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Harvey JM, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Allred DC. Estrogen Receptor Status by Immunohistochemistry Is Superior to the Ligand-Binding Assay for Predicting Response to Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:1331-1338. [PMID: 36827742 DOI: 10.1200/jco.22.02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a newer technique for assessing the estrogen receptor (ER) status of breast cancers, with the potential to overcome many of the shortcomings associated with the traditional ligand-binding assay (LBA). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of ER status determination by IHC, compared with LBA, to predict clinical outcome-especially response to adjuvant endocrine therapy-in a large number of patients with long-term clinical follow-up. PATIENTS AND METHODS ER status was evaluated in 1,982 primary breast cancers by IHC on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections, using antibody 6F11 and standard methodology. Slides were scored on a scale representing the estimated proportion and intensity of positive-staining tumor cells (range, 0 to 8). Results were compared with ER values obtained by the LBA in the same tumors and to clinical outcome. RESULTS An IHC score of greater than 2 (corresponding to as few as 1% to 10% weakly positive cells) was used to define ER positivity on the basis of a univariate cut-point analysis of all possible scores and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients receiving any adjuvant endocrine therapy. Using this definition, 71% of all tumors were determined to be ER-positive by IHC, and the level of agreement with the LBA was 86%. In multivariate analyses of patients receiving adjuvant endocrine therapy alone, ER status determined by IHC was better than that determined by the LBA at predicting improved DFS (hazard ratios/P = 0.474/.0008 and 0.707/.3214, respectively) and equivalent at predicting overall survival (0.379/.0001 and 0.381/.0003, respectively). CONCLUSION IHC is superior to the LBA for assessing ER status in primary breast cancer because it is easier, safer, and less expensive, and has an equivalent or better ability to predict response to adjuvant endocrine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennet M Harvey
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; and Division of Medical Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - Gary M Clark
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; and Division of Medical Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - C Kent Osborne
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; and Division of Medical Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - D Craig Allred
- From the Department of Pathology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia; and Division of Medical Oncology and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
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Paramanandam VS, Dylke E, Clark GM, Daptardar AA, Kulkarni AM, Nair NS, Badwe RA, Kilbreath SL. Prophylactic Use of Compression Sleeves Reduces the Incidence of Arm Swelling in Women at High Risk of Breast Cancer-Related Lymphedema: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2004-2012. [PMID: 35108031 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether prophylactic use of compression sleeves prevents arm swelling in women who had undergone axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer surgery. METHODS Women (n = 307) were randomly assigned to either a compression or control group. In addition to usual postoperative care, the compression group received two compression sleeves to wear postoperatively until 3 months after completing adjuvant treatments. Arm swelling was determined using bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) thresholds and relative arm volume increase (RAVI). Incidence and time free from arm swelling were compared using Kaplan-Meier analyses. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated from Cox regression models for BIS and RAVI thresholds independently. In addition, time to documentation of the first minimally important difference (MID) in four scales of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and the breast cancer-specific (BR23) questionnaire was analyzed. RESULTS The HR for developing arm swelling in the compression group relative to the control group was 0.61 (95% CI, 0.43 to 0.85; P = .004) on the basis of BIS and 0.56 (95% CI, 0.33 to 0.96; P = .034) on the basis of RAVI. The estimated cumulative incidence of arm swelling at 1 year was lower in the compression group than the control group on the basis of BIS (42% v 52%) and RAVI (14% v 25%). HRs for time from baseline to the first change of the minimally important difference were not statistically significant for any of the four scales of EORTC QLQ-30 and BR23 questionnaires. CONCLUSION Prophylactic use of compression sleeves compared with the control group reduced and delayed the occurrence of arm swelling in women at high risk for lymphedema in the first year after surgery for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent S Paramanandam
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
| | - Elizabeth Dylke
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gary M Clark
- Gary Clark Statistical Consulting LLC, Superior, CO
| | | | | | - Nita S Nair
- Tata Memorial Hospital, Parel, Mumbai, India
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Von Hoff DD, Clark GM, Coltman CA, Disis ML, Eckhardt SG, Ellis LM, Foti M, Garrett-Mayer E, Gonen M, Hidalgo M, Hilsenbeck SG, Littlefield JH, LoRusso PM, Lyerly HK, Meropol NJ, Patel JD, Piantadosi S, Post DA, Regan MM, Shyr Y, Tempero MA, Tepper JE, Von Roenn J, Weiner LM, Young DC, Vu NV. A grant-based experiment to train clinical investigators: the AACR/ASCO methods in clinical cancer research workshop. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:5472-5481. [PMID: 34312215 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To address the need for clinical investigators in oncology, AACR and ASCO established the Methods in Clinical Cancer Research Workshop (MCCRW). The workshop's objectives were to: (1) provide training in the methods, design, and conduct of clinical trials; (2) ensure that clinical trials met federal and international ethical guidelines; (3) evaluate the effectiveness of the workshop; and (4) create networking opportunities for young investigators with mentoring senior faculty. Educational methods included: (1) didactic lectures; (2) Small Group Discussion Sessions; (3) Protocol Development Groups; (4) one-on-one mentoring. Learning focused on the development of an IRB-ready protocol, which was submitted on the last day of the workshop. Evaluation methods included: (1) pre- and post-workshop tests; (2) students' workshop evaluations; (3) faculty's ratings of protocol development; (4) students' productivity in clinical research after the workshop; (5) an independent assessment of the workshop. From 1996-2014, 1932 students from diverse backgrounds attended the workshop. There was a significant improvement in the students' level of knowledge from the pre- to the post-workshop exams (p < 0.001). Across the classes, student evaluations were very favorable. At the end of the workshop, faculty rated 92-100% of the students' protocols as ready for IRB submission. Intermediate and long-term follow-ups indicated that more than 92% of students were actively involved in patientrelated research, and 66% had implemented five or more protocols. This NCI-sponsored MCCRW has had a major impact on the training of clinicians in their ability to design and implement clinical trials in cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary M Clark
