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Eichhoff OM, Stoffel CI, Käsler J, Briker L, Turko P, Karsai G, Zila N, Paulitschke V, Cheng PF, Leitner A, Bileck A, Zamboni N, Irmisch A, Balazs Z, Tastanova A, Pascoal S, Johansen P, Wegmann R, Mena J, Othman A, Viswanathan VS, Wenzina J, Aloia A, Saltari A, Dzung A, Aebersold R, Ak M, Al-Quaddoomi FS, Albert SI, Albinus J, Alborelli I, Andani S, Attinger PO, Bacac M, Baumhoer D, Beck-Schimmer B, Beerenwinkel N, Beisel C, Bernasconi L, Bertolini A, Bodenmiller B, Bonilla X, Bosshard L, Calgua B, Casanova R, Chevrier S, Chicherova N, Coelho R, D'Costa M, Danenberg E, Davidson N, Drãgan MA, Dummer R, Engler S, Erkens M, Eschbach K, Esposito C, Fedier A, Ferreira P, Ficek J, Frei AL, Frey B, Goetze S, Grob L, Gut G, Günther D, Haberecker M, Haeuptle P, Heinzelmann-Schwarz V, Herter S, Holtackers R, Huesser T, Immer A, Irmisch A, Jacob F, Jacobs A, Jaeger TM, Jahn K, James AR, Jermann PM, Kahles A, Kahraman A, Koelzer VH, Kuebler W, Kuipers J, Kunze CP, Kurzeder C, Lehmann KV, Levesque M, Lischetti U, Lugert S, Maass G, Manz MG, Markolin P, Mehnert M, Mena J, Metzler JM, Miglino N, Milani ES, Moch H, Muenst S, Murri R, Ng CK, Nicolet S, Nowak M, Lopez MN, Pedrioli PG, Pelkmans L, Piscuoglio S, Prummer M, Rimmer N, Ritter M, Rommel C, Rosano-González ML, Rätsch G, Santacroce N, Del Castillo JS, Schlenker R, Schwalie PC, Schwan S, Schär T, Senti G, Shao W, Singer F, Sivapatham S, Snijder B, Sobottka B, Sreedharan VT, Stark S, Stekhoven DJ, Tanna T, Theocharides AP, Thomas TM, Tolnay M, Tosevski V, Toussaint NC, Tuncel MA, Tusup M, Van Drogen A, Vetter M, Vlajnic T, Weber S, Weber WP, Wegmann R, Weller M, Wendt F, Wey N, Wicki A, Wildschut MH, Wollscheid B, Yu S, Ziegler J, Zimmermann M, Zoche M, Zuend G, Krauthammer M, Schreiber SL, Hornemann T, Distel M, Snijder B, Dummer R, Levesque MP. ROS Induction Targets Persister Cancer Cells with Low Metabolic Activity in NRAS-Mutated Melanoma. Cancer Res 2023; 83:1128-1146. [PMID: 36946761 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Clinical management of melanomas with NRAS mutations is challenging. Targeting MAPK signaling is only beneficial to a small subset of patients due to resistance that arises through genetic, transcriptional, and metabolic adaptation. Identification of targetable vulnerabilities in NRAS-mutated melanoma could help improve patient treatment. Here, we used multiomics analyses to reveal that NRAS-mutated melanoma cells adopt a mesenchymal phenotype with a quiescent metabolic program to resist cellular stress induced by MEK inhibition. The metabolic alterations elevated baseline reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, leading these cells to become highly sensitive to ROS induction. In vivo xenograft experiments and single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that intratumor heterogeneity necessitates the combination of a ROS inducer and a MEK inhibitor to inhibit both tumor growth and metastasis. Ex vivo pharmacoscopy of 62 human metastatic melanomas confirmed that MEK inhibitor-resistant tumors significantly benefited from the combination therapy. Finally, oxidative stress response and translational suppression corresponded with ROS-inducer sensitivity in 486 cancer cell lines, independent of cancer type. These findings link transcriptional plasticity to a metabolic phenotype that can be inhibited by ROS inducers in melanoma and other cancers. SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic reprogramming in drug-resistant NRAS-mutated melanoma cells confers sensitivity to ROS induction, which suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in combination with MAPK pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ossia M Eichhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Corinne I Stoffel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Käsler
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luzia Briker
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Turko
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gergely Karsai
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nina Zila
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena Paulitschke
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Phil F Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrea Bileck
- Joint Metabolome Facility, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Irmisch
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zsolt Balazs
- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biomedical Informatics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aizhan Tastanova
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susana Pascoal
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebekka Wegmann
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julien Mena
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alaa Othman
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Judith Wenzina
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Aloia
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annalisa Saltari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Dzung
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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- Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biomedical Informatics, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Thorsten Hornemann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Distel
- St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| | - Berend Snijder
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mitchell P Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University of Zurich, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Kühnl P, Seidl S, Kurth R, Löwer J, Brede HD, Koch M, Habermehl KO, Gossrau E, Deinhardt F, Gürtler L, Maass G, Laufs R, Sibrowski W, Schneider J, Hunsmann G, Gallo R. Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus Antibody Screening:
Data Survey on 33,603 German Blood Donors Correlated to
Confirmatory Tests. Vox Sang 2017. [DOI: 10.1159/000466400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baxter B, Quarfordt S, Hungerford J, Kline A, Maass G, Huang X. E-011 Wingspan stent for symptomatic intracranial stenosis: a single center analysis. J Neurointerv Surg 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2012-010455c.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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4
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Maass G. Untersuchungen der Schallabsorption von Kupfer-, Zink- und Cadmiumkomplexen in wäßrigen Lösungen als Folge chemischer Relaxation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1968.60.1-6.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Eigen M, Maass G, Schwarz G. Schallabsorptionsmessungen zum Studium des Einflusses sterischer Faktoren und hydrophober Wechselwirkungen auf die Geschwindigkeit protolytischer Reaktionen. Z PHYS CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.1971.74.3_6.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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6
