1
|
Angulo J, Astin CP, Bauer O, Blash KJ, Bowen NM, Chukwudinma NJ, DiNofrio AS, Faletti DO, Ghulam AM, Gusinde-Duffy CM, Horace KJ, Ingram AM, Isaack KE, Jeong G, Kiser RJ, Kobylanski JS, Long MR, Manning GA, Morales JM, Nguyen KH, Pham RT, Phillips MH, Reel TW, Seo JE, Vo HD, Wukoson AM, Yeary KA, Zheng GY, Lukowitz W. CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis of the Arabidopsis GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) gene family. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1251557. [PMID: 37908969 PMCID: PMC10613670 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1251557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing in plants typically relies on T-DNA plasmids that are mobilized by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation to deliver the CRISPR/Cas machinery. Here, we introduce a series of CRISPR/Cas9 T-DNA vectors for minimal settings, such as teaching labs. Gene-specific targeting sequences can be inserted as annealed short oligonucleotides in a single straightforward cloning step. Fluorescent markers expressed in mature seeds enable reliable selection of transgenic or transgene-free individuals using a combination of inexpensive LED lamps and colored-glass alternative filters. Testing these tools on the Arabidopsis GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF) genes, we were able to create a collection of predicted null mutations in all nine family members with little effort. We then explored the effects of simultaneously targeting two, four and eight GRF genes on the rate of induced mutations at each target locus. In our hands, multiplexing was associated with pronounced disparities: while mutation rates at some loci remained consistently high, mutation rates at other loci dropped dramatically with increasing number of single guide RNA species, thereby preventing a systematic mutagenesis of the family.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Angulo
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Olivia Bauer
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kelan J. Blash
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Natalee M. Bowen
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Donald O. Faletti
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alexa M. Ghulam
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Kamaria J. Horace
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Andrew M. Ingram
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kylie E. Isaack
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Geon Jeong
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Randolph J. Kiser
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jason S. Kobylanski
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Madeline R. Long
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Grace A. Manning
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Julie M. Morales
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Kevin H. Nguyen
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Robin T. Pham
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Monthip H. Phillips
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tanner W. Reel
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Jenny E. Seo
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hiep D. Vo
- Division of Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Kathryn A. Yeary
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Grace Y. Zheng
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Wolfgang Lukowitz
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ryu J, Kwon DH, Choe N, Shin S, Jeong G, Lim YH, Kim J, Park WJ, Kook H, Kim YK. Characterization of Circular RNAs in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells with Vascular Calcification. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2019; 19:31-41. [PMID: 31790973 PMCID: PMC6909180 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are generally formed by back splicing and are expressed in various cells. Vascular calcification (VC), a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), is often associated with cardiovascular disease. The relationship between circRNAs and VC has not yet been studied. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) was used to treat rat vascular smooth muscle cells to induce VC. circRNAs were identified by analyzing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data, and their expression change during VC was validated. The selected circRNAs, including circSamd4a, circSmoc1-1, circMettl9, and circUxs1, were resistant to RNase R digestion and mostly localized in the cytoplasm. While silencing circSamd4a promoted VC, overexpressing it reduced VC in calcium assay and Alizarin red S (ARS) staining. In addition, microRNA (miRNA) microarray, luciferase reporter assay, and calcium assay suggested that circSamd4a could act as a miRNA suppressor. Our data show that circSamd4a has an anti-calcification role by functioning as a miRNA sponge. Moreover, mRNAs that can interact with miRNAs were predicted from RNA-seq and bioinformatics analysis, and the circSamd4a-miRNA-mRNA axis involved in VC was verified by luciferase reporter assay and calcium assay. Since circSamd4a is conserved in humans, it can serve as a novel therapeutic target in resolving VC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Ryu
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hwa Kwon
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choe
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Shin