- Biostatistics & Data Management, Array BioPharma (United States)
| | | | - Mary L Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington
| | | | - Lee M Ellis
- Departments of Surgical Oncology and Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
| | | | | | - Mithat Gonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
| | - Manuel Hidalgo
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center
| | - Susan G Hilsenbeck
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Shyr
- Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | - Joel E Tepper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Jamie Von Roenn
- Education, Science & Professional Development, American Society of Clinical Oncology
| | - Louis M Weiner
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Georgetown Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Donn C Young
- Biostatistics, Ohio State University Medical Center
| | - Nu Viet Vu
- Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), University of Geneva Faculty of Medicine
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Clark GM. Problems in Vocational Rehabilitation of the Visually Handicapped. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0145482x6606000110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
Lysosomal proteinases play an important role in the turnover of intracellular proteins, and acidic proteinases such as cathepsin D are known to be increased in breast carcinoma. In the present study the activity of a newly discovered acidic lysosomal pepstatin-insensitive proteinase (CLN2p) was measured in breast tissues by the most sensitive and highly specific assay that we had developed for the diagnosis of late-infantile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (LINCL) (2). Samples from eight normal subjects undergoing reductive mammoplasty and 200 patients with primary breast carcinoma were analyzed. The results suggest a two- to seventeen-fold higher CLN2p activity in tumors, which was significantly and positively correlated with already known breast cancer biomarkers such as levels of cathepsin D, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. These results suggest a diagnostic and prognostic potential for this novel acid proteinase in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Junaid
- New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, USA
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Clark GM, Carlson BC, Fisher S, Cook ID, D'Alonzo BJ. Career Development for Students with Disabilities in Elementary Schools: A Position Statement of the Division on Career Development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088572889101400201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M. Clark
- Department of Special Education, University of Kansas
| | | | - Sherrilyn Fisher
- Center Coordinator, Blue Valley School District, Overland
Park, Kansas
| | | | - Bruno J. D'Alonzo
- Department of Special Education/Communication Disorders,
New Mexico State University
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary M. Clark
- Department of Special Education, University of Kansas
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Clark GM, Field S, Patton JR, Brolin DE, Sitlington PL. Life Skills Instruction: A Necessary Component for All Students with Disabilities A Position Statement of the Division on Career Development and Transition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088572889401700202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary M. Clark
- Department of Special Education, University of Kansas
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Clark GM, White WJ. Issues in Providing Career and Vocational Education to Secondary-Level Mildly Handicapped Students in Rural Settings. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088572888500800106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
The goal of transition services is to improve the postschool outcomes for students with disabilities, but more than 10 years after the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA) mandated transition services, students with disabilities are still exiting high school with significantly different postschool outcomes than their peers. Community-based instruction, work experience, family involvement, interagency collaboration, and postsecondary training have been highlighted as methods to improve student outcomes. This article identifies 101 community-based transition programs that incorporate community-based instruction, work experience, and postsecondary education especially designed for students aged 18-21 years old. Findings regarding disability populations, ages served, community locations, funding sources, interagency collaboration, and staffing of these programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Gaumer
- Department of Special Education with an emphasis in
Secondary School Reform, , University of Kansas
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Morningstar ME, Clark GM. The Status of Personnel Preparation for Transition Education and Services: What Is the Critical Content? How Can It Be Offered? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/088572880302600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes and comments on the primary themes of the articles found in this special issue of CDEI as well as the challenges that have been raised through the research found in this issue. We discuss two major issues found in the preparation of secondary transition educators: current content as well as existing delivery methods. Finally, we propose several recommendations for future transition personnel preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Morningstar
- University of Kansas, Department of Special Education,
1122 W. Campus Rd., Rm. 521 J.R. Pearson Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045,
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Abstract
Speech processors extracting either the fundamental frequency (F0) alone, or the fundamental frequency combined with second formant information (F0-F2), have been evaluated on a totally deaf patient using a multiple-channel cochlear implant. A closed set test using 16 spondees and a modified rhyme test showed that for electrical stimulation alone the F0-F2 speech processor was significantly better than the F0 processor. The open set tests using phonetically balanced words and Central Institute for the Deaf everyday sentences showed that for electrical stimulation alone and electrical stimulation combined with lipreading, the results with the F0-F2 speech processor were all significantly better than with the F0 processor. Information transmission for consonant speech features was also better when using the F0-F2 processor.