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Heinmöller P, Gross C, Beyser K, Schmidtgen C, Maass G, Pedrocchi M, Rüschoff J. HER2 status in non-small cell lung cancer: results from patient screening for enrollment to a phase II study of herceptin. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:5238-43. [PMID: 14614004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For the first time a large number (563) of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples was used to compare three different technologies for the assessment of HER2 status. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used for tumor tissue samples, and ELISA for serum samples. The results were compared with other tumor entities, mainly breast. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Samples (563) from patients suffering from primary advanced or metastatic NSCLC were evaluated. RESULTS HER2 overexpression was demonstrated using IHC in 20% (83 of 410) of the specimens, whereas 2% (7 of 378) were positive by FISH and 6% (31 of 511) showed elevated serum HER2 levels (>15 ng/ml) by ELISA. Sixty-six specimens were positive by IHC only and 13 by ELISA only, whereas none of the specimens was positive only by FISH. Concordance between all of the techniques was seen for only 3 specimens. Of 7 IHC 3+ specimens, 4 showed gene amplification by FISH, and 3 were positive by ELISA (>15 ng/ml), whereas of 76 IHC 2+ cases only 2 were amplified by FISH, and 4 were positive by ELISA. HER2 positivity by at least one of the three techniques was most common in adenocarcinomas, at 29% (42 of 143). CONCLUSION Gene amplification and HER2 protein overexpression at the 3+ level appear to be uncommon in NSCLC. The concordance between FISH and IHC 3+ disease was good in this study, in addition, ELISA would have detected several patients without IHC/FISH-positive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Large Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Female
- Gene Amplification
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, erbB-2/physiology
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mass Screening
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Trastuzumab
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Heinmöller
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Kassel, D-34125 Kassel, Germany.
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7
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Henkel R, Maass G, Hajimohammad M, Menkveld R, Stalf T, Villegas J, Sánchez R, Kruger TF, Schill WB. Urogenital inflammation: changes of leucocytes and ROS. Andrologia 2003; 35:309-13. [PMID: 14535861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of excess leucocytes in the semen has been associated with male infertility. According to the WHO, concentrations of more than 106 leucocytes ml-1 are considered as leucocytospermia, indicating genital tract infections. Up to now, no consensus has been achieved on how leucocytes should be quantified in semen. Using the peroxidase staining and monoclonal antibodies to CD15, CD45 and CD68, we found significant differences between the detection methods. Only 47.4% of the semen samples that were assessed as leucocytospermic by CD45 were identified as such by peroxidase staining. The concentration of peroxidase-positive cells was significantly correlated with polymorphonuclear granulocyte (PMN) elastase (P < 0.0001). However, a negative correlation of peroxidase-positive cells with the sperm concentration was only found in oligozoospermic patients (P < 0.0001). Moreover, the slightly positive correlation with normal sperm morphology seems to be applicable only in cases of oligozoospermia. Significant negative correlation of the number of peroxidase-positive cells were found for both maximal inducible acrosome reaction (P = 0.0219) and the inducibility of acrosome reaction (P = 0.0370), indicating a rather deleterious effect of leucocytes on this important sperm function. Concerning the result in the in vitro fertilization programme, none of the examined parameters (PMN elastase, concentration of round cells and peroxidase-positive cells) showed a correlation with either fertilization or pregnancy. This result seems to be reasonable as severely damaged spermatozoa and leucocytes are eliminated from the ejaculate by different sperm separation methods. Interestingly, a significant negative correlation of the TUNEL assay as a measure of sperm DNA fragmentation was found only with pregnancy (P = 0.006) but not with fertilization. As DNA fragmentation can also be caused by ROS that are generated by leucocytes, this causality should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Henkel
- Centre of Dermatology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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8
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Gaiser T, Hofmann M, Kneitz H, Weng L, Schmidtgen C, Maass G, Gross C, Henkel T, Rueschoff J. 417 HER2 analysis in breast cancer by two-colour FISH-significance of chromosome 17 polysomy. EJC Suppl 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(03)90449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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10
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Quast U, Maass G. [Vaccination record. Patient data series]. MMW Fortschr Med 2000; 142:50-2. [PMID: 11190941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Quast
- Deutsches Grünes Kreuz, Schuhmarkt 4, D-35037 Marburg/Lahn. Fax: 06421/22910.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A community hospital in Seattle, Northwest Hospital (NWH), reengineered its paper-based incident reporting system into a computerized reporting, notification, and tracking tool. In July 1996 a small interdisciplinary working group was formed to improve the incident reporting system so that it would decrease the time needed to complete an incident report, collect more precise data about the incident, allow department managers instant access to all open memos involving or generated by their departments, allow ad hoc reporting by managers and administration, and allow only involved parties access to memos. IMPLEMENTATION AND EVALUATION After a pilot study was conducted in the Childbirth Center and the pharmacy department began using the computerized incident reporting system, other units began using the system according to a weekly roll-out schedule during the first two quarters of 1998. In the third quarter of 1998, NWH began using the system as its primary quality assurance and incident reporting tool. As soon as an incident is documented, it is in the database and available for reporting. Data collected from January 1998 through December 1999 indicated that turnaround time for the life cycle of an incident report decreased from 53 to 12 days. At least 20 hours a month were saved in transcription and data entry time using the new system. DISCUSSION Although incident reporting is now more streamlined and efficient, a few issues have emerged that need to be addressed, some relating to users' incorrect entering of information. Improvements are still being made to the system on an ongoing basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Department of Research and Development, Northwest Hospital, Seattle, WA 98133, USA.