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Jeong
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Hwan Lim
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Basic Research Laboratory for Vascular Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kook H, Ryu J, Jeong G, Lim YH, Kwon DH, Choe N, Shin S, Kim Y, Ahn Y, Kim YK. Abstract 325: Characterization of Circular RNAs in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells With Vascular Calcification. Circ Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1161/res.125.suppl_1.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are generally formed by back splicing, and are expressed in various cells. Vascular calcification, a common complication of chronic kidney disease, is often associated with cardiovascular disease. The relationship between circRNAs and vascular calcification has not yet been studied. Inorganic phosphate was used to treat rat vascular smooth muscle cells to induce vascular calcification. CircRNAs were identified by analyzing RNA sequencing data, and their expression change during vascular calcification was validated. The selected circRNAs, including circSamd4a, circSmoc1-1, circMettl9, and circUxs1 were resistant to RNase R digestion, and mostly localized in the cytoplasm. Silencing circSamd4a promoted vascular calcification, while overexpressing it reduced vascular calcification. In addition, microRNA (miRNA) microarray and luciferase reporter assay suggested that circSamd4a could act as miRNA suppressor. Our data shows that circSamd4a have anti-calcification roles by functioning as miRNA sponges. Since circSamd4a is conserved in humans, they can serve as novel therapeutic targets in resolving vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kook
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| | - Juhee Ryu
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| | - Geon Jeong
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| | - Yeong-Hwan Lim
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| | - Duk-Hwa Kwon
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| | - Nakwon Choe
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| | - Sera Shin
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| | - Yongsook Kim
- Chonnam National Univ Hosp, Gwangju, Korea, Republic of
| | - Youngkeun Ahn
- Chonnam National Univ Hosp, Gwangju, Korea, Republic of
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Chonnam National Univ Med Sch, Hwasun, Korea, Republic of
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jeong G, Kwon DH, Shin S, Choe N, Ryu J, Lim YH, Kim J, Park WJ, Kook H, Kim YK. Long noncoding RNAs in vascular smooth muscle cells regulate vascular calcification. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5848. [PMID: 30971745 PMCID: PMC6458154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42283-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is characterized by the accumulation of hydroxyapatite crystals, which is a result of aberrant mineral metabolism. Although many clinical studies have reported its adverse effects on cardiovascular morbidity, the molecular mechanism of vascular calcification, especially the involvement of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), is not yet reported. From the transcriptomic analysis, we discovered hundreds of lncRNAs differentially expressed in rat vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) treated with inorganic phosphate, which mimics vascular calcification. We focused on Lrrc75a-as1 and elucidated its transcript structure and confirmed its cytoplasmic localization. Our results showed that calcium deposition was elevated after knockdown of Lrrc75a-as1, while its overexpression inhibited calcium accumulation in A10 cells. In addition, Lrrc75a-as1 attenuated VSMCs calcification by decreasing the expression of osteoblast-related factors. These findings suggest that Lrrc75a-as1 acts as a negative regulator of vascular calcification, and may serve as a possible therapeutic target in vascular calcification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geon Jeong
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Duk-Hwa Kwon
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Shin
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choe
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Ryu
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Hwan Lim
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaetaek Kim
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Park
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea.,College of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Kook
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling Research Laboratory, Chonnam National University Medical School, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea. .,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun, Jeollanam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chami B, Jeong G, Varda A, Maw AM, Kim HB, Fong G, Simone M, Rayner B, Wang XS, Dennis J, Witting P. The nitroxide 4-methoxy TEMPO inhibits neutrophil-stimulated kinase activation in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2017; 629:19-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
6
