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Yang SH, Sun Y, Berry R, Choudhury GR, Winters A, Chaudhari K, Liu R. Glutamate Provides Cytoprotective Effect for Astrocytes Against Ischemic Insult and Promotes Astrogliosis. Aging Dis 2024:AD.2023.0726. [PMID: 38377020 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity has been extensively explored as a therapeutic target for the development of potential treatments of neurological disorders including stroke. However, the effect of glutamate on astrocytes under pathological conditions has been less studied. Using primary astrocyte culture, we determined the effect of glutamate on astrocytes against ischemic insult. Glutamate provided a cytoprotective effect and acted as an alternative substrate for ATP production in primary astrocytes against oxygen glucose deprivation reoxygenation insult, which was blocked by glutamate uptake inhibition. The cytoprotective effect of glutamate appears to be astrocyte-specific, as glutamate dose-dependently induces cytotoxic action in murine hippocampal HT-22 cell line. Interestingly, the cytoprotective effect of glutamate against glucose deprivation was short-last, as no protection was observed after 3-day glucose deprivation. We determined the metabolic phenotype of primary astrocyte cultured in glucose or glutamate. Primary astrocytes cultured in glutamate displayed a different metabolic phenotype when compared to those cultured in glucose, evidenced by higher basal and maximal oxygen consumption rate (OCR), higher ATP production and proton leak-coupled OCR, as well as lower glycolysis. Furthermore, glutamate exposure resulted in astrocyte activation, evidenced by an increase in astrocyte size and GFAP expression. Our study demonstrated that glutamate exerts a dual effect on astrocytes under ischemic condition. Glutamate provides an alternative substrate for energy metabolism in the absence of glucose, thereby protecting astrocytes against ischemic insults. On the other hand, glutamate exposure induces astrogliosis. Modulation of glutamate uptake and metabolism in astrocytes may provide novel targets for alleviating ischemic injury and improving function recovery after ischemic stroke.
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Poteet E, Choudhury GR, Winters A, Li W, Ryou MG, Liu R, Tang L, Ghorpade A, Wen Y, Yuan F, Keir ST, Yan H, Bigner DD, Simpkins JW, Yang SH. Correction: Reversing the Warburg effect as a treatment for glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14973. [PMID: 30266879 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.aac118.005625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Li W, Roy Choudhury G, Winters A, Prah J, Lin W, Liu R, Yang SH. Hyperglycemia Alters Astrocyte Metabolism and Inhibits Astrocyte Proliferation. Aging Dis 2018; 9:674-684. [PMID: 30090655 PMCID: PMC6065301 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes milieu is a complex metabolic disease that has been known to associate with high risk of various neurological disorders. Hyperglycemia in diabetes could dramatically increase neuronal glucose levels which leads to neuronal damage, a phenomenon referred to as glucose neurotoxicity. On the other hand, the impact of hyperglycemia on astrocytes has been less explored. Astrocytes play important roles in brain energy metabolism through neuron-astrocyte coupling. As the component of blood brain barrier, glucose might be primarily transported into astrocytes, hence, impose direct impact on astrocyte metabolism and function. In the present study, we determined the effect of high glucose on the energy metabolism and function of primary astrocytes. Hyperglycemia level glucose (25 mM) induced cell cycle arrest and inhibited proliferation and migration of primary astrocytes. Consistently, high glucose decreased cyclin D1 and D3 expression. High glucose enhanced glycolytic metabolism, increased ATP and glycogen content in primary astrocytes. In addition, high glucose activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in astrocytes. In summary, our in vitro study indicated that hyperglycemia might impact astrocyte energy metabolism and function phenotype. Our study provides a potential mechanism which may underlie the diabetic cerebral neuropathy and warrant further in vivo study to determine the effect of hyperglycemia on astrocyte metabolism and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Li
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Gourav Roy Choudhury
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Ali Winters
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Jude Prah
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Wenping Lin
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.,2Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fujian Province, 362000, China
| | - Ran Liu
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
| | - Shao-Hua Yang