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12
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Zink S, Maass G, Salveter W, Heinrichs P, Kurtscheid R. [Advanced nursing education in oncology and palliative care in Northern Germany]. Pflege Aktuell 2000; 54:208-9. [PMID: 11096984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Zink
- DBfK-Landesverbandes Bremen, Hamburg
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13
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Nassauer A, Maass G. Besuch von Gemeinschafts-einrichtungen durch Hepatitis-B-Dauerträger. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s001030050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Maass G, Bogedain C, Scheer U, Michl D, Hörer M, Braun-Falco M, Volkenandt M, Schadendorf D, Wendtner CM, Winnacker EL, Kotin RM, Hallek M. Recombinant adeno-associated virus for the generation of autologous, gene-modified tumor vaccines: evidence for a high transduction efficiency into primary epithelial cancer cells. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:1049-59. [PMID: 9607416 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.7-1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the potential of recombinant vectors based on recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) for cancer vaccination, we investigated the transduction efficiency of rAAV into cancer cells ex vivo. Infection of human epithelial cancer cell lines with rAAV carrying reporter genes encoding beta-galactosidase (rAAV/LacZ) or luciferase (rAAV/Luc) resulted in high levels of reporter gene expression (>90% positive cells). In marked contrast, rAAV poorly transduced all murine tumor cell lines, as well as human hematopoietic cell lines. Either irradiation or adenovirus infection of tumor cells prior to rAAV infection induced a 10- to 100-fold increase of reporter gene expression. To determine the transduction efficiency of rAAV into primary cancer cells, freshly isolated, irradiated tumor cells from malignant melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients were infected with rAAV/Luc, resulting in up to 6.9-fold higher levels of gene expression than in a HeLa tumor cell line. Time course experiments with freshly isolated tumor cells infected with rAAV/Luc showed maximal levels of luciferase expression between days 3 and 9 posttransduction. Simultaneous infection of primary tumor cells with up to three rAAV vectors containing genes encoding the immunostimulatory proteins B7-2 (CD86), p35 subunit of IL-12, and p40 subunit of IL-12 resulted in high expression of B7-2 in more than 90% of the tumor cells and in the secretion of high levels of IL-12. Taken together, our results demonstrate that rAAV efficiently transduces freshly isolated human, epithelial tumor cells and might therefore be a potent tool to produce improved, gene-modified cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- MediGene AG, Martinsried/Munich, Germany
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15
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Heuer T, Bürger C, Maass G, Tümmler B. Cloning of prokaryotic genomes in yeast artificial chromosomes: application to the population genetics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:486-94. [PMID: 9588792 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) can accommodate large inserts and hence should be attractive tools for intra- and interspecies comparisons of bacterial genomes. YAC libraries were constructed from size-selected partial digests of human and Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO DNA and SpeI-restricted PAO DNA. Whereas YACs from human DNA had an average size of 350 kilobase pairs (kbp), a P. aeruginosa sequence larger than 120 kbp was absent or truncated in the eukaryotic host. Coligation occurred for YACs smaller than 40 kbp, but stable YACs with 40-120 kbp large inserts of P. aeruginosa DNA were obtained in high yield. SpeI-restricted chromosomes from 97 P. aeruginosa strains representing 47 genotypes were hybridized with stable YACs from three equidistant regions of the PAO genome. The low complexity of hybridizing bands demonstrated that the analyzed 100 kbp sequence contigs were stably maintained in most P. aeruginosa isolates from both disease and environmental habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Heuer
- Klinische Forschergruppe, Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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16
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Maass G. [Vaccination against early summer meningoencephalitis]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998; 123:405-6. [PMID: 9556698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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17
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Fescharek R, Arras-Reiter C, Arens ER, Quast U, Maass G. [Oral vaccines against poliomyelitis and vaccination-related paralytic poliomyelitis in Germany. Do we need a new immunization strategy?]. Wien Med Wochenschr 1998; 147:456-61. [PMID: 9471843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccination against poliomyelitis, which was carried out worldwide, lead to eradication of poliomyelitis in the United States, in South America and parts of Europe; in other parts of the world, paralytic poliomyelitis is still a severe risk of health. In those countries where poliomyelitis has been eradicated, it is presently discussed whether the vaccination schedules should be changed to an inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), as in polio-free countries only cases of paralytic poliomyelitis after vaccinations have been reported. Behringwerke's data from a 30-year period of analysing adverse drug reaction reveal the following: using the trivalent oral polio vaccine (OPV), based on WHO case definition, the risk for vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis with permanent damage is approximately 1 case for 4.5 million vaccinations (0.22 per million) in vaccinees, and approximately 1 case for 11 million (0.09 per million) in contact persons. This low risk is in line with the data ascertained worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Fescharek
- Abteilung für Arzneimittelsicherheit, Chiron Behring GmbH & Co, Marburg, Deutschland
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18
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Hoerer M, Bogedain C, Scheer U, Heberger C, Steyrer S, Burger A, Maass G. The use of recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors for the transduction of epithelial tumor cells. Int J Immunopharmacol 1997; 19:473-9. [PMID: 9637341 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(97)00046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using hight-titer recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV), we have investigated the feasibility of cancer vaccines from tumor explants. In a first set of experiments, rAAV vectors expressing firefly luciferase reporter genes were used to transduce different human tumor cell lines. At day three post transduction, all of the human tumor cell lines tested showed high levels of luciferase expression. To further evaluate rAAV-mediated gene transfer efficiency into primary tumor cells, we transduced freshly isolated tumor cells from malignant melanoma and ovarian carcinoma patients. As a remarkable result, reporter gene expression in primary tumor cells was significantly higher than in the tested established tumor cell lines. These data could also be reproduced with a rAAV/lacZ vector, since the portion of successfully transduced primary tumor was higher than 90%. Taken together, our data demonstrate that rAAV-mediated gene transfer is a very efficient method for the transduction of freshly isolated human tumor cells and may allow the generation of potent autologous cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hoerer