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of mRNA through sequence-specific binding of the 3' untranslated region (UTR). The seed sequence of miRNAs is the key determinant for target site recognition. Paralogous miRNAs, which share the same seed sequences but differ in their 3' regions, are known to regulate largely overlapping groups of mRNAs. However, no study has analyzed functional differences between paralogous miRNAs with proper experimental methods. In this study, we compared the targets of paralogous miRNAs, miR-221 and miR-222. Using a nuclease-mediated genome engineering technique, we established knockout cell lines for these miRNAs, and precisely analyzed differences in target regulation. We found that miR-221 and miR-222 suppress the previously identified targets, CDKN1B and CDKN1C, differentially. Whereas both miRNAs suppressed CDKN1B, only miR-221 suppressed CDKN1C. From transcriptome analyses, we found that several different target mRNAs were regulated by each of miR-221 and miR-222 independently, although a large number of mRNAs responded commonly to miR-221 and miR-222. This is the first study to compare the mRNA regulations by paralogous miRNAs and illustrate that paralogous miRNAs with the same seed sequence also have difference in target regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geon Jeong
- a Department of Biochemistry , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,b Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,c Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Yeong-Hwan Lim
- a Department of Biochemistry , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,b Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,c Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Nam Joong Kim
- a Department of Biochemistry , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,b Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,c Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| | - Gabbine Wee
- d Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation , Daegu , Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- a Department of Biochemistry , Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,b Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea.,c Basic Research Laboratory for Cardiac Remodeling, Chonnam National University Medical School , Gwangju , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jeong G, Lim YH, Kim YK. Precise mapping of the transcription start sites of human microRNAs using DROSHA knockout cells. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:908. [PMID: 27835943 PMCID: PMC5106785 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3252-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is primarily regulated during their transcription. However, the transcriptional regulation of miRNA genes has not been studied extensively owing to the lack of sufficient information about the promoters and transcription start sites of most miRNAs. Results In this study, we identified the transcription start sites of human primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) using DROSHA knockout cells. DROSHA knockout resulted in increased accumulation of pri-miRNAs and facilitated the precise mapping of their 5′ end nucleotides using the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. By analyzing the promoter region encompassing the transcription start sites of miRNAs, we found that the unrelated miRNAs in their sequences have many common elements in their promoters for binding the same transcription factors. Moreover, by analyzing intronic miRNAs, we also obtained comprehensive evidence that miRNA-harboring introns are spliced more slowly than other introns. Conclusions The precisely mapped transcription start sites of pri-miRNAs, and the list of transcription factors for pri-miRNAs regulation, will be valuable resources for future studies to understand the regulatory network of miRNAs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3252-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yeong-Hwan Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Kook Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea. .,Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim H, Ahn C, Jeong G, Kim H, Kim M, Sun K. Vessel Boundary Detection for its 3D Reconstruction by Using a Deformable Model (GVF Snake). Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2012; 2005:3440-3. [PMID: 17280963 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2005.1617218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vessel boundary detection and 3D modeling is a difficult but necessary task in analyzing the mechanics of inflammation and the structure of the microvasculature. We present in this paper a method of analyzing this structure by the means of the deformable model (using GVF Snake) for vessel boundary detection and three-dimensional reconstruction. For this purpose, we used a virtual vessel model and produced synthetic images. From these images, we obtained contours of vessels by the GVF Snake and then reconstructed a three-dimensional structure by using the coordinates of the Snakes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kim
- Biomedical Engineering, Biomedical Science of Brain Korea 21, Korea University; Korea Artificial Organ Center, Korea University