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Rance G, Rickards FW, Cohen LT, Burton MJ, Clark GM. Steady state evoked potentials: a new tool for the accurate assessment of hearing in cochlear implant candidates. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 48:44-8. [PMID: 8273498 DOI: 10.1159/000422556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Rance
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Cowan RS, Dowell RC, Pyman BC, Dettman SJ, Dawson PW, Rance G, Barker EJ, Sarant JZ, Clark GM. Preliminary speech perception results for children with the 22-electrode Melbourne/cochlear hearing prosthesis. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 48:231-5. [PMID: 8273486 DOI: 10.1159/000422589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R S Cowan
- Human Communication Research Centre, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Dahm
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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O'Leary SJ, Tong YC, Clark GM. Responses from single units in the dorsal cochlear nucleus to electrical stimulation of the cochlea. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 48:4-8. [PMID: 8273497 DOI: 10.1159/000422549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S J O'Leary
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Allred DC, Clark GM, Tandon AK, McGuire WL. Immunohistochemistry on Histological Sections from Small (50 mg) Samples of Pulverized Breast Cancer. J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1993.16.2.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Quigley AF, Bulluss KJ, Kyratzis ILB, Gilmore K, Mysore T, Schirmer KSU, Kennedy EL, O'Shea M, Truong YB, Edwards SL, Peeters G, Herwig P, Razal JM, Campbell TE, Lowes KN, Higgins MJ, Moulton SE, Murphy MA, Cook MJ, Clark GM, Wallace GG, Kapsa RMI. Engineering a multimodal nerve conduit for repair of injured peripheral nerve. J Neural Eng 2013; 10:016008. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2560/10/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Allitt BJ, Morgan SJ, Bell S, Nayagam DAX, Arhatari B, Clark GM, Paolini AG. Midbrain responses to micro-stimulation of the cochlea using high density thin-film arrays. Hear Res 2012; 287:30-42. [PMID: 22531007 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
A broader activation of auditory nerve fibres than normal using a cochlear implant contributes to poor frequency discrimination. As cochlear implants also deliver a restricted dynamic range, this hinders the ability to segregate sound sources. Better frequency coding and control over amplitude may be achieved by limiting current spread during electrical stimulation of the cochlea and positioning electrodes closer to the modiolus. Thin-film high density microelectrode arrays and conventional platinum ring electrode arrays were used to stimulate the cochlea of urethane-anaesthetized rats and responses compared. Neurophysiological recordings were taken at 197 multi-unit clusters in the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus (CIC), a site that receives direct monaural innervation from the cochlear nucleus. CIC responses to both the platinum ring and high density electrodes were recorded and differences in activity to changes in stimulation intensity, thresholds and frequency coding of neural activation were examined. The high density electrode array elicited less CIC activity at nonspecific frequency regions than the platinum ring electrode array. The high density electrode array produced significantly lower thresholds and larger dynamic ranges than the platinum ring electrode array when positioned close to the modiolus. These results suggest that a higher density of stimulation sites on electrodes that effectively 'aim' current, combined with placement closer to the modiolus would permit finer control over charge delivery. This may equate to improved frequency specific perception and control over amplitude when using future cochlear implant devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Allitt
- School of Psychological Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Briggs RJ, Tykocinski M, Saunders E, Hellier W, Dahm M, Pyman B, Clark GM. Surgical implications of perimodiolar cochlear implant electrode design: avoiding intracochlear damage and scala vestibuli insertion. Cochlear Implants Int 2009; 2:135-49. [PMID: 18792095 DOI: 10.1179/cim.2001.2.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the mechanisms and nature of intracochlear damage associated with cochlear implant electrode array insertion, in particular, the various perimodiolar electrode designs. Make recommendations regarding surgical techniques for the Nucleus Contour electrode to ensure correct position and minimal insertion trauma. BACKGROUND The potential advantages of increased modiolar proximity of intracochlear multichannel electrode arrays are a reduction in stimulation thresholds, an increase in dynamic range and more localized neural excitation. This may improve speech perception and reduce power consumption. These advantages may be negated if increased intracochlear damage results from the method used to position the electrodes close to the modiolus. METHOD A review of the University of Melbourne Department of Otolaryngology experience with temporal bone safety studies using the Nucleus standard straight electrode array and a variety of perimodiolar electrode array designs; comparison with temporal bone insertion studies from other centres and postmortem histopathology studies reported in the literature. Review of our initial clinical experience using the Nucleus Contour electrode array. RESULTS The nature of intracochlear damage resulting from electrode insertion trauma ranges from minor, localized, spiral ligament tear to diffuse organ of Corti disruption and osseous spiral lamina fracture. The type of damage depends on the mechanical characteristics of the electrode array, the stiffness, curvature and size of the electrode in relation to the scala, and the surgical technique. The narrow, flexible, straight arrays are the least traumatic. Pre-curved or stiffer arrays are associated with an incidence of basilar membrane perforation. The cochleostomy must be correctly sited in relation to the round window to ensure scala tympani insertion. A cochleostomy anterior to the round window rather than inferior may lead to scala media or scala vestibuli insertion. CONCLUSION Proximity of electrodes to the modiolus can be achieved without intracochlear damage provided the electrode array is a free fit within the scala, of appropriate size and shape, and accurate scala tympani insertion is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Briggs
- Department of Otolaryngology, Cooperative Research Centre for Cochlear Implant and Hearing Aid Innovation, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
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Dawson PW, McKay CM, Busby PA, Clark GM. Rate-of-processing ability in children using cochlear implants and its relevance to speech perception. Cochlear Implants Int 2009; 3:126-38. [PMID: 18792119 DOI: 10.1179/cim.2002.3.2.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to assess the ability of young children using cochlear implants to process a change in place of stimulation under conditions of shortened stimulus duration and shortened interstimulus interval. The study investigated whether or not this ability accounted for a significant amount of the variance in the speech performance of the children additional to the variance accounted for by electrode discrimination ability (measured in a previous study). An adaptation of the play audiometry procedure was used to assess 'rate-of-processing' ability in 17 children aged between 4 and 10 years. Initially the child was required to respond with a game-like motor response when a repeating stimulation on a reference electrode 'changed' to a different electrode in relatively 'slow' conditions. The child was then required to respond to the 'change', when the duration of the stimuli and the time interval between the stimuli were decreased. All but one of the children using cochlear implants scored significantly above chance for all conditions of stimulus duration and interstimulus interval assessed. That is, they were able to discriminate place pitch changes when these changes occurred more rapidly in time. A stepwise regression was computed to determine the relative contributions of a number of variables, including rate-of-processing ability, in accounting for variance in the children's speech perception performance (measured in a previous study). Rate-of-processing ability did not account for any variance additional to that accounted for by electrode discrimination ability, which was found to be the most significant predictor of speech perception performance for this group of children in the previous study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Dawson
- The Bionic Ear Institute, 384-388 Albert St, East Melbourne 3002, Australia
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Taube SE, Clark GM, Dancey JE, McShane LM, Sigman CC, Gutman SI. A perspective on challenges and issues in biomarker development and drug and biomarker codevelopment. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:1453-63. [PMID: 19855077 PMCID: PMC2773185 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A workshop sponsored by the National Cancer Institute and the US Food and Drug Administration addressed past lessons learned and ongoing challenges faced in biomarker development and drug and biomarker codevelopment. Participants agreed that critical decision points in the product life cycle depend on the level of understanding of the biology of the target and its interaction with the drug, the preanalytical and analytical factors affecting biomarker assay performance, and the clinical disease process. The more known about the biology and the greater the strength of association between an analytical signal and clinical result, the more efficient and less risky the development process will be. Rapid entry into clinical practice will only be achieved by using a rigorous scientific approach, including careful specimen collection and standardized and quality-controlled data collection. Early interaction with appropriate regulatory bodies will ensure studies are appropriately designed and biomarker test performance is well characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila E Taube
- ST-Consulting, PO Box 260, Glen Echo, MD 20812-0260, USA.
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Clark GM, Tong YC, Patrick JF, Seligman PM, Crosby PA, Kuzma JA, Money DK. A multi-channel hearing prosthesis for profound-to-total hearing loss. J Med Eng Technol 2009; 8:3-8. [PMID: 6546950 DOI: 10.3109/03091908409032065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A multi-channel cochlear implant hearing prosthesis providing 22 separate channels of stimulation has been developed. The electronics for the implantable receiver-stimulator have been incorporated on a single chip, using digital circuits and employing CMOS technology. The chip is enclosed in a titanium capsule with platinum/ceramic electrode feed-throughs. A pocket-sized speech processor and directional microphone extract the following speech parameters: signal amplitude, fundamental frequency and formant frequency. The fundamental frequency is coded as electric pulse rate, and formant frequency by electrode position. The speech processor has been realized using hybrid circuits and CMOS gate arrays. The multi-channel prosthesis has undergone a clinical trial on four postlingually deaf patients with profound-total hearing losses. The speech perception results indicate that they were able to obtain open-set speech recognition scores for phonetically balanced words, CID sentences and spondees. In all cases the tests showed significant improvements when using the cochlear prosthesis combined with lipreading compared to lipreading alone.
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Wheatley-Price P, Ding K, Seymour L, Clark GM, Shepherd FA. Erlotinib for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer in the elderly: an analysis of the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.21. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2350-7. [PMID: 18467727 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.2280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.21 established erlotinib as a standard of care in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after failure of first- or second-line chemotherapy. The current study analyzes the influence of age on outcomes in BR.21. PATIENTS AND METHODS BR.21 was a double-blind phase III trial that randomly assigned 731 patients to erlotinib 150 mg daily or placebo. End points included progression-free survival and overall survival (OS), response, quality of life (QOL), drug exposure, and toxicity, which are analyzed in this retrospective study by the following two age groups: >or= 70 years (elderly) or less than 70 years (young). RESULTS There were 163 elderly patients (112 on erlotinib, 51 on placebo) and 568 young patients (376 on erlotinib, 192 on placebo). There was no significant difference between age groups randomly assigned to erlotinib or placebo in progression-free survival (elderly: 3.0 v 2.1 months; hazard ratio [HR] = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.44 to 0.90; P = .009; young: 2.1 v 1.8 months; HR = 0.64; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.76; P < .0001; interaction, P = .77) or OS (elderly: 7.6 v 5.0 months; HR = 0.92; 95% CI, 0.64 to 1.34; P = .67; young: 6.4 v 4.7 months; HR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.89; P = .0014; interaction, P = .31). Response rates were similar between age groups. Elderly patients, compared with young patients, had significantly more overall and severe (grade 3 and 4) toxicity (35% v 18%; P < .001), were more likely to discontinue treatment as a result of treatment-related toxicity (12% v 3%; P < .0001), and had lower relative dose-intensity (64% v 82% received > 90% planned dose; P < .001). CONCLUSION Elderly patients treated with erlotinib gain similar survival and QOL benefits as younger patients but experience greater toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wheatley-Price
- Department of Medical Oncology, Princess Margaret Hospital, 610 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9 Canada.
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Boord AS, Sanders SL, Bass LW, Benson BD, Clark GM, Meyer SK. Pharmacy team providing enhanced services to a transitional care unit. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2007; 64:647-51. [PMID: 17353575 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp060048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kha HN, Chen BK, Clark GM. 3D finite element analyses of insertion of the Nucleus standard straight and the Contour electrode arrays into the human cochlea. J Biomech 2007; 40:2796-805. [PMID: 17408675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous experimental studies of insertion of the Nucleus standard straight and the Contour arrays into the scala tympani have reported that the electrode arrays cause damage to various cochlear structures. However, the level of insertion-induced damage by these electrode arrays to cochlear structures (the spiral ligament, the basilar membrane and the osseous spiral lamina) has not been quantified. Although it has been suggested that rotation can overcome this resistance and prevent the basilar membrane from being pierced by the tip of the Nucleus standard straight array, there has not been any attempt to study the relationship between the rotation and the reduction of damage to the basilar membrane. In this study, 3D finite element analyses of insertions of the Nucleus standard straight array and the Contour array into the scala tympani have been undertaken. The perforation of the basilar membrane by the tip of the Nucleus standard straight array at the region of 11-14 mm from the round window appears to be compounded by the geometry of the spiral passage of the scala tympani. Anti-clockwise rotations between 25 degrees and 90 degrees applied at the basal end of the electrode array (for the right cochlea) were shown to significantly reduce the contact stresses exerted by the tip on the basilar membrane which support the practice of applying small rotation partway through insertion of electrode array to minimize damage to the basilar membrane. Although the Contour array (with its stylet intact) is stiffer than the Nucleus standard straight array, a slight withdrawal of the stylet from the Contour array before insertion was found to significantly reduce damage by the electrode array to the spiral ligament and the basilar membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Kha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton Victoria 3800 Melbourne, Australia.