- MediGene AG, München Martinsried, Germany
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Wendtner CM, Nolte A, Mangold E, Buhmann R, Maass G, Chiorini JA, Winnacker EL, Emmerich B, Kotin RM, Hallek M. Gene transfer of the costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 into human multiple myeloma cells by recombinant adeno-associated virus enhances the cytolytic T cell response. Gene Ther 1997; 4:726-35. [PMID: 9282174 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gene transfer of the costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2 induces a potent antitumor immune response in a variety of tumor models. B cell neoplasms including multiple myeloma (MM) often show little or no expression of B7 antigens; they are therefore a potential target for this approach. To increase the expression of human B7 genes in MM cells, both genes and the neomycin phosphotransferase gene were packaged into recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAV). The resulting recombinant viruses rAAV/B7-1, rAAV/B7-2 and rAAV/Neo were used to transduce the MM cell lines LP-1 and RPMI 8226. This allowed the transduction of up to 80% of LP-1 cells 4 days after infection with purified rAAV particles. The response of human allogeneic T cells to rAAV/B7-1 and rAAV/B7-2 transduced, gamma-irradiated LP-1 cells was assessed by [3H]thymidine incorporation, by RT-PCR-based detection of immunostimulatory cytokine transcripts and by ELISA quantification of cytokines in the supernatant. Stimulation of T cells with rAAV/B7-1 or rAAV/B7-2 transduced LP-1 cells resulted in an up to 10-fold increase of T cell proliferation when compared with LP-1 cells transduced with rAAV/Neo. Similar results were obtained with RPMI 8226 cells. Both rAAV/B7-1 and rAAV/B7-2 transduced LP-1 cells stimulated the T cell secretion of IL-2 and IFN-gamma. Furthermore, [51Cr] release assays showed that rAAV/B7-1 or rAAV/B7-2 transduced LP-1 cells induced a cytolytic T cell (CTL) response, in contrast to LP-1 cells transduced with rAAV/Neo. In all assays, the effects of rAAV/B7-1 and rAAV/B7-2 were similar. Taken together, the results show that rAAV-mediated transfer of B7 genes into MM cell lines is able to enhance the antitumor T cell response and to elicit a cytolytic T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Wendtner
- Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum Innenstadt, Germany
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20
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Schmidt W, Maass G, Buschle M, Schweighoffer T, Berger M, Herbst E, Schilcher F, Birnstiel ML. Generation of effective cancer vaccines genetically engineered to secrete cytokines using adenovirus-enhanced transferrinfection (AVET). Gene 1997; 190:211-6. [PMID: 9185869 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1119(96)00537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer vaccines are based on the concept that tumors express novel antigens and thus differ from their normal tissue counterparts. Such putative tumor-specific antigens should be recognizable by the immune system. However, malignant cells are of self origin and only poorly immunogenic, which limits their capability to induce an anticancer immune response. To overcome this problem, tumor cells have been isolated, genetically engineered to secrete cytokine gene products and administered as cancer vaccines. We used adenovirus-enhanced transferrinfection (AVET), which allows high-level transient transgene expression, to introduce cytokine gene expression vectors into murine melanoma cells. The efficiency of AVET makes laborious selection and cloning procedures obsolete. We administered such modified tumor cells as cancer vaccines to syngeneic animals and investigated their impact on the induction of anticancer immunity. We found that IL-2 or GM-CSF gene-transfected murine melanoma cells are highly effective vaccines. Both of these cytokine-secreting vaccines cured 80% of animals which bore a subcutaneous micrometastasis prior to treatment, and induced potent antitumor immunity. The generation of antitumor immunity by these cytokine-secreting vaccines requires three different steps: (1) tumor antigen uptake and processing by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) at the site of vaccination; (2) migration of these APCs into the regional lymph nodes where T-cell priming occurs; (3) recirculation of specific, activated T-cells that recognize distinct tumor load and initiate its elimination. Extending our previously reported studies, we have now comprehensively analysed the requirements for effective antitumor vaccination in animals. This may also become the basis for treatment of human cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schmidt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria.
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21
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Stingl G, Bröcker EB, Mertelsmann R, Wolff K, Schreiber S, Kämpgen E, Schneeberger A, Trcka J, Brennscheidt U, Veelken H, Birnstiel ML, Zatloukal K, Maass G, Wagner E, Buschle M, Kempe ER, Weber HA, Voigt T. Phase I study to the immunotherapy of metastatic malignant melanoma by a cancer vaccine consisting of autologous cancer cells transfected with the human IL-2 gene. J Mol Med (Berl) 1997; 75:297-9. [PMID: 9151216 DOI: 10.1007/s001090050115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Stingl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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22
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Maass G. [When are which vaccinations indicated? Basic immunization--polio-diphtheria-hepatitis B]. Fortschr Med 1996; 114:17-20. [PMID: 9064262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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23
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Quast U, Maass G. [Vaccinations in childhood and adulthood. 5: Vaccinations and pregnancy--contraindications for vaccinations]. Fortschr Med 1996; 114:361-4. [PMID: 9011531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Quast
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V., Münster/Westf., Marburg/Lahn
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24
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Quast U, Maass G. [Vaccinations in child- and adulthood. 4: Vaccine reactions and side effects--storage and transport of vaccines]. Fortschr Med 1996; 114:345-8. [PMID: 8999016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Quast
- Deutsches Grünes Kreuz, Marburg/Lahn
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25
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Maass G, Quast U. [Vaccinations in child- and adulthood. 3: Indication, special and travel vaccinations]. Fortschr Med 1996; 114:327-8. [PMID: 8999004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V., Münster/Westf
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26
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Maass G, Quast U. [Vaccination in childhood and adulthood]. Fortschr Med 1996; 114:309-10. [PMID: 8974980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung, Viruskrankheiten, Münster/Westf
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27