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Choi JD, Ryu M, Ae Park M, Jeong G, Lee JS. FIP200 inhibits β-catenin-mediated transcription by promoting APC-independent β-catenin ubiquitination. Oncogene 2012; 32:2421-32. [PMID: 22751121 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase-family-interacting protein of 200 kDa (FIP200) has been shown to regulate multiple cellular functions, including cell adhesion, autophagy, development and proliferation. Furthermore, FIP200 is considered to have tumor-suppressive activity, which may be correlated with its inactivation in human breast cancers, in addition to its role as an important signal transduction node. Herein, we report that FIP200 interacts with the oncoprotein β-catenin. Moreover, FIP200 promotes destabilization of wild-type β-catenin, but not a cancer-causing form of β-catenin, and as a result represses the β-catenin-mediated transcription. FIP200-induced degradation of β-catenin is independent of adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) of the well-established β-catenin destruction complex (glycogen synthase kinase-3β/axin/APC), in a component of β-catenin E3 ubiquitin ligase, β-TrCP-dependent manner. Thus, the APC-independent β-catenin degradation by FIP200 suggests a role for FIP200 in tumor suppression in the presence of APC dysfunction. These findings reveal a new and important function of FIP200 in regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, College of Natural Sciences, Ajou University, Suwon, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chon H, Choi B, Lee E, Lee S, Jeong G. Immunomodulatory effects of specific bacterial components of Lactobacillus plantarum KFCC11389P on the murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1588-97. [PMID: 19486216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The objective of this study was to investigate the ability of specific bacterial components of Lactobacillus plantarum KFCC11389P to induce anti-inflammatory mediators in cell cultures of the murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. METHODS AND RESULTS The RAW 264.7 cells were stimulated with viable bacterial cells (VC), heat-killed (HK) cells, cell walls (CW) or ultrafiltrates of metabolic products (UF). An increase in the levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was observed in VC, HK and CW, but this effect was much lower in UF. VC stimulated higher levels of interleukin (IL)-6 releases as well as nitric oxide production than HK. In contrast, UF and its separated molecule, fraction 4, were much strong IL-10 inducers. Fraction 4 (8.1 kDa), especially, inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 (89% decrease) and TNF-alpha (55% decrease), in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophages. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that metabolic products of Lact. plantarum KFCC11389P could influence the immune-modulating activity via IL-10, and pretreatment with this specific molecule could inhibit LPS-induced release of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Our findings suggest that the specific molecules of Lact. plantarum KFCC11389P may be useful for the treatment of acute inflammatory responses such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Chon
- Immunology Laboratory, 56-1 School of Biological Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
ST segment is the most important diagnostic parameter to finding myocardial ischemia. Generally physicians make theirs effort to find the change of ST level and shape in ECG to diagnose myocardial ischemia. Most of algorithms that have been developed until now place importance on the ST segment depression and elevation. However, ST change in shape is also good parameter to find a heart disease and it should be considered prudently. The aim of this study is to detect the change of ST in shape using a polynomial approximation method. The developed algorithm finds the least squares curve for the data between S wave and T wave in ECG and calculates the variance of ST shape. An approximate curve of ST is represented by one polynomial over the whole ST or three polynomials for the segmented ST by three parts. The algorithm considers only the relative change of ST shape based on the reference ST, normal shape typically. From the results of the developed algorithm, we can acquire visually the information about the place to include the change of ST shape in the test ECG provided by European ST database.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jeong
- Chonbuk National University, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jeong G, Lee JH, Yu MK, Moon W, Rhee PL, Paik SW, Rhee JC, Kim JJ. Non-surgical management of microperforation induced by EMR of the stomach. Dig Liver Dis 2006; 38:605-8. [PMID: 16824812 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2006.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 04/27/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Perforation and bleeding are major complications associated with gastric endoscopic mucosal resection. Evident perforation during endoscopic mucosal resection can be managed by endoscopic clipping. However, management of microperforation is not well established. PATIENT AND METHOD From January 2002 to June 2004, 109 early gastric cancers and 300 adenomas were treated with endoscopic mucosal resection. Iatrogenic perforations occurred in 4.16% (n=17) patients. Following exclusion of four evident perforations, microperforation was observed in 3.18% (n=13) patients. The clinical features of microperforation in patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS In a total of 13 microperforation cases, 2 patients were managed surgically. The remaining patients successfully recovered without surgical management. In the case of 11 patients without surgery, 7 experienced abdominal pain, which required analgesics, 2 patients experienced mild discomfort and 2 patients experienced no symptoms. A body temperature above 37.5 degrees C was observed in 9.1% (n=1) patients and leucocytosis above 9000 microL-1 was in 72.7% (n=8) patients. The mean duration of nasogastric tube drainage was 2.36+/-1.03 days, of fasting 4.18+/-1.17 days, of intravenous antibiotics 5.55+/-1.44 days and of hospitalisation 7.45+/-1.04 days. CONCLUSION Microperforation induced by gastric endoscopic mucosal resection can be managed successfully using a non-surgical approach including fasting, nasogastric tube drainage and intravenous antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jeong
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, #50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jeong G, Stouthamer R. Genetics of female functional virginity in the parthenogenesis-Wolbachia infected parasitoid wasp Telenomus nawai (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae). Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 94:402-7. [PMID: 15523503 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A lepidopteran egg parasitoid species Telenomus nawai consists of two distinct populations with different reproductive modes. One is a completely thelytokous population consisting of females only, whereas the other displays arrhenotokous reproduction where fertilized eggs develop into diploid females and unfertilized eggs into haploid males. Thelytoky in T. nawai is caused by a bacterial symbiont, the parthenogenesis-inducing (PI) Wolbachia. Recent theoretical studies have shown that when a PI-Wolbachia is spreading in a population, mutations that allow uninfected females to produce more male offspring will spread rapidly eventually becoming fixed. The consequence of such a mutation is that sexual reproduction is no longer successful in infected females. Here we determine the genetic basis of the females' inability to reproduce sexually by introgressing the genome of a thelytokous line into an arrhenotokous line. The results suggest that the mutations are recessive and inherited either as a single-locus major gene with some modifiers, or as two partially linked loci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Jeong
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700EH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
In some lower eukaryotes, D-erythroascorbic acid, a five-carbon analog of L-ascorbic acid, is present instead of L-ascorbic acid. We have cloned ALO1, the gene encoding D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase, which catalyzes the final step of D-erythroascorbic acid biosynthesis in Candida albicans. The ALO1 gene contained a continuous open reading frame of 1,671 bp that encodes a polypeptide consisting of 557 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass of 63,428 Da. To investigate the functional roles of D-erythroascorbic acid in C. albicans, we disrupted or overexpressed the ALO1 gene. In the alo1/alo1 null mutants, the activity of D-arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase was completely lost and D-erythroascorbic acid could not be detected. When ALO1 on a multicopy plasmid was transformed in C. albicans, the enzyme activity and the intracellular D-erythroascorbic acid level were increased up to 3.4-fold and 4.0-fold, respectively. The alo1/alo1 null mutants of C. albicans showed increased sensitivity towards oxidative stress. Overexpression of ALO1 made the cells more resistant to the same stress. The alo1/alo1 mutants showed defective hyphal growth and attenuated virulence. Taken together, our results suggest that D-erythroascorbic acid functions as an important antioxidant and can be considered one of the virulence factors enhancing the pathogenicity of C. albicans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W K Huh
- Laboratory of Biophysics, School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim NJ, Kang H, Jeong G, Kim YS, Lee KT, Kim SK. Even-odd alternation in mass spectrum of thymine and uracil clusters: evidence of intracluster photodimerization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4841-3. [PMID: 11296267 PMCID: PMC33124 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.091094998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton ionization of thymine and uracil clusters generated by a supersonic molecular beam gave rise to a remarkable alternation of mass spectral intensities between even- and odd-numbered clusters. Such alternation was observed in clusters of up to 30 molecules. Excitation to the two lowest electronically excited states seemed to be a strong prerequisite. In view of the well known photodimerization reaction of thymine and uracil in the bulk phase, it is proposed that such alternation in the mass spectral intensity resulted from formation of photodimer units within the cluster on intense UV irradiation. Several analogues of thymine with no known propensity for photodimerization in the bulk phase did not exhibit any sign of such alternation in the cluster mass spectrum. The intrinsic UV window for photodimerization, and hence photoinduced mammalian mutagenesis, was estimated to be approximately 210-280 nm, significantly narrower than the previously reported bulk values of 150-300 nm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N J Kim