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Clark GM, Zborowski DM, Culbertson JL, Whitehead M, Savoie M, Seymour L, Shepherd FA. Clinical Utility of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression for Selecting Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer for Treatment with Erlotinib. J Thorac Oncol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1556-0864(15)30414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Clark GM, Zborowski DM, Culbertson JL, Whitehead M, Savoie M, Seymour L, Shepherd FA. Clinical utility of epidermal growth factor receptor expression for selecting patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer for treatment with erlotinib. J Thorac Oncol 2006; 1:837-46. [PMID: 17409968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erlotinib (Tarceva) has demonstrated a survival benefit in unselected patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after failure of chemotherapy. Because not all patients benefit from erlotinib, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) protein expression may provide a basis for selecting patients for treatment with this EGFR inhibitor. METHODS Tumor samples from patients who participated in National Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.21 were assayed by immunohistochemistry using Dako EGFR pharmDx kits. EGFR expression was scored as proportion of tumor cells with membrane staining, staining intensity, and combined proportion and intensity scores. All possible cutpoints were examined to determine whether EGFR protein expression status by immunohistochemistry might be useful for predicting patient survival. RESULTS Three hundred twenty-five patients had evaluable assay results. The prognostic significance of EGFR protein expression was modest. Patients with EGFR-positive tumors who received placebo after failure of chemotherapy had slightly worse survival than patients with EGFR-negative tumors; however, the differences were not statistically significant for any cutpoint for any of the three measures of EGFR protein expression. The treatment benefits from erlotinib relative to placebo were greater for EGFR-positive patients compared with EGFR-negative patients, but they were not significantly different for any cutoff used to define EGFR positivity. Use of very high cutpoints to define patients with EGFR-rich tumors that might be especially sensitive to treatment with erlotinib cannot be supported by these data. CONCLUSIONS Selection or exclusion of NSCLC patients for erlotinib therapy after failure of standard therapy for advanced or metastatic disease should not be based solely on EGFR protein expression as determined by immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Clark
- OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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Nguyen DM, Sam K, Tsimelzon A, Li X, Wong H, Mohsin S, Clark GM, Hilsenbeck SG, Elledge RM, Allred DC, O'Connell P, Chang JC. Molecular Heterogeneity of Inflammatory Breast Cancer: A Hyperproliferative Phenotype. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12:5047-54. [PMID: 16951220 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is associated with very poor prognosis. The aims of this study are (a) to prospectively identify differential gene expression patterns associated with IBC and (b) to confirm these pathways using tissue arrays. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN For gene expression analysis, IBC (n=14) was clinically defined as rapid-onset cancer associated with erythema and skin changes, whereas non-IBC patients (n=20) had stage III breast cancers, and cDNA analysis was carried out using the Affymetrix (Santa Clara, CA) HG-U133A microarrays. Tissue arrays were constructed from paraffin-embedded material, and the molecular phenotype of 75 IBC was compared with results from>2,000 non-IBC. RESULTS Gene expression analyses indicated that IBC has higher expression of genes associated with increased metabolic rate, lipid signaling, and cell turnover relative to non-IBC tumors. Consistent with the expression analysis, IBC had statistically higher Ki-67 (93% versus 11%; P<0.001). BAX expression, reflecting increased apoptosis and cell turnover, was significantly uniformly higher in almost all IBC (98% versus 66%; P<0.05), whereas the expression of Bcl-2 was not significantly different. IBC tumors were more likely to be steroid hormone receptor negative (estrogen receptor, 49% versus 30%; P=0.002; progesterone receptor, 68% versus 42%; P=0.001). The expression of tyrosine kinases was not significantly different. E-cadherin was found to be expressed in 87% of IBC, whereas the expression p53 was not significantly different. CONCLUSION This study is one of the largest molecular analyses of IBC. Both IBC and non-IBC are genetically heterogeneous with consistent differences in the molecular phenotype of IBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dang M Nguyen
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine and the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM. REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK). Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 100:229-35. [PMID: 16932852 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of research and hundreds of reports on tumor markers in oncology, the number of markers that have emerged as clinically useful is pitifully small. Often initially reported studies of a marker show great promise, but subsequent studies on the same or related markers yield inconsistent conclusions or stand in direct contradiction to the promising results. It is imperative that we attempt to understand the reasons that multiple studies of the same marker lead to differing conclusions. A variety of methodologic problems have been cited to explain these discrepancies. Unfortunately, many tumor marker studies have not been reported in a rigorous fashion, and published articles often lack sufficient information to allow adequate assessment of the quality of the study or the generalizability of study results. The development of guidelines for the reporting of tumor marker studies was a major recommendation of the National Cancer Institute-European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NCI-EORTC) First International Meeting on Cancer Diagnostics in 2000. As for the successful CONSORT initiative for randomized trials and for the STARD statement for diagnostic studies, we suggest guidelines to provide relevant information about the study design, pre-planned hypotheses, patient and specimen characteristics, assay methods, and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the guidelines suggest helpful presentations of data and important elements to include in discussions. The goal of these guidelines is to encourage transparent and complete reporting so that the relevant information will be available to others to help them to judge the usefulness of the data and understand the context in which the conclusions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McShane
- Biometric Research Branch, DCTD, National Cancer Institute, Room 8126, Executive Plaza North, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-7434, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the pharmacokinetic variables of erlotinib in current smokers with nonsmokers after receiving a single oral 150 or 300 mg dose of erlotinib. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN This was a single-center, open-label pharmacokinetic study in healthy male subjects. Subjects were enrolled into two treatment cohorts based on smoking status (current smokers and nonsmokers). The pharmacokinetic profile for erlotinib and its metabolite, OSI-420, was determined for each subject following each treatment. RESULTS Current smokers achieved significantly less erlotinib exposure following a single 150 or 300 mg dose than nonsmokers. Following the 150 mg dose, the geometric mean erlotinib AUC(0-infinity) in smokers was 2.8-fold lower than in nonsmokers and similar to that of nonsmokers at the 300 mg dose. C(max) in smokers was two-thirds of that in nonsmokers, and C(24h) in smokers was 8.3-fold lower than in nonsmokers. The median C(24h) of smokers at the 300 mg dose was slightly less than the C(24h) of smokers at the 150 mg dose. The median C(max) was greater in smokers at the 300 mg dose than in nonsmokers at the 150 mg dose. CONCLUSION This study confirms that the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib is different in current smokers and nonsmokers. The observation that AUC(0-infinity) and C(24h) were significantly decreased in smokers compared with nonsmokers, and a smaller decrease in C(max) was observed, is consistent with increased metabolic clearance of erlotinib in current smokers.