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Li H, Roy Choudhury G, Zhang N, Ding S. Photothrombosis-induced Focal Ischemia as a Model of Spinal Cord Injury in Mice. J Vis Exp 2015:e53161. [PMID: 26274772 DOI: 10.3791/53161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating clinical condition causing permanent changes in sensorimotor and autonomic functions of the spinal cord (SC) below the site of injury. The secondary ischemia that develops following the initial mechanical insult is a serious complication of the SCI and severely impairs the function and viability of surviving neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the SC. In addition, ischemia is also responsible for the growth of lesion during chronic phase of injury and interferes with the cellular repair and healing processes. Thus there is a need to develop a spinal cord ischemia model for studying the mechanisms of ischemia-induced pathology. Focal ischemia induced by photothrombosis (PT) is a minimally invasive and very well established procedure used to investigate the pathology of ischemia-induced cell death in the brain. Here, we describe the use of PT to induce an ischemic lesion in the spinal cord of mice. Following retro-orbital sinus injection of Rose Bengal, the posterior spinal vein and other capillaries on the dorsal surface of SC were irradiated with a green light resulting in the formation of a thrombus and thus ischemia in the affected region. Results from histology and immunochemistry studies show that PT-induced ischemia caused spinal cord infarction, loss of neurons and reactive gliosis. Using this technique a highly reproducible and relatively easy model of SCI in mice can be achieved that would serve the purpose of scientific investigations into the mechanisms of ischemia induced cell death as well as the efficacy of neuroprotective drugs. This model will also allow exploration of the pathological changes that occur following SCI in live mice like axonal degeneration and regeneration, neuronal and astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling using two-photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Li
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri
| | - Gourav Roy Choudhury
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri
| | - Nannan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Department of Bioengineering, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri;
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Ryou MG, Choudhury GR, Li W, Winters A, Yuan F, Liu R, Yang SH. Methylene blue-induced neuronal protective mechanism against hypoxia-reoxygenation stress. Neuroscience 2015; 301:193-203. [PMID: 26047733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Brain ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury occurs in various pathological conditions, but there is no effective treatment currently available in clinical practice. Methylene blue (MB) is a century-old drug with a newly discovered protective function in the ischemic stroke model. In the current investigation we studied the MB-induced neuroprotective mechanism focusing on stabilization and activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in an in vitro oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-reoxygenation model. METHODS HT22 cells were exposed to OGD (0.1% O2, 6h) and reoxygenation (21% O2, 24h). Cell viability was determined with the calcein AM assay. The dynamic change of intracellular O2 concentration was monitored by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLTIM). Glucose uptake was quantified using the 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-Oxa-1,3-Diazol-4-yl)Amino]-2-Deoxy-d-Glucose (2-NBDG) assay. ATP concentration and glycolytic enzyme activity were examined by spectrophotometry. Protein content changes were measured by immunoblot: HIF-1α, prolyl hydroxylase 2 (PHD2), erythropoietin (EPO), Akt, mTOR, and PIP5K. The contribution of HIF-1α activation in the MB-induced neuroprotective mechanism was confirmed by blocking HIF-1α activation with 2-methoxyestradiol-2 (2-MeOE2) and by transiently transfecting constitutively active HIF-1α. RESULTS MB increases cell viability by about 50% vs. OGD control. Compared to the corresponding control, MB increases intracellular O2 concentration and glucose uptake as well as the activities of hexokinase and G-6-PDH, and ATP concentration. MB activates the EPO signaling pathway with a corresponding increase in HIF-1α. Phosphorylation of Akt was significantly increased with MB treatment followed by activation of the mTOR pathway. Importantly, we observed, MB increased nuclear translocation of HIF-1α vs. control (about three folds), which was shown by a ratio of nuclear:cytoplasmic HIF-1α protein content. CONCLUSION We conclude that MB protects the hippocampus-derived neuronal cells against OGD-reoxygenation injury by enhancing energy metabolism and increasing HIF-1α protein content accompanied by an activation of the EPO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M-G Ryou
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.
| | - G R Choudhury
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - A Winters
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - F Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - R Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - S-H Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China.