- School of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee JY, Cho WJ, Do JW, Kim HJ, Park JW, Park MA, Sohn SG, Jeong G, Hah YC. Monoclonal antibodies raised against infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) G protein and a cellular 90 kDa protein neutralize IHNV infection in vitro. J Gen Virol 1996; 77 ( Pt 8):1731-7. [PMID: 8760419 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-8-1731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune sera were obtained from four rainbow trout that had survived natural infection by infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), and five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were prepared against a Korean isolate of IHNV, IHNV-PRT. These immune sera and MAbs were characterized in terms of IHNV-neutralizing properties and reactivity in Western blots with the viral proteins of IHNV-PRT. All five MAbs and four immune sera neutralized IHNV-PRT to various extents. Antibodies in these immune sera recognized two structural proteins of IHNV, G and M1, and one protein with a molecular mass of 90 kDa. Of the five MAbs, three (AB9, AF6 and AG6) recognized the IHNV G protein, and the other two (AB7 and BC2) recognized the 90 kDa protein. The 90 kDa protein was found to be a cellular protein constitutively expressed at low levels in fish cells and expression of this protein was augmented by infection with IHNV and heat shock. MAbs specific to four stress proteins, hsp60, hsp70, hsp90 and grp94, failed to bind to this 90 kDa protein. MAbs AB9 and AB7 reacted fairly broadly with six different IHNV strains. Together, these results indicate that (1) two IHNV proteins, G and M1, and a 90 kDa cellular protein are immunogenic, (2) G and the 90 kDa proteins contain neutralizing epitopes, and (3) the epitopes recognized by MAbs AB9 and AB7 are conserved among the six different IHNV strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lee
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ulsan, Kyongnam, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Youn HD, Kim KJ, Maeng JS, Han YH, Jeong IB, Jeong G, Kang SO, Hah YC. Single electron transfer by an extracellular laccase from the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus. Microbiology (Reading) 1995; 141 ( Pt 2):393-8. [PMID: 7704270 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-141-2-393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two different bands with laccase activity were obtained after nondenaturing PAGE of the culture filtrate of Pleurotus ostreatus. Immunoblot analysis revealed that antisera raised against laccase I were not reactive to laccase II. Laccase I, which exhibited faster mobility on nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel, was purified 42.9-fold with an overall yield of 10.8%. Gel filtration and SDS-PAGE revealed that laccase I is a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of approximately 64 kDa. Laccase I contained 12.5% carbohydrate by weight and 3.9 mol copper (mol protein)-1. The absorption spectrum of laccase I showed a type 1 signal at 605 nm and EPR spectra showed that the parameters of the type 1 and type 2 Cu signals were g parallel = 2.197 and A parallel = 0.009 cm-1, and g parallel = 2.263 and A parallel = 0.0176 cm-1, respectively. The data obtained from the pH profiles suggested that two ionization groups, whose pKa values were 5.60-5.70 and 6.70-6.85, may play an important role in the active site of laccase I as the ligand of copper metal. The optimal pH and temperature for the activity of laccase I were 6.0-6.5 and 30-35 degrees C, respectively. The enzyme had affinity for various lignin-related phenolic compounds: the Km values for ferulic acid and syringic acid were 48 and 89 microM, respectively. EPR spectroscopic study of the action of laccase I on 3,5-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyacetophenone indicated that this enzyme catalyses single electron transfer with the formation of the phenoxy radical as an intermediate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H D Youn
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jeong G, Nakoinz I, Ralph P. Independent regulation of B-cell inducing factor and IL-2 production by T lymphocytes, and direct and indirect promotion of immunoglobulin secretion by glucocorticosteroid. Cell Immunol 1986; 103:199-206. [PMID: 3492284 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(86)90081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The conditions for induction of B-cell inducing factor (BIF) by human peripheral blood T cells was investigated. BIF was assayed by induction of immunoglobulin secreting cells (ISC) in peripheral blood B (non-T) cells stimulated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria strain Cowan I (Sac), and in the IgM cell line SKW6.4. Maximum BIF production occurred with high concentrations of the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and PWM. Dexamethasone (Dex) also induced BIF production in T cells at 10(-5) to 10(-7) M. At 10(-5) and 10(-6) M Dex, the T-cell supernatants had to be dialyzed before testing because Dex alone stimulated variable levels of ISC in both test B-cell assays. Dex did not enhance BIF production by T cells that were optimally stimulated by lectin. BIF levels were maximum by Day 2 of T-cell cultures and remained high at Days 3 and 4. In contrast, IL-2 reached a peak at Day 1 and declined drastically by Day 4. We previously showed that IL-2 at less than 100 U/ml did not induce ISC in B cells and did not alter ISC induction by BIF. Dex did not induce IL-2 production and inhibited IL-2 production induced by Con A, in contrast to the promoting effects of Dex on BIF production, providing further evidence for the independence of BIF and IL-2 production and B-cell stimulation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Jeong G, Ralph P, Nakoinz I, Saiki O, Cunningham-Rundles C. Rescue of IgM, IgG, and IgA production in common varied immunodeficiency by T cell-independent stimulation with Epstein-Barr virus. J Clin Immunol 1985; 5:122-9. [PMID: 2985642 DOI: 10.1007/bf00915010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We