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McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM. Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (remark). Exp Oncol 2006; 28:99-105. [PMID: 16837898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of research and hundreds of reports on tumor markers in oncology, the number of markers that have emerged as clinically useful is pitifully small. Often, initially reported studies of a marker show great promise, but subsequent studies on the same or related markers yield inconsistent conclusions or stand in direct contradiction to the promising results. It is imperative that we attempt to understand the reasons that multiple studies of the same marker lead to differing conclusions. A variety of methodologic problems have been cited to explain these discrepancies. Unfortunately, many tumor marker studies have not been reported in a rigorous fashion, and published articles often lack sufficient information to allow adequate assessment of the quality of the study or the generalizability of study results. The development of guidelines for the reporting of tumor marker studies was a major recommendation of the National Cancer Institute - European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NCI - EORTC) First International Meeting on Cancer Diagnostics in 2000. As for the successful CONSORT initiative for randomized trials and for the STARD statement for diagnostic studies, we suggest guidelines to provide relevant information about the study design, preplanned hypotheses, patient and specimen characteristics, assay methods, and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the guidelines suggest helpful presentations of data and important elements to include in discussions. The goal of these guidelines is to encourage transparent and complete reporting so that the relevant information will be available to others to help them to judge the usefulness of the data and understand the context in which the conclusions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M McShane
- Biometric Research Branch, DCTD, U.S. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,MD 20892, USA.
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Clark GM, Zborowski DM, Santabarbara P, Ding K, Whitehead M, Seymour L, Shepherd FA. Smoking History and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression as Predictors of Survival Benefit from Erlotinib for Patients with Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer in the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Study BR.21. Clin Lung Cancer 2006; 7:389-94. [PMID: 16800964 DOI: 10.3816/clc.2006.n.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erlotinib is an oral, reversible inhibitor of the HER1/epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase. A survival advantage for erlotinib compared with placebo was demonstrated in the National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group study BR.21, a randomized double-blind study of 731 patients with advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this retrospective, exploratory investigation, univariate and multivariate analyses of survival of the 311 patients with available EGFR status by immunohistochemistry and known smoking history were performed to determine which factor might be more important for predicting clinical outcome. RESULTS A marginally significant interaction was observed between smoking history and treatment (P = 0.054). The hazard ratios (HRs) were 0.42 among never-smokers and 0.87 for smokers, indicating that erlotinib was beneficial in both subsets but more effective in patients who had never smoked. The HRs for patients with EGFR-positive and EGFR-negative tumors were 0.65 and 0.83, respectively; however, the interaction between EGFR status and treatment was not significant in univariate or multivariate analyses. Patients with EGFR-positive tumors who never smoked had the greatest survival benefit from erlotinib relative to placebo (HR, 0.28; P = 0.0007). CONCLUSION These data suggest that never-smokers and patients with EGFR-positive tumors might experience an enhanced benefit from erlotinib compared with placebo but that smoking history might be more predictive of survival benefit than EGFR expression. Subset analyses of ever-smokers revealed significant survival advantages for men and patients with squamous cell histology. Male ever-smokers with squamous cell non-small-cell lung cancer derived a significant survival benefit from erlotinib (HR, 0.66; P = 0.015) despite a very low tumor response rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary M Clark
- OSI Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
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Mohsin SK, Allred DC, Osborne CK, Cruz A, Otto P, Chew H, Clark GM, Elledge RM. Morphologic and immunophenotypic markers as surrogate endpoints of tamoxifen effect for prevention of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 94:205-11. [PMID: 16267611 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-4896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Prevention trials using incidence or mortality as endpoints require a large number of participants and long follow-up. Trials using biomarkers as endpoints would potentially require fewer participants, less time, and significantly less resources to test promising new agents for breast cancer prevention. To test this idea, a randomized trial of tamoxifen for 1 year versus observation for 1 year was conducted to determine whether tamoxifen can cause regression of hyperplastic breast tissue, whether it changes the biomarker phenotype of premalignant disease or normal breast epithelium, and if biomarkers can be used as early surrogate indicators of response to tamoxifen. Women were identified by having an abnormal mammogram and ductal hyperplasia diagnosed by core needle biopsy. Image-directed needle biopsy was repeated in the same site of the breast after 1 year. Approximately 3000 women were screened, and 265 were eligible. Sixty-three women were randomized and paired biopsies from 45 subjects were available for analysis. There was no evidence of substantial regression of hyperplasia--fewer samples showed hyperplasia at 1 year follow-up, but this was seen in both untreated and tamoxifen-treated women. There were trends for reductions in ER and PgR and trends for increases in bcl-2 in normal and hyperplastic tissue in the tamoxifen-treated arm, though these changes did not reach statistical significance. Proliferation, determined by Ki67 staining, was not significantly changed. Clinical trials of this type are difficult to carry out and modifications in trial design are needed to make this process more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed K Mohsin
- Breast Center at Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Martin MD, Hilsenbeck SG, Mohsin SK, Hopp TA, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Allred DC, O'Connell P. Breast tumors that overexpress nuclear metastasis-associated 1 (MTA1) protein have high recurrence risks but enhanced responses to systemic therapies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2006; 95:7-12. [PMID: 16244788 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-005-9016-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear metastasis-associated 1(MTA1) protein is an estrogen receptor co-repressor that regulates transcription via chromatin remodeling, and MTA1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels are elevated in several kinds of locally advanced and metastatic tumors relative to non-metastatic tumors. Previous studies in our laboratory mapped MTA1 into a region showing significantly lower LOH (loss of heterozygosity) in primary breast cancers with metastases compared to node-negative tumors, suggesting that epigenetic alterations of MTA1 affect metastatic potential. The present study examined immunohistochemical expression of the MTA1 protein in treated and untreated primary human breast cancers to study the relationship between MTA1 expression and clinical outcome. Node-negative tumors that overexpress MTA1 protein had recurrence risks similar to node-positive tumors. In multivariate analysis of untreated node-negative tumors, highest expression of MTA1 was associated with increased relapse risk (hazard ratio (HR)=2.72, p=0.0003 for multivariate analysis). Tamoxifen and/or anthracylcene-based chemotherapies eliminated all MTA1 associations with clinical outcome, suggesting MTA1 overexpression predicts early disease relapse, but sensitizes breast tumors to systemic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Martin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM. RESPONSE: Re: Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK). J Natl Cancer Inst 2005. [DOI: 10.1093/jnci/dji446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM. REporting recommendations for tumour MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK). Eur J Cancer 2005; 41:1690-6. [PMID: 16043346 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of research and hundreds of reports on tumour markers in oncology, the number of markers that have emerged as clinically useful is pitifully small. Often initially reported studies of a marker show great promise, but subsequent studies on the same or related markers yield inconsistent conclusions or stand in direct contradiction to the promising results. It is imperative that we attempt to understand the reasons that multiple studies of the same marker lead to differing conclusions. A variety of methodologic problems have been cited to explain these discrepancies. Unfortunately, many tumour marker studies have not been reported in a rigorous fashion, and published articles often lack sufficient information to allow adequate assessment of the quality of the study or the generalisability of study results. The development of guidelines for the reporting of tumour marker studies was a major recommendation of the National Cancer Institute-European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NCI-EORTC) First International Meeting on Cancer Diagnostics in 2000. As for the successful CONSORT initiative for randomised trials and for the STARD statement for diagnostic studies, we suggest guidelines to provide relevant information about the study design, pre-planned hypotheses, patient and specimen characteristics, assay methods, and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the guidelines suggest helpful presentations of data and important elements to include in discussions. The goal of these guidelines is to encourage transparent and complete reporting so that the relevant information will be available to others to help them to judge the usefulness of the data and understand the context in which the conclusions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McShane
- National Cancer Institute, Biometric Research Branch, DCTD, Room 8126, Executive Plaza North, MSC 7434, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-7434, USA.
