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Dinter H, Ullrich A, Runge D. Comparison of 2D and 3D cultures of primary hepatocytes on hepatocellular functions and hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Mathew P, Dinter H, Church N, Humphries TJ, Kulkarni R. Inhibitors in haemophilia A: a perspective on clotting factor products as a potential contributing factor. Haemophilia 2016; 22:334-41. [PMID: 26843214 DOI: 10.1111/hae.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The occurrence of a neutralizing antibody in previously untreated patients (PUPs) with haemophilia A appears to be the result of an intricate interplay of both genetic and environmental factors. Recently, the type of factor VIII (FVIII) product used in the PUPs population has been implicated as a risk factor for inhibitor development. AIM The aim of this review was to explore in a systematic manner potential hypotheses for the product-related findings in these studies (i.e. differences in the expression system of the cell lines used to produce recombinant FVIII [rFVIII], differences in the administered antigen load or changes in clinical practice over time). RESULTS Review of the available clinical studies illustrates the high degree of variability for the risk of inhibitor development for the same products across different studies. Differences in cell lines or antigen load were not found to provide a reasonable explanation. CONCLUSION The possibility of changes in clinical practice over time and patient selection bias (i.e. the preferential use of one product over another in patients at higher risk for inhibitors) offers a potential explanation and should be carefully considered when evaluating the studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mathew
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Whippany, NJ, USA
| | - H Dinter
- Bayer Pharma AG, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - N Church
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Whippany, NJ, USA
| | - T J Humphries
- Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Whippany, NJ, USA
| | - R Kulkarni
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Abstract
Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are involved in the regulation of intracellular levels of the second messengers cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). These enzymes hydrolyse the cyclic nucleotides to the corresponding nucleoside 5'-monophosphates. Nine PDE subtypes have been identified; these differ in their substrate specificity and mode of activation. The type 4 PDE (PDE(4)) hydrolyses cAMP, is activated by elevated levels of cAMP, and is inhibited by rolipram. Inhibition of enzyme activity has been shown to modulate the activity of cells of the immune system. The production of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)(alpha) by activated monocytes and macrophages is inhibited, and cytokine secretion and proliferation of type 1 T helper cells are suppressed. Both immune cell activation and their concomitant induction of cytokine secretion are implicated in multiple sclerosis (MS), which is the major demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Studies with the selective PDE(4) inhibitor rolipram in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model of MS) in mice, rats and nonhuman primates have demonstrated the efficacy of the compound in this disease model, suggesting that PDE(4) inhibitors could ameliorate the clinical course of MS. Unfortunately, clinical trials with PDE(4) inhibitors revealed the major adverse effects of these drugs, namely nausea and vomiting. However, novel PDE(4) inhibitors, which target only a subpopulation of PDE(4) enzymes, may provoke fewer adverse effects. The efficacy of a PDE(4) inhibitor in MS still needs to be demonstrated in a well designed clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dinter
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, California 94804, USA.
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Parry R, Schneider D, Hudson D, Parkes D, Xuan J, Harkins R, Lin R, Alicke B, Dinter H, Parry G. 293 Identification of a novel prostate tumor target, RG-1, for antibody based therapy of prostate cancer. EJC Suppl 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6349(04)80301-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Dinter H, Tse J, Halks-Miller M, Asarnow D, Onuffer J, Faulds D, Mitrovic B, Kirsch G, Laurent H, Esperling P, Seidelmann D, Ottow E, Schneider H, Tuohy VK, Wachtel H, Perez HD. The type IV phosphodiesterase specific inhibitor mesopram inhibits experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rodents. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 108:136-46. [PMID: 10900347 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00265-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease with pathological features reminiscent of those seen in multiple sclerosis and thus serves as an animal model for this disease. Inhibition of type IV phosphodiesterase (PDE IV) in animals with this disease has been shown to result in amelioration of disease symptoms. Here we describe the immunomodulatory activity of the novel potent and selective PDE IV inhibitor mesopram. In vitro, mesopram selectively inhibits the activity of type 1 helper T (Th1) cells without affecting cytokine production or proliferation of type 2 helper T (Th2) cells. Administration of mesopram to rodents inhibits EAE in various models. Clinically, EAE is completely suppressed by mesopram in Lewis rats. This is accompanied by a reduction of inflammatory lesions in spinal cord and brain. RT-PCR analysis revealed a marked reduction in the expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the brains of these animals. Furthermore, the ex vivo production of Th1 cytokines by activated spleen cells derived from mesopram-treated animals is significantly reduced compared to vehicle-treated controls. Amelioration of the clinical symptoms is also observed during chronic EAE in mesopram-treated SJL mice as well as in relapsing-remitting EAE in SWXJ mice using a therapeutic treatment regimen. These data demonstrate the anti-inflammatory activity of mesopram and provide a rationale for its clinical development.
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MESH Headings
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/antagonists & inhibitors
- 3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases/metabolism
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Central Nervous System/drug effects
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Chronic Disease
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Enzyme Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Female
- Humans
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-5/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-5/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Oxazoles/pharmacology
- Oxazoles/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recurrence
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/immunology
- Substrate Specificity
- Th1 Cells/cytology
- Th1 Cells/drug effects
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/cytology
- Th2 Cells/drug effects
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dinter
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, 15049 San Pablo Ave., Richmond, CA 94804, USA.
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Pette M, Muraro PA, Pette DF, Dinter H, McFarland HF, Martin R. Differential effects of phosphodiesterase type 4-specific inhibition on human autoreactive myelin-specific T cell clones. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 98:147-56. [PMID: 10430048 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokines, secreted by autoreactive CD4+ T lymphocytes may contribute to the pathogenesis of several human autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Since the antigen specificities of these T cells are not known at present, therapeutic strategies aiming at common effector pathways, in particular cytokine secretion, may be more feasible in the near future. We have studied the influence of the isoenzyme-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor rolipram on the proliferation and cytokine secretion of human myelin basic protein-specific T cell clones. The inhibition of proliferation correlated with interference with the IL-2/IL-2 receptor system, while the effects of rolipram on several T helper 1-(TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, IFN-gamma) and T helