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Olmedo GM, Zhang J, Zhao W, Mattia M, Rosskopf EN, Ritenour M, Plotto A, Bai J. Application of Thymol Vapors to Control Postharvest Decay Caused by Penicillium digitatum and Lasiodiplodia theobromae in Grapefruit. Foods 2023; 12:3637. [PMID: 37835290 PMCID: PMC10572620 DOI: 10.3390/foods12193637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the major postharvest diseases impacting grapefruit shelf life and marketability in the state of Florida (USA) are stem-end rot (SER) caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae and green mold (GM) caused by Penicillium digitatum. Here, we investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of vapors of thymol, a natural compound found in the essential oil of various plants and the primary constituent of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) oil, as a potential solution for the management of GM and SER. Thymol vapors at concentrations lower than 10 mg L-1 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens, causing severe ultrastructural damage to P. digitatum conidia. In in vivo trials, the incidence and lesion area of GM and SER on inoculated grapefruit were significantly reduced after a 5 d exposure to 50 mg L-1 thymol vapors. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo sporulation of P. digitatum was suppressed by thymol. When applied in its vapor phase, thymol had no negative effect on the fruit, neither introducing perceivable off-flavor nor causing additional weight loss. Our findings support the pursuit of further studies on the use of thymol, recognized as safe for human health and the environment, as a promising strategy for grapefruit postharvest disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Olmedo
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jiuxu Zhang
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2199 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Matthew Mattia
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Erin N. Rosskopf
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Mark Ritenour
- Indian River Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 2199 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (J.Z.); (M.R.)
| | - Anne Plotto
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
| | - Jinhe Bai
- Horticultural Research Laboratory (USDA-ARS), 2001 S. Rock Rd, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA; (G.M.O.); (W.Z.); (M.M.); (E.N.R.); (A.P.)
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Olmedo GM, Debes MA, Sepúlveda M, Ramallo J, Rapisarda VA, Cerioni L, Volentini SI. Overcoming lemon postharvest molds caused by Penicillium spp. multiresistant isolates by the application of potassium sorbate in aqueous and wax treatments. J Food Sci 2023. [PMID: 37249091 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum are the main causal agents of postharvest diseases in lemon. Over the last decades, the appearance of isolates resistant to the main commercial fungicides has been considered one of the most serious problems for the citrus industry. In this work, potassium sorbate (KS) was evaluated as an alternative to chemical fungicides to control postharvest diseases caused by Penicillium isolates resistant to imazalil, thiabendazol, and pyrimethanil. In vitro assays showed that 1% KS inhibited conidia germination and mycelial growth of sensitive and resistant P. digitatum and P. italicum isolates, being this effect stronger at pH 5 than at pH 9. In curative treatments, the immersion of inoculated lemons in 1% KS aqueous solution for 30 s reduced green and blue molds incidences by around 80%. No wound protection effect was observed when wounded lemons were immersed in 3% salt solution before inoculation. Noteworthy, the inclusion of KS in a commercial wax coating effectively controlled green and blue molds, even in decays caused by fungicide resistance isolates. Together, results encourage the use of KS in lemon postharvest treatments to contribute to the management of resistant strains, which represent a major challenge in packinghouses worldwide. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of KS in citrus postharvest treatments would help producers to reduce spoilage caused by Penicillium fungicide-resistant strains. The inclusion of this generally recognized as safe compound in wax coatings improves its persistence on the fruit surface, keeping product quality during long-term overseas transport. In sum, KS constitutes an affordable and eco-friendly option for controlling postharvest molds in lemon fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Olmedo
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Mario A Debes
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Milena Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo e Investigación, SA San Miguel, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jacqueline Ramallo
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo e Investigación, SA San Miguel, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Viviana A Rapisarda
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luciana Cerioni
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sabrina I Volentini