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Abstract
Despite years of research and hundreds of reports on tumour markers in oncology, the number of markers that have emerged as clinically useful is pitifully small. Often initially reported studies of a marker show great promise, but subsequent studies on the same or related markers yield inconsistent conclusions or stand in direct contradiction to the promising results. It is imperative that we attempt to understand the reasons that multiple studies of the same marker lead to differing conclusions. A variety of methodological problems have been cited to explain these discrepancies. Unfortunately, many tumour marker studies have not been reported in a rigorous fashion, and published articles often lack sufficient information to allow adequate assessment of the quality of the study or the generalisability of the study results. The development of guidelines for the reporting of tumour marker studies was a major recommendation of the US National Cancer Institute and the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NCI-EORTC) First International Meeting on Cancer Diagnostics in 2000. Similar to the successful CONSORT initiative for randomised trials and the STARD statement for diagnostic studies, we suggest guidelines to provide relevant information about the study design, preplanned hypotheses, patient and specimen characteristics, assay methods, and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the guidelines suggest helpful presentations of data and important elements to include in discussions. The goal of these guidelines is to encourage transparent and complete reporting so that the relevant information will be available to others to help them to judge the usefulness of the data and understand the context in which the conclusions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M McShane
- US National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McShane
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
Despite years of research and hundreds of reports on tumor markers in oncology, the number of markers that have emerged as clinically useful is pitifully small. Often, initially reported studies of a marker show great promise, but subsequent studies on the same or related markers yield inconsistent conclusions or stand in direct contradiction to the promising results. It is imperative that we attempt to understand the reasons that multiple studies of the same marker lead to differing conclusions. A variety of methodologic problems have been cited to explain these discrepancies. Unfortunately, many tumor marker studies have not been reported in a rigorous fashion, and published articles often lack sufficient information to allow adequate assessment of the quality of the study or the generalizability of study results. The development of guidelines for the reporting of tumor marker studies was a major recommendation of the National Cancer Institute-European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NCI-EORTC) First International Meeting on Cancer Diagnostics in 2000. As for the successful CONSORT initiative for randomized trials and for the STARD statement for diagnostic studies, we suggest guidelines to provide relevant information about the study design, preplanned hypotheses, patient and specimen characteristics, assay methods, and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the guidelines suggest helpful presentations of data and important elements to include in discussions. The goal of these guidelines is to encourage transparent and complete reporting so that the relevant information will be available to others to help them to judge the usefulness of the data and understand the context in which the conclusions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McShane
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, 6130 Executive Blvd., Bethesda, MD 20892-7434, USA.
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Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM. REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/ncponc0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM. REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK). Nat Clin Pract Urol 2005; 2:416-22. [PMID: 16482653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of research and hundreds of reports on tumor markers in oncology, the number of markers that have emerged as clinically useful is pitifully small. Often initially reported studies of a marker show great promise, but subsequent studies on the same or related markers yield inconsistent conclusions or stand in direct contradiction to the promising results. It is imperative that we attempt to understand the reasons why multiple studies of the same marker lead to differing conclusions. A variety of methodological problems have been cited to explain these discrepancies. Unfortunately, many tumor marker studies have not been reported in a rigorous fashion, and published articles often lack sufficient information to allow adequate assessment of the quality of the study or the generalizability of study results. The development of guidelines for the reporting of tumor marker studies was a major recommendation of the National Cancer Institute-European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NCI-EORTC) First International Meeting on Cancer Diagnostic in 2000. As for the successful CONSORT initiative for randomized trials and for the STARD statement for diagnostic studies, we suggest guidelines to provide relevant information about the study design, preplanned hypotheses, patient and specimen characteristics, assay methods, and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the guidelines provide helpful suggestions on how to present data and important elements to include in discussions. The goal of these guidelines is to encourage transparent and complete reporting so that the relevant information will be available to others to help them to judge the usefulness of the data and understand the context in which the conclusions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McShane
- National Cancer Institute, Biometric Research Branch, Bethesda, MD 20892-7434, USA.