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Choudhury GR, Ding S. Reactive astrocytes and therapeutic potential in focal ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:234-244. [PMID: 25982835 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized and the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system (CNS). They play important roles in the physiology of the brain. Astrocytes are also critically involved in many CNS disorders including focal ischemic stroke, the leading cause of brain injury and death in patients. One of the prominent pathological features of a focal ischemic stroke is reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation. Reactive astrogliosis is accompanied with changes in morphology, proliferation, and gene expression in the reactive astrocytes. This study provides an overview of the most recent advances in astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling, spatial, and temporal dynamics of the morphology and proliferation of reactive astrocytes as well as signaling pathways involved in the reactive astrogliosis after ischemic stroke based on results from experimental studies performed in various animal models. This review also discusses the therapeutic potential of reactive astrocytes in focal ischemic stroke. As reactive astrocytes exhibit high plasticity, we suggest that modulation of local reactive astrocytes is a promising strategy for cell-based stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Xie L, Choudhury GR, Winters A, Yang SH, Jin K. Cerebral regulatory T cells restrain microglia/macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses via IL-10. Eur J Immunol 2014; 45:180-91. [PMID: 25329858 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3)(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells maintain the immune tolerance and prevent inflammatory responses in the periphery. However, the presence of Treg cells in the CNS under steady state has not been studied. Here, for the first time, we show a substantial TCRαβ (+) CD4(+) Foxp3(+) T-cell population (cerebral Treg cells) in the rat cerebrum, constituting more than 15% of the cerebral CD4(+) T-cell compartment. Cerebral Treg cells showed an activated/memory phenotype and expressed many Treg-cell signature genes at higher levels than peripheral Treg cells. Consistent with their activated/memory phenotype, cerebral Treg cells robustly restrained the LPS-induced inflammatory responses of brain microglia/macrophages, suggesting a role in maintaining the cerebral homeostasis by inhibiting the neuroinflammation. In addition, brain astrocytes were the helper cells that sustained Foxp3 expression in Treg cells through IL-2/STAT5 signaling, showing that the interaction between astrocytes and Treg cells contributes to the maintenance of Treg-cell identity in the brain. Taken together, our work represents the first study to characterize the phenotypic and functional features of Treg cells in the rat cerebrum. Our data have provided a novel insight for the contribution of Treg cells to the immunosurveillance and immunomodulation in the cerebrum under steady state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luokun Xie
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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Ryou MG, Choudhury GR, Winters A, Xie L, Mallet RT, Yang SH. Abstract W MP40: Pyruvate Protects Post-Hypoxic Neuronal Cells and a Blood Brain Barrier Model From rtPA Toxicity. Stroke 2014. [DOI: 10.1161/str.45.suppl_1.wmp40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) is the only FDA-approved treatment for ischemic stroke. However, rtPA’s therapeutic window is limited to 4.5 h after stroke onset due to hemorrhagic transformation and neurotoxicity. Here, we demonstrated that the intermediary metabolite pyruvate protects neuronal cells and a blood brain barrier (BBB) model from delayed rtPA toxicity in an
in vitro
oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD, 0.5% O
2
)-reoxygenation model of ischemic stroke. After 3 or 6 h OGD, neuronal cells were reoxygenated with 11 mM glucose ± 8 mM pyruvate and/or 10 μg/ml rtPA. Cellular viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) activity, and cellular contents of NADPH, NADP
+