previously defined three categories of B-cell defects in common varied immunodeficiency (CVI): failure to produce IgG and IgA in response to T cell-dependent (TD) stimulation by Staphylococcus bacteria (Sac) plus pokeweed mitogen or B-cell inducing factor (BIF), failure to produce any immunoglobulin, and failure of Sac-induced proliferation and differentiation. The present study includes the responses of 22 CVI patients to T cell-independent (TI) stimulation by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In the majority of patients, EBV-stimulated B cells showed normal proliferation and IgM production. In addition, IgG and IgA production was in the range of that for EBV-stimulated normal cells in many patients. Among 11 patients with no TD production of immunoglobulin of any isotype, two showed normal IgM secretion in response to EBV and five others had significant but subnormal responses. Four patients never had humoral responses despite repeated testing and removal of potentially suppressing T cells and monocytes. Concanavalin A stimulation of the T cells from all the patients tested resulted in the production of B-cell inducing factor at higher levels than for normal donor T cells, as assayed on normal Sac-stimulated B cells. These results show that many cases of B-cell defects in CVI patients involving TD production of IgM, switching to TD production of IgG and IgA, and mitogen responses to Sac are not absolute defects. The B cells will respond normally to some stimuli.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ralph P, Jeong G, Welte K, Mertelsmann R, Rabin H, Henderson LE, Souza LM, Boone TC, Robb RJ. Stimulation of immunoglobulin secretion in human B lymphocytes as a direct effect of high concentrations of IL 2. J Immunol 1984; 133:2442-5. [PMID: 6434631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In certain human IgM and IgG cell lines, immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion is highly stimulated by a B cell inducing factor (BIF) that is free of interleukin 2 (IL 2). BIF also induces Ig secretion in purified peripheral blood B cell populations that have been mitogenically stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Low concentrations of IL 2 (less than 20 U/ml) are not active in these systems. We now show that IL 2 at concentrations above 100 U/ml can induce Ig secretion in these blood B cells and B cell lines. Both conventional IL 2, purified from the human JURKAT and gibbon MLA-144 cell lines, and recombinant IL 2 are active. Very high concentrations approaching 10(4) U/ml are optimal for Ig secretion. Antibody to the T cell IL 2 receptor, anti-Tac, did not inhibit stimulation of the IgM cell line SKW6.4 by IL 2, and no Tac antigen was detected on the cells. The 9B11 monoclonal anti-IL 2 antibody that neutralizes T cell growth activity also abrogates stimulation of Ig secretion by conventional and recombinant IL 2 in the SKW6.4 cell line. However, the 1H11 monoclonal anti-(conventional thr3-glycosylated IL 2), which does not neutralize T cell growth activity, does inhibit induction of Ig secretion by the corresponding IL 2 in the B cell line. These results suggest that IL 2 stimulates B cells via a low-affinity interaction with a receptor different from the Tac receptor identified on T cells, and that the active site on the IL 2 molecule for B cells differs from that for T cell targets. If IL 2 promotes Ig secretion by binding with a low affinity to the B cell BIF receptor, IL 2 and BIF could be homologous proteins.
Collapse
|
21
|
Ralph P, Jeong G, Welte K, Mertelsmann R, Rabin H, Henderson LE, Souza LM, Boone TC, Robb RJ. Stimulation of immunoglobulin secretion in human B lymphocytes as a direct effect of high concentrations of IL 2. The Journal of Immunology 1984. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.133.5.2442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In certain human IgM and IgG cell lines, immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion is highly stimulated by a B cell inducing factor (BIF) that is free of interleukin 2 (IL 2). BIF also induces Ig secretion in purified peripheral blood B cell populations that have been mitogenically stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Low concentrations of IL 2 (less than 20 U/ml) are not active in these systems. We now show that IL 2 at concentrations above 100 U/ml can induce Ig secretion in these blood B cells and B cell lines. Both conventional IL 2, purified from the human JURKAT and gibbon MLA-144 cell lines, and recombinant IL 2 are active. Very high concentrations approaching 10(4) U/ml are optimal for Ig secretion. Antibody to the T cell IL 2 receptor, anti-Tac, did not inhibit stimulation of the IgM cell line SKW6.4 by IL 2, and no Tac antigen was detected on the cells. The 9B11 monoclonal anti-IL 2 antibody that neutralizes T cell growth activity also abrogates stimulation of Ig secretion by conventional and recombinant IL 2 in the SKW6.4 cell line. However, the 1H11 monoclonal anti-(conventional thr3-glycosylated IL 2), which does not neutralize T cell growth activity, does inhibit induction of Ig secretion by the corresponding IL 2 in the B cell line. These results suggest that IL 2 stimulates B cells via a low-affinity interaction with a receptor different from the Tac receptor identified on T cells, and that the active site on the IL 2 molecule for B cells differs from that for T cell targets. If IL 2 promotes Ig secretion by binding with a low affinity to the B cell BIF receptor, IL 2 and BIF could be homologous proteins.
Collapse
|