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McShane LM, Altman DG, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, Gion M, Clark GM. REporting recommendations for tumor MARKer prognostic studies (REMARK). Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005; 2:416-22. [PMID: 16130938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite years of research and hundreds of reports on tumor markers in oncology, the number of markers that have emerged as clinically useful is pitifully small. Often initially reported studies of a marker show great promise, but subsequent studies on the same or related markers yield inconsistent conclusions or stand in direct contradiction to the promising results. It is imperative that we attempt to understand the reasons why multiple studies of the same marker lead to differing conclusions. A variety of methodological problems have been cited to explain these discrepancies. Unfortunately, many tumor marker studies have not been reported in a rigorous fashion, and published articles often lack sufficient information to allow adequate assessment of the quality of the study or the generalizability of study results. The development of guidelines for the reporting of tumor marker studies was a major recommendation of the National Cancer Institute-European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (NCI-EORTC) First International Meeting on Cancer Diagnostics in 2000. As for the successful CONSORT initiative for randomized trials and for the STARD statement for diagnostic studies, we suggest guidelines to provide relevant information about the study design, preplanned hypotheses, patient and specimen characteristics, assay methods, and statistical analysis methods. In addition, the guidelines provide helpful suggestions on how to present data and important elements to include in discussions. The goal of these guidelines is to encourage transparent and complete reporting so that the relevant information will be available to others to help them to judge the usefulness of the data and understand the context in which the conclusions apply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M McShane
- National Cancer Institute, Biometric Research Branch, DCTD, Room 8126, Executive Plaza North, MSC 7434, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-7434, USA.
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Arpino G, Weiss HL, Clark GM, Hilsenbeck SG, Osborne CK. Hormone receptor status of a contralateral breast cancer is independent of the receptor status of the first primary in patients not receiving adjuvant tamoxifen. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23:4687-94. [PMID: 15837971 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2005.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether the hormone receptor status of the primary breast cancer (PBC) is predictive of the hormone receptor status of the subsequent contralateral breast cancer (CBC). PATIENTS AND METHODS We identified patients in our database with known estrogen receptor (ER; n = 193) and/or progesterone receptor (PgR; n = 178) status in their PBC and in their subsequent CBC. One hundred twenty-six of these patients had received no adjuvant therapy, 34 had received adjuvant tamoxifen, and 33 had received adjuvant chemotherapy alone. The median interval between the first diagnosis of PBC and the development of the subsequent CBC was 3 years. ER and PgR assays were assessed biochemically in two central reference laboratories using identical quality-controlled ligand-binding methods. RESULTS Among systemically untreated patients (n = 126), 88% of patients with ER-positive PBC and 75% of patients with ER-negative PBC developed an ER-positive CBC (P = .11). Among the tamoxifen-treated patients, those with an ER-positive PBC were almost equally likely to develop an ER-positive (47%) or ER-negative (53%) CBC (P = .99). PgR status was similar. In the untreated group (n = 112), 59% of patients with a PgR-positive PBC and 66% with a PgR-negative PBC developed a PgR-positive CBC (P = .48). Among tamoxifen-treated patients (n = 33), 50% of patients with a PgR-positive PBC versus 27% of patients with a PgR-negative PBC developed a PgR-positive CBC (P = .28). CONCLUSION ER and PgR status of the primary tumor does not predict the hormone receptor status of the subsequent CBC in the absence of selective pressure of adjuvant therapy. Thus, other reasons should be considered to clarify the failure of tamoxifen to reduce the incidence of CBC in patients with a receptor-negative PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Arpino
- Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Mohsin SK, Weiss H, Havighurst T, Clark GM, Berardo M, Roanh LD, To TV, Qian Z, Love RR, Allred DC. Erratum: Progesterone receptor by immunohistochemistry and clinical outcome in breast cancer: a validation study. Mod Pathol 2005. [DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kha HN, Chen BK, Clark GM, Jones R. Stiffness properties for Nucleus standard straight and contour electrode arrays. Med Eng Phys 2005; 26:677-85. [PMID: 15471696 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2003] [Revised: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/24/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Trauma and damage during insertion of electrode arrays into the human cochlea are strongly related to the stiffness of the array. The stiffness properties of electrode arrays, which were determined by three-point flexural bending and buckling tests, are reported in this paper. To date there has been limited publication on mechanical properties of these electrode arrays. Previous studies mainly focused on characterizing the stiffness of the tip of the Nucleus straight array with little emphasis on characterizing the stiffness of its whole length. In this study, stiffnesses of the Nucleus straight and contour electrode arrays have been determined along their length. Young's modulus of elasticity of the Nucleus straight array has been found to increase from the tip (182 MPa) to the rear end (491 MPa), whereas the stiffness of the contour array is greatest near the tip (480 MPa) and is fairly uniform in the middle and rear sections of the electrode array (380-400 MPa). Buckling experiments have shown that the contour array has much higher critical buckling load (about four times) than the Nucleus straight array. The results from three-point flexural bending and buckling experiments provide significant data for the development of electrode arrays, from which new array designs with improved flexibility can be developed. The results of stiffness properties are also important input for use in finite element models to predict the trajectories during insertion and to help evaluate the effects of different electrode array designs on damage sustained during insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Kha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Monash University, 900 Dandenong Road, Caulfield East, Melbourne, Victoria 3145, Australia.
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Jatoi I, Tsimelzon A, Weiss H, Clark GM, Hilsenbeck SG. Hazard rates of recurrence following diagnosis of primary breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005; 89:173-8. [PMID: 15692760 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-1722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We calculated hazard rates for recurrence in patients with primary breast cancer (stage I, II; no adjuvant therapy). Previous publications have indicated a peak in hazard rates for recurrence (or death) at approximately 2-3 years after diagnosis of primary breast cancer. However, there have been conflicting reports concerning the presence of a second peak at 5-7 years after diagnosis. In this study, we estimated hazard functions by the Nelson-Aalen method and fit by cubic-linear and cubic-cubic-linear models to test for the presence of one or two peaks, respectively. We identified two peaks in hazard of recurrence, one at 2 years and another at 5 years. The 5-year peak, though statistically significant, represents very small differences in patient outcome. This additional peak may be an artifact of interval censoring due to a tendency to follow-up patients at specific bench-mark time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Jatoi
- Department of Surgery, National Medical Center and the Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA.
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