, ATP, MMP2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2), and phosphor-activation of anti-apoptotic p70s6 kinase, Akt and Erk were measured. Pyruvate treatment after 3 h OGD decreased cell death by 80% in the absence (P < 0.01) and 64% in the presence (P < 0.01) of rtPA. After 6 h OGD, rtPA exacerbated cell death; pyruvate dampened this effect. Three hours OGD and 4 h reoxygenation + rtPA increased ROS formation by 50%. Pyruvate prevented this ROS formation and doubled antioxidant NADPH/NADP
+
ratio and ATP content. In the BBB model, 3 h OGD and 24 h reoxygenation increased FITC-dextran leakage, indicating disruption of intercellular junctions. Although rtPA exacerbated this effect, pyruvate prevented it while sharply lowering MMP2/TIMP2 ratio and increasing phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase, Akt and Erk. Pyruvate protects neuronal cells and BBB tight junctions from OGD-reoxygenation and rtPA toxicity while reducing ROS and activating anti-apoptotic signaling. These results support the use of pyruvate as an adjuvant to dampen rtPA’s side effects, thereby extending rtPA’s therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gourav Roy Choudhury
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Cntr at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Ali Winters
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Cntr at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Loukun Xie
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Cntr at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Robert T Mallet
- Integrative Physiology, UNT Health Science Cntr at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Shao-hua Yang
- Pharmacology and Neuroscience, UNT Health Science Cntr at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX
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Ryou MG, Choudhury GR, Winters A, Xie L, Mallet RT, Yang SH. Pyruvate minimizes rtPA toxicity from in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation. Brain Res 2013; 1530:66-75. [PMID: 23891792 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clinical application of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA) for stroke is limited by hemorrhagic transformation, which narrows rtPA's therapeutic window. In addition, mounting evidence indicates that rtPA is potentially neurotoxic if it traverses a compromised blood brain barrier. Here, we demonstrated that pyruvate protects cultured HT22 neuronal and primary microvascular endothelial cells co-cultured with primary astrocytes from oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD)/reoxygenation stress and rtPA cytotoxicity. After 3 or 6h OGD, cells were reoxygenated with 11mmol/L glucose±pyruvate (8mmol/L) and/or rtPA (10µg/ml). Measured variables included cellular viability (calcein AM and annexin-V/propidium iodide), reactive oxygen species (ROS; mitosox red and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate), NADPH, NADP(+) and ATP contents (spectrophotometry), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) activities (gelatin zymography), and cellular contents of MMP2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP2), and phosphor-activation of anti-apoptotic p70s6 kinase, Akt and Erk (immunoblot). Pyruvate prevented the loss of HT22 cells after 3h OGD±rtPA. After 6h OGD, rtPA sharply lowered cell viability; pyruvate dampened this effect. Three hours OGD and 4h reoxygenation with rtPA increased ROS formation by about 50%. Pyruvate prevented this ROS formation and doubled cellular NADPH/NADP(+) ratio and ATP content. In endothelial cell monolayers, 3h OGD and 24h reoxygenation increased FITC-dextran leakage, indicating disruption of intercellular junctions. Although rtPA exacerbated this effect, pyruvate prevented it while sharply lowering MMP2/TIMP2 ratio and increasing phosphorylation of p70s6 kinase, Akt and Erk. Pyruvate protects neuronal cells and microvascular endothelium from hypoxia-reoxygenation and cytotoxic action of rtPA while reducing ROS and activating anti-apoptotic signaling. These results support the proposed use of pyruvate as an adjuvant to dampen the side effects of rtPA treatment, thereby extending rtPA's therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung-Gwi Ryou
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699 USA.