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Maass G, Quast U. [Vaccinations in childhood and adulthood. 1: Routine vaccinations--education of consenting patients]. Fortschr Med 1996; 114:284-6. [PMID: 8974968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V., Münster/Westf
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28
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Maass G. [Early summer meningoencephalitis]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1996; 121:812. [PMID: 8654218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung, Viruskrankheiten e.V. Münster
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29
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Stingl G, Brŏcker EB, Mertelsmann R, Wolff K, Schreiber S, Kămpgen E, Schneeberger A, Dummer W, Brennscheid U, Veelken H, Birnstiel ML, Zatloukal K, Schmidt W, Maass G, Wagner E, Baschle M, Giese M, Kempe ER, Weber HA, Voigt T. Phase I study to the immunotherapy of metastatic malignant melanoma by a cancer vaccine consisting of autologous cancer cells transfected with the human IL-2 gene. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:551-63. [PMID: 8800750 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.4-551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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30
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Abstract
The amino acid Asp-59 was proposed to be involved in EcoRI catalyzed DNA cleavage (Cheng et al., EMBO J. 13, 3927-35, 1994). We have tested this hypothesis by site directed mutagenesis experiments. The four mutants D59A, D59E, D59G, and D59N bind with similar stability to the specific recognition sequence as wild type EcoRI. The D59E mutant cleaves DNA as fast as the wild type enzyme. Specific activities of the other three mutants are five to tenfold lower. Therefore, we conclude that Asp-59 is not involved in catalysis of the EcoRI restriction endonuclease. Consequences for catalytic mechanisms of EcoRI and other restriction enzymes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grabowski
- Zentrum Biochemie, Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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31
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Allwinn R, Doerr HW, Maass G. [Polio vaccination today: critical remarks]. Immun Infekt 1995; 23:III-IV, 234. [PMID: 8582731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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32
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Maass G, Schmidt W, Berger M, Schilcher F, Koszik F, Schneeberger A, Stingl G, Birnstiel ML, Schweighoffer T. Priming of tumor-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes after immunization with interleukin 2-secreting tumor cells: three consecutive stages may be required for successful tumor vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:5540-4. [PMID: 7777545 PMCID: PMC41731 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.12.5540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are clearly required to generate long-lasting anti-tumor immunity induced by s.c. vaccination with interleukin 2 (IL-2)-transfected, irradiated M-3 clone murine melanoma cells, some controversy continues about the site and mode of T-cell activation in this system. Macrophages, granulocytes, and natural killer cells infiltrate the vaccination site early after injection into either syngeneic euthymic DBA/2 mice or athymic nude mice and eliminate the inoculum within 48 hr. We could not find T cells at the vaccination site, which argues against the concept that T-cell priming by the IL-2-secreting cancer cells occurs directly at that location. However, reverse transcription-PCR revealed transcripts indicative of T-cell activation and expansion in the draining lymph nodes of mice immunized with the IL-2-secreting vaccine but not in mice vaccinated with untransfected, irradiated M-3 cells. We therefore propose that the antigen-presenting cells, which invade the vaccination site, process tumor-derived antigens and, subsequently, initiate priming of tumor-specific T lymphocytes in lymphoid organs. These findings suggest a three-stage process for the generation of effector T cells after vaccination with IL-2-secreting tumor cells: (i) tumor-antigen uptake and processing at the site of injection by antigen-presenting cells, (ii) migration of antigen-presenting cells into the regional draining lymph nodes, where T-cell priming occurs, and (iii) circulation of activated T cells that either perform or initiate effector mechanisms leading to tumor cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Abstract
The catalytic center of the restriction endonuclease (ENase) EcoRI is structurally homologous to that of EcoRV, BamHI and PvuII. Each of these ENases contains a short motif of three to four amino acid (aa) residues which are positioned in a similar orientation to the scissile phosphodiester bond. We have mutated these aa (Pro90, Asp91, Glu111 and Lys113) in EcoRI to determine their individual roles in catalysis. The replacement of Asp91 and Lys113, respectively, by conservative mutations (Ala91, Asn91, Ala113, Gln113, His113 and Leu113) resulted in a reduction of binding affinity and complete loss of cleavage activity. Only Lys113-->Arg substitution still allows to cleave DNA, albeit with a rate reduced by at least four orders of magnitude. Lys113 seems to stabilize the structure of the wild-type (wt) ENase since all five ENase variants with mutations at this position show a strongly enhanced tendency to aggregate. The Ala and Gln mutants of Glu111 bind the recognition sequence slightly stronger than wt EcoRI and cleave it with a low, but detectable rate. Only the Glu111-->Lys mutant, in which the charge is reversed, shows neither binding nor cleavage activity. Pro90 is not important for catalysis, because the Ala90 mutant cleaves DNA with an only slightly reduced rate. Under star conditions, however, this mutant is even more active than wt EcoRI. Therefore, the charged aa Asp91, Glu111 and Lys113 are essential for catalytic activity of the EcoRI ENase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Grabowski
- Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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34
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Schmidt W, Schweighoffer T, Herbst E, Maass G, Berger M, Schilcher F, Schaffner G, Birnstiel ML. Cancer vaccines: the interleukin 2 dosage effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4711-4. [PMID: 7753870 PMCID: PMC42014 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.10.4711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer vaccines genetically engineered to produce interleukin 2 have been investigated intensively in a series of animal models and are at the point of entering into clinical trials. In this study we demonstrate a strong correlation between the rate of interleukin 2 production and the protection efficiency of murine S91 melanoma cell (clone M-3) vaccines. Best immunization is achieved with vaccines producing medium interleukin 2 levels of 1000-3000 units per 10(5) cells per day. Reduced interleukin 2 production evokes a corresponding decline in the number of successfully treated animals. Unexpectedly, when interleukin 2 expression is raised to high levels of 5000-7500 units per 10(5) cells per day, protection is completely absent because of impaired generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In comparison, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor as immunomodulator induces substantial immunization even at a moderate level of secretion and protects all animals at the maximal obtainable level of secretion. Our findings demonstrate the importance of the interleukin 2 level produced by genetically modified tumor cells and may have substantial impact for the clinical application of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Schmidt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Maass G. [Preventive vaccination of asylum seekers and asylum applicants]. Internist (Berl) 1995; 36:521. [PMID: 7601625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. (DVV), Münster
