of immature male chickens without adversely affecting BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Brennan
- Department of Poultry Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Abstract
1. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), a neuropeptide with immunomodulating properties, is known to stimulate avian splenic leukocytes to produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). 2. The present study was to determine which avian splenic leukocyte subpopulation(s) produce ACTH in response to CRF stimulation. 3. Splenic leukocytes from 8-week-old male chickens were isolated on Histopaque 1077 and macrophages were separated from lymphocytes by adherence to a polystyrene surface. 4. Different concentrations of CRF (0, 5, 50, 500 or 1000 ng/m) were incubated with the different leukocyte populations, supernatants were collected and ACTH was measured using a radioimmunoassay. 5. Isolated macrophages, stimulated with CRF, produced significantly more ACTH than either unstimulated macrophages or CRF-stimulated lymphocytes, suggesting that ACTH may be produced by a particular subset of leukocytes, the macrophages (and monocytes), in response to CRF stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Hendricks
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802-3501, USA
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Hendricks GL, Mashaly MM, Siegel HS. Effects of corticosterone in vivo and in vitro on adrenocorticotropic hormone production by corticotropin releasing factor-stimulated leukocytes. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995; 209:382-6. [PMID: 7638246 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-209-43911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) and corticosterone have been shown to affect immune cell function. Previously, we have shown that CRF stimulates immunoreactive adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production by leukocytes. In this study, splenic leukocytes from corticosterone-injected chickens failed to show a CRF-induced increase in ACTH production. In addition, corticosterone in vitro inhibited the production of leukocyte ACTH as well as the stimulatory effect of CRF on splenic leukocyte ACTH production. These findings show that, as with anterior pituitary ACTH production, CRF-stimulated leukocyte ACTH production is inhibited by glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Hendricks
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Abstract
A RIA for mammalian adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) was modified and validated to measure chicken ACTH. The assay was capable of detecting an increase in chicken plasma ACTH following treatments known to increase plasma ACTH. Both splenic and peripheral blood leukocytes stimulated with corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) showed a significant increase in ACTH production compared with unstimulated leukocytes. This finding supports the conclusion that the substance produced by leukocytes previously shown in our laboratory to stimulate adrenal cells to secrete corticosterone is immunoreactive ACTH.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Hendricks
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Abstract
The endocrine functions of different hormones are well documented. Recently, however, evidence of the immune function of several hormones has been accumulated. These findings raised the possibility that immune cells might secrete hormones and in turn self-regulate different immune functions. Indeed, immune cells have been found to secrete different peptide and protein hormones. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) is the most studied and was found to be secreted by lymphocytes. In the present authors' laboratory, it was found that not only do lymphocytes secrete ACTH but also that circulating concentrations of corticosterone increased following antigen challenge. It was also observed that at the time of the increased corticosterone, there was a redistribution of different lymphocyte subpopulations from the blood to spleen, the site of antigen presentation and antibody production. It was concluded that the endocrine function of lymphocytes might be important in the initiation of antibody production in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Mashaly
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Hendricks GL, Siegel HS, Mashaly MM. Ovine corticotropin-releasing factor increases endocrine and immunologic activity of avian leukocytes in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1991; 196:390-5. [PMID: 1848936 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-196-43204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of splenic leukocytes from Cornell K strain male chickens (homozygous at the B15 locus of the major histocompatibility complex) with ovine corticotropin-releasing factor (oCRF), before their co-incubation with naive chicken adrenal cells, resulted in an increase in corticosterone production. Supernatants from the oCRF-treated splenic leukocytes caused a time-dependent increase in corticosterone production when incubated with chicken adrenal cells. Adding oCRF directly to chicken adrenal cells did not increase corticosterone production. Pretreatment of peripheral leukocytes with oCRF increased their activity in a concanavalin A mitogen assay. Thus, chicken leukocytes stimulated with corticotropin releasing factor appear to increase the production of an "adrenocorticotropin-like" substance (adrenocorticotropin-like because it increases corticosterone production by adrenal cells), and increased their cell-mediated immune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Hendricks
- Department of Poultry Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802
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Hendricks GL, Barnes WT, Suter HJ. Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus: a case report. Am Surg 1974; 40:468-73. [PMID: 4843456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Wolfgang GL, Barnes WT, Hendricks GL. False aneurysm of the profunda femoris artery resulting from nail-plate fixation of intertrochanteric fracture. A case report and review of the literature. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1974:143-50. [PMID: 4838394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Hendricks GL, Barnes WT. Experiences with the Moretz clip: 100 cases. Am Surg 1971; 37:558-62. [PMID: 5125605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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