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Wen Y, Li W, Choudhury GR, He R, Yang T, Liu R, Jin K, Yang SH. Astroglial PTEN Loss Disrupts Neuronal Lamination by Dysregulating Radial Glia-guided Neuronal Migration. Aging Dis 2013; 4:113-126. [PMID: 23730527 PMCID: PMC3660121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PTEN plays an important role not only in tumorigenesis but also in the normal development of central nervous system. PTEN loss in neural progenitor cells during embryogenesis disrupts migration and proper formation of the brain laminar structure. We generated a conditional PTEN knockout mouse by crossing mice that express Cre recombinase driven by the human GFAP promoter to a floxed PTEN gene to investigate the role of astroglial PTEN signaling pathway in neuronal patterning and lamination. We found PTEN loss not only in astroglial cells, but also in radial glia-derived neurons in hGFAP-Cre(+/-)/PTEN(loxp/loxp) transgenic mice. Homozygous hGFAP-Cre(+/-)/PTEN(loxp/loxp) transgenic mice showed progressive brain enlargement with cellular disorganization that occurred predominantly in hippocampus and cerebellum and died by postnatal day 20. Confocal images show that nestin-positive radial glial cells were observed in the hippocampus, cortex, and cerebellum at postnatal day 0 in homozygous hGFAP-Cre(+/-)/PTEN(loxp/loxp), but not in heterozygous hGFAP-Cre(+/-)/PTEN(loxp/-) and hGFAP-Cre(-/-)/PTEN(loxp/loxp) mice. Homozygous hGFAP-Cre(+/-)/PTEN(loxp/loxp) transgenic mouse eyes, which lack radial glial lineage, were able to develop normal architectonics after birth. In addition, we also found that neuronal progenitor migration was defected at postnatal day 0 in homozygous hGFAP-Cre(+/-)/PTEN(loxp/loxp) mice. These results suggest that PTEN has a critical role in regulating radial glial differentiation, proliferation, maturation, and eventually neuronal patterning in central nervous system in a spatio-temporal dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shao-Hua Yang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Shao-Hua Yang, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA. E-mail:
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11
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Ryou M, Choudhury GR, Mallet RT, Yang S. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Methylene Blue. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.691.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myoung‐Gwi Ryou
- Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUNT Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
| | | | | | - Shaohua Yang
- Pharmacology and NeuroscienceUNT Health Science CenterFort WorthTX
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12
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Poteet E, Choudhury GR, Winters A, Li W, Ryou MG, Liu R, Tang L, Ghorpade A, Wen Y, Yuan F, Keir ST, Yan H, Bigner DD, Simpkins JW, Yang SH. Reversing the Warburg effect as a treatment for glioblastoma. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9153-64. [PMID: 23408428 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.440354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), like most cancers, possesses a unique bioenergetic state of aerobic glycolysis known as the Warburg effect. Here, we documented that methylene blue (MB) reverses the Warburg effect evidenced by the increasing of oxygen consumption and reduction of lactate production in GBM cell lines. MB decreases GBM cell proliferation and halts the cell cycle in S phase. Through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase, MB inactivates downstream acetyl-CoA carboxylase and decreases cyclin expression. Structure-activity relationship analysis demonstrated that toluidine blue O, an MB derivative with similar bioenergetic actions, exerts similar action in GBM cell proliferation. In contrast, two other MB derivatives, 2-chlorophenothiazine and promethazine, exert no effect on cellular bioenergetics and do not inhibit GBM cell proliferation. MB inhibits cell proliferation in both temozolomide-sensitive and -insensitive GBM cell lines. In a human GBM xenograft model, a single daily dosage of MB does not activate AMP-activated protein kinase signaling, and no tumor regression was observed. In summary, the current study provides the first in vitro proof of concept that reversal of Warburg effect might be a novel therapy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan Poteet
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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Abstract
Cadmium-induced stress adversely affects testicular activity and causes sympathetic stimulation. To investigate the effect of atenolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker, on testicular androgen synthesis after cadmium treatment, adult Sprague-Dawley strain male rats were given a single sc dose of cadmium chloride 0.45 mg/kg BW. Animals were killed on day 3 after treatment. Adrenal weight, adrenal delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (delta 5-3 beta-HSD) activity, serum corticosterone, and brain noradrenaline were increased significantly while testicular delta 5-3 beta-HSD and 17 beta-HSD activities, serum testosterone, and accessory sex organs weight were decreased. Oral coadministration of atenolol at a dose of 2.0 mg/kg body weight for 3 days resulted in complete protection of adrenal delta 5-3 beta-HSD, testicular delta 5-3 beta-HSD, and 17 beta-HSD activities, adrenal weight, serum corticosterone, and serum testosterone when compared with cadmium-only group and there were no significant differences in these parameters from the vehicle control values. Simultaneous administration of cadmium and atenolol also protected brain noradrenaline content and reduced the rise of testicular cadmium concentration. All the parameters were similar to control levels in rats treated with atenolol alone. We conclude that atenolol may protect testicular androgen synthesis by inhibiting the action of noradrenaline on testicular Leydig cells and adrenocortical hyperactivity in cadmium-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Biswas
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Research Laboratory, Department of Physiology, University Colleges of Science and Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Calcutta-700009, India.
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