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36
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Zatloukal K, Schneeberger A, Berger M, Schmidt W, Koszik F, Kutil R, Cotten M, Wagner E, Buschle M, Maass G. Elicitation of a systemic and protective anti-melanoma immune response by an IL-2-based vaccine. Assessment of critical cellular and molecular parameters. J Immunol 1995; 154:3406-19. [PMID: 7897222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
We have established a model for the immunologic rejection of melanoma cells. Using a receptor-mediated, adenovirus-augmented gene delivery system (transferrinfection) we have shown that, upon transfection with an IL-2 gene construct, MHC class I+/class II- murine M-3 cells lose their tumorigenicity in both athymic and euthymic mice. More importantly, we found that these melanoma cells, which produce high levels of IL-2, can be used to induce a long-lasting anti-tumor immune response in syngeneic euthymic DBA/2 mice but not in athymic animals. This immune response, which can also be elicited by coadministration of nonmodified, irradiated M-3 cells and IL-2-transduced fibroblasts, results in the rejection of a subsequent challenge with M-3 cells or, in the elimination of preexisting M-3 cancer cell deposits. We found that transfer of T cell-enriched, but not of T cell-depleted, splenocytes from immunized mice conferred protection against M-3 cells, but not against unrelated KLN 205 cancer cells. Transfer of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells led to only partial protection against challenge with wild-type M-3 cells. Our further observations that T cell-enriched, but not T cell-depleted splenocytes of immunized animals are capable of tumor-specific lytic activity and that this activity resides in the CD8+ cell population are compatible with the assumption that MHC class I-restricted T cell cytotoxicity is a biologically relevant effector mechanism in this model. That other mechanisms also contribute to melanoma cell destruction is evidenced by the presence of large numbers of macrophages and granulocytes in addition to T cells at the challenge sites of immunized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zatloukal
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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37
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Zatloukal K, Schneeberger A, Berger M, Schmidt W, Koszik F, Kutil R, Cotten M, Wagner E, Buschle M, Maass G. Elicitation of a systemic and protective anti-melanoma immune response by an IL-2-based vaccine. Assessment of critical cellular and molecular parameters. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.7.3406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have established a model for the immunologic rejection of melanoma cells. Using a receptor-mediated, adenovirus-augmented gene delivery system (transferrinfection) we have shown that, upon transfection with an IL-2 gene construct, MHC class I+/class II- murine M-3 cells lose their tumorigenicity in both athymic and euthymic mice. More importantly, we found that these melanoma cells, which produce high levels of IL-2, can be used to induce a long-lasting anti-tumor immune response in syngeneic euthymic DBA/2 mice but not in athymic animals. This immune response, which can also be elicited by coadministration of nonmodified, irradiated M-3 cells and IL-2-transduced fibroblasts, results in the rejection of a subsequent challenge with M-3 cells or, in the elimination of preexisting M-3 cancer cell deposits. We found that transfer of T cell-enriched, but not of T cell-depleted, splenocytes from immunized mice conferred protection against M-3 cells, but not against unrelated KLN 205 cancer cells. Transfer of either CD4+ or CD8+ T cells led to only partial protection against challenge with wild-type M-3 cells. Our further observations that T cell-enriched, but not T cell-depleted splenocytes of immunized animals are capable of tumor-specific lytic activity and that this activity resides in the CD8+ cell population are compatible with the assumption that MHC class I-restricted T cell cytotoxicity is a biologically relevant effector mechanism in this model. That other mechanisms also contribute to melanoma cell destruction is evidenced by the presence of large numbers of macrophages and granulocytes in addition to T cells at the challenge sites of immunized mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Zatloukal
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - A Schneeberger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - M Berger
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - W Schmidt
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - F Koszik
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - R Kutil
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - M Cotten
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - E Wagner
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - M Buschle
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
| | - G Maass
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (I.M.P.), University of Vienna Medical School, Austria
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Jeltsch A, Alves J, Urbanke C, Maass G, Eckstein H, Lianshan Z, Bayer E, Pingoud A. A dodecapeptide comprising the extended chain-alpha 4 region of the restriction endonuclease EcoRI specifically binds to the EcoRI recognition site. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:5122-9. [PMID: 7890621 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.10.5122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The restriction endonuclease EcoRI binds and cleaves DNA containing GAATTC sequences with high specificity. According to the crystal structure, most of the specific contacts of the enzyme to the DNA are formed by the extended chain region and the first turn of alpha-helix alpha 4 (amino acids 137-145). Here, we demonstrate that a dodecapeptide (WDGMAAGNAIER), which is identical in the underlined parts of its sequence to EcoRI amino acids 137-145, specifically binds to GAATTC sequences. The peptide inhibits DNA cleavage by EcoRI but not by BamHI, BclI, EcoRV, HindIII, PacI, and XbaI. DNA cleavage by XbaI is slowed down at sites that partially overlap with EcoRI sites. The peptide inhibits cleavage of GAATTC sites by ApoI, which recognizes the sequence RAATTY. It interferes with DNA methylation by the EcoRI methyltransferase but not by the BamHI methyltransferase. It competes with EcoRI for DNA binding. Based on these results, the DNA binding constant of the peptide to GAATTC sequences was calculated to be 3 x 10(4) M-1. DNA binding is not temperature-dependent, suggesting that binding of the peptide is entropy-driven. As the peptide does not show any nonspecific binding to DNA, its DNA binding specificity is similar to that of EcoRI, in spite of the fact that the affinity is much smaller. These results suggest that contacts to the phosphate groups in EcoRI mainly provide binding affinity, whereas the specificity of EcoRI is based to a large extent on sequence-specific base contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jeltsch