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), CONICET-UNT, and Instituto de Química Biológica "Dr Bernabé Bloj", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Olmedo GM, Baigorria CG, Ramallo AC, Sepulveda M, Ramallo J, Volentini SI, Rapisarda VA, Cerioni L. Inhibition of the lemon brown rot causal agent Phytophthora citrophthora by low-toxicity compounds. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:3613-3619. [PMID: 33275277 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora spp., soil-borne oomycetes, cause brown rot (BR) on postharvest lemons. The management of this disease is based on cultural practices and chemical control using inorganic salts of limited efficacy. In the search for new alternatives, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of low-toxicity compounds to inhibit the growth of P. citrophthora and to control BR disease on lemons. Sodium bicarbonate, potassium sorbate, polyhexamethylene guanidine, Ascophyllum nodosum extract and a formulation containing phosphite salts plus A. nodosum (P+An) were evaluated. RESULTS All tested products inhibited mycelial growth, sporangia formation and zoospore germination of P. citrophthora in vitro. In postharvest applications on artificially inoculated lemons, only P+An exhibited a BR curative effect, with incidence reduction of around 60%. When this formulation was applied in field treatments, BR incidence was reduced by 40% on lemons harvested and inoculated up to 30 days post application. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the in vitro direct anti-oomycete effect of low-toxicity compounds and the in vivo efficacy of P+An formulation to control BR, encouraging the incorporation of the latter in the management of citrus BR. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M Olmedo
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carina G Baigorria
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Ana C Ramallo
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Milena Sepulveda
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo e Investigación, SA San Miguel, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jacqueline Ramallo
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo e Investigación, SA San Miguel, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sabrina I Volentini
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Viviana A Rapisarda
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Luciana Cerioni
- Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNT, CONICET-UNT, and Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO), and Instituto de Química Biológica 'Dr Bernabé Bloj', San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
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Olmedo GM, Cerioni L, Sepulveda M, Ramallo J, Rapisarda VA, Volentini SI. Polyhexamethylene guanidine as a fungicide, disinfectant and wound protector in lemons challenged with Penicillium digitatum. Food Microbiol 2018; 76:128-134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Olmedo GM, Cerioni L, González MM, Cabrerizo FM, Rapisarda VA, Volentini SI. Antifungal activity of β-carbolines on Penicillium digitatum and Botrytis cinerea. Food Microbiol 2017; 62:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Olmedo GM, Cerioni L, González MM, Cabrerizo FM, Volentini SI, Rapisarda VA. UVA Photoactivation of Harmol Enhances Its Antifungal Activity against the Phytopathogens Penicillium digitatum and Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:347. [PMID: 28326067 PMCID: PMC5339243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic fungi responsible for post-harvest diseases on fruit and vegetables cause important economic losses. We have previously reported that harmol (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-7-ol) is active against the causal agents of green and gray molds Penicillium digitatum and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. Here, antifungal activity of harmol was characterized in terms of pH dependency and conidial targets; also photodynamic effects of UVA irradiation on the antimicrobial action were evaluated. Harmol was able to inhibit the growth of both post-harvest fungal disease agents only in acidic conditions (pH 5), when it was found in its protonated form. Conidia treated with harmol exhibited membrane integrity loss, cell wall disruption, and cytoplasm disorganization. All these deleterious effects were more evident for B. cinerea in comparison to P. digitatum. When conidial suspensions were irradiated with UVA in the presence of harmol, antimicrobial activity against both pathogens was enhanced, compared to non-irradiated conditions. B. cinerea exhibited a high intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when was incubated with harmol in irradiated and non-irradiated treatments. P. digitatum showed a significant increase in ROS accumulation only when treated with photoexcited harmol. The present work contributes to unravel the antifungal activity of harmol and its photoexcited counterpart against phytopathogenic conidia, focusing on ROS accumulation which could account for damage on different cellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela M. Olmedo
- INSIBIO (CONICET, UNT), Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTTucumán, Argentina
| | - Luciana Cerioni
- INSIBIO (CONICET, UNT), Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTTucumán, Argentina
| | | | | | - Sabrina I. Volentini
- INSIBIO (CONICET, UNT), Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTTucumán, Argentina
| | - Viviana A. Rapisarda
- INSIBIO (CONICET, UNT), Instituto de Química Biológica “Dr. Bernabé Bloj”, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, UNTTucumán, Argentina
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