- Institut für Biochemie, Justus-Liebig Universität, Giessen, Germany
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39
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Maass G, Schweighoffer T, Berger M, Schmidt W, Herbst E, Zatloukal K, Buschle M, Birnstiel ML. Tumor vaccines: effects and fate of IL-2 transfected murine melanoma cells in vivo. Int J Immunopharmacol 1995; 17:65-73. [PMID: 7657408 DOI: 10.1016/0192-0561(94)00085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated the general usefulness of the adenovirus-enhanced transferrinfection (AVET) in the generation of IL-2 producing tumor vaccines. By optimizing different parameters of the transfection protocol we were able to transform the poorly immunogenic M-3 mouse melanoma cell line into a potent immunogen. A long-lasting immunity was demonstrated after administration of the IL-2 releasing vaccine, since immunized animals successfully rejected native M-3 melanoma cells even after a period of more than 6 months. We also demonstrated that in vivo administration of such a vaccine is safe since transmission of the transfected IL-2 gene in host organs was not detected. IL-2 production ceased 2 days after injection because the engineered cells were destroyed. However, RT-PCR analysis of the site of vaccine injection suggests that IL-2 exerts its effects not only directly but also by inducing a set of other immunomodulator cytokines in situ that are probably indispensable in inducing a host response. We conclude that AVET of IL-2 into tumor cells is a safe and efficient method for the generation of tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna, Austria
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40
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Abstract
We have examined proteins containing the DNA-binding domain of c-Myb with biophysical methods. This DNA-binding domain consists of three imperfect repeats (R1, R2, and R3) conserved among many species. Our results indicate that the DNA-binding domain forms unspecific and specific complexes with oligodeoxynucleotides. In the presence of R1, DNA sequences related to a canonical c-Myb-binding site are better discriminated. Furthermore, although R2 and R3 are sufficient for sequence-specific DNA binding, a structural change of the DNA-binding domain upon specific complex formation is induced only when R1 is present. Therefore, R1 might serve as an important element required for secondary structure alteration upon binding and its stabilization as well as for better discrimination between specific and related DNA sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ebneth
- Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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41
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Cotten M, Saltik M, Kursa M, Wagner E, Maass G, Birnstiel ML. Psoralen treatment of adenovirus particles eliminates virus replication and transcription while maintaining the endosomolytic activity of the virus capsid. Virology 1994; 205:254-61. [PMID: 7975222 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1994.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Adenovirus entry into its host cell transiently permeabilizes the cell allowing the coentry of reagents such as DNA. We compare here adenovirus inactivation with beta-propiolactone and several psoralen derivatives, seeking reagents that disrupt the viral genome without impairing the viral entry functions. No virus replication can be detected after 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) modification. Viral transcription is not detectable by Northern analysis, and reverse transcriptase/PCR analysis demonstrates at least a 1000-fold decrease in viral transcription after 8-MOP treatment. Using [3H]8-MOP, the psoralen is found to enter the virus capsid and react throughout the viral genome, with approximately one psoralen modification per 100 bp of viral DNA. This inactivated adenovirus allows us to deliver DNA to target cells without interference from adenovirus gene expression or replication. Furthermore, we can now study the host cell response to adenovirus entry without the complications of adenovirus gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cotten
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Wien, Austria
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42
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Abstract
Linear diffusion is a mechanism to accelerate association rates beyond their three-dimensional diffusional limit. It is employed by the restriction endonuclease EcoRI as well as many other proteins interacting with specific DNA sequences to locate their target sites on the macromolecular substrate. In order to investigate biochemical and biophysical details of the linear diffusion process, we have developed a competitive cleavage assay which allows us to assess with great accuracy the influence of sequence, sequence context, and other structural features on the linear diffusion of EcoRI on DNA. We show here that linear diffusion is not a hopping but a sliding movement in which EcoRI follows the helical pitch of the DNA, because it does not "overlook" any cleavage site. Linear diffusion is slowed when EcoRI encounters sites on the DNA which resemble its recognition site ("star" sites). Pauses of up to 20 s are induced, depending on sequence and orientation of the star site. These data suggest that EcoRI can bind to DNA in two binding modes: one tight, specific, and immobile, leading to DNA cleavage, and another one loose and nonspecific, allowing for linear diffusion. Depending on the similarity between the recognition sequence and the DNA sequence being encountered by EcoRI, there will be a continuous transition between these binding modes. Other proteins bound to the DNA and irregular DNA structures such as bent DNA or a triple helix constitute a barrier that cannot easily be passed by EcoRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jeltsch
- Institut für Biochemie, Justus-Liebig-Universität, Heinrich-Buff-Ring, Giessen, Germany
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43
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Abstract
Stimulation of peripheral blood leukocytes with lipopolysaccharide results in the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E2 correlating with an increase in phospholipase A2 activity. Mammalian cells contain several phospholipase A2 isoforms including the 14-kDa secretory isoform and the more recently described high-molecular-mass cytosolic isoform. It is commonly believed that during inflammatory responses secretory phospholipase A2 becomes activated. However, we could not detect secretory phospholipase A2 nor its corresponding mRNA after lipopolysaccharide-induced activation. By contrast, we found increased mRNA levels for cytosolic phospholipase A2 following activation of peripheral blood leukocytes when levels were compared to non-stimulated controls. Our results demonstrate that cytosolic phospholipase A2, rather than the secretory isoform may be the mediator of the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory cascade in human peripheral blood leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rodewald
- Boehringer Mannheim GmbH, Department of Immunology and Oncology, Penzberg, Germany
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44
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Maass G. [Acyclovir treatment]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1994; 119:679. [PMID: 8187617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V., Münster
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45
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Weber B, Rabenau H, Cinatl J, Maass G, Doerr HW. Quantitative detection of neutralizing antibodies against polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) using an automated microneutralization assay: a seroepidemiologic survey. Zentralbl Bakteriol 1994; 280:540-9. [PMID: 8061416 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A seroepidemiological survey for the assessment of immunity against polioviruses and non-polio enteroviruses (NPEV) seroprevalence was performed using a recently established automated microneutralization assay. The seroprevalences of neutralizing antibodies against Coxsackie viruses B1-B6, and A9, echoviruses 6, 9, 11, and 30, and polioviruses 1, 2, and 3 were investigated in serum samples collected over a period of 30 months (January 1990 to June 1992). Overall, NPEV seroprevalence ranged from 8.3% (Coxsackie virus B6) to 69.8% (echovirus 30). Age-related increases of seroprevalence were only observed for Coxsackie viruses B2 and A9. Relatively low antibody titres were found, the average antibody titre being the highest for Coxsackie virus B2 (1/55.4). The overall poliovirus seropositivity rate reached 80%. The highest seroprevalence was observed in the higher age groups (> or = 50 years). A relatively high proportion (7%) of individuals did not show neutralizing antibodies against all the three poliovirus serotypes. The results of our study have shown that, using an automated microneutralization assay, it is possible to perform seroepidemiological surveys in large patient populations. Until now, no comparable study concerning the NPEV seroprevalence has been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Weber
- Abteilung für Medizinische Virologie, Universitätskliniken Frankfurt
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46
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Maass G. [Current perspectives in virology: prevention]. Immun Infekt 1993; 21:177-179. [PMID: 8144183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A short review of deficiencies in immune reactions in older adults resulting in an increase of vaccine-preventable diseases (e.g. influenza) in this age group is presented. Reasons for so-called vaccine failures (primary, secondary) in persons previously vaccinated against measles are discussed. The immune status against poliomyelitis of the population in Germany, based on repeated serosurveillance studies is presented, the immunity of persons previously TOPV-vaccinated against a poliovirus type 3 variant (Finland) is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten, Münster
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47
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Maass G, Immendoerfer U, Koenig B, Leser U, Mueller B, Goody R, Pfaff E. Viral resistance to the thiazolo-iso-indolinones, a new class of nonnucleoside inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37:2612-7. [PMID: 7509144 PMCID: PMC192754 DOI: 10.1128/aac.37.12.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazolo-iso-indolinone derivatives with high specificity toward the reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were identified. The most potent compound, BM +51.0836, inhibited HIV-1 RT at a 50% inhibitory concentration of 90 nM in vitro. In cell culture assays, similar 50% inhibitory concentrations were obtained with high specificity for HIV-1. These substances were equally active against a zidovudine-resistant isolate. No antiviral effect was observed with an HIV-2 isolate. HIV-1 isolates resistant to the thiazolo-iso-indolinones were generated in cell culture, and the nucleotide sequences of the respective RT genes were analyzed subsequently. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences with the wild-type sequence showed an amino acid change at position 181 (Tyr to Cys). Substitutions of amino acid Lys-101 and Lys-103 as well as Tyr-181 and/or Tyr-188 by site-directed mutagenesis led to resistance against the thiazolo-iso-indolinones. A chimeric HIV-2 RT, substituted with amino acids at positions 179 to 190 from HIV-1, acquired only partial susceptibility to BM +51.0836.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Bundesforschungsanstalt für Viruskrankheiten der Tiere, Tübingen, Germany
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48
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Jeltsch A, Alves J, Wolfes H, Maass G, Pingoud A. Substrate-assisted catalysis in the cleavage of DNA by the EcoRI and EcoRV restriction enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:8499-503. [PMID: 8378323 PMCID: PMC47384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.18.8499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure analyses of the EcoRI-DNA and EcoRV-DNA complexes do not provide clear suggestions as to which amino acid residues are responsible for the activation of water to carry out the DNA cleavage. Based on molecular modeling, we have proposed recently that the attacking water molecule is activated by the negatively charged pro-Rp phosphoryl oxygen of the phosphate group 3' to the scissile phosphodiester bond. We now present experimental evidence to support this proposal. (i) Oligodeoxynucleotide substrates lacking this phosphate group in one strand are cleaved only in the other strand. (ii) Oligodeoxynucleotide substrates carrying an H-phosphonate substitution at this position in both strands and, therefore, lacking a negatively charged oxygen at this position are cleaved at least four orders of magnitude more slowly than the unmodified substrate. These results are supported by other modification studies: oligodeoxynucleotide substrates with a phosphorothioate substitution at this position in both strands are cleaved only if the negatively charged sulfur is in the RP configuration as shown for EcoRI [Koziolkiewicz, M. & Stec, W.J. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 9460-9466] and EcoRV (B. A. Connolly, personal communication). As the phosphate residue 3' to the scissile phosphodiester bond is not needed for strong DNA binding by both enzymes, these findings strongly suggest that this phosphate group plays an active role during catalysis. This proposal, furthermore, gives a straightforward explanation of why in the EcoRI-DNA and EcoRV-DNA complexes the DNA is distorted differently, but in each case the 3' phosphate group closely approaches the phosphate group that is attacked. Finally, an alternative mechanism for DNA cleavage involving two metal ions is unlikely in the light of our finding that both EcoRI and EcoRV need only one Mg2+ per active site for cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jeltsch
- Zentrum Biochemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany
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49
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Dittmann S, Koch MA, Diedrich S, Maass G, Böthig B. [Comment on the contribution by Pietsch, R., H. Riegel: Implementation of poliomyelitis revaccination]. Gesundheitswesen 1993; 55:381-3. [PMID: 8396469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Dittmann
- Institut für Sozialmedizin und Epidemiologie, des Bundesgesundheitsamtes Berlin
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50
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Maass G. [Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands: consequences for travelers from Germany?]. Fortschr Med 1993; 111:197-9. [PMID: 8508998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Maass
- Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. (DVV), Münster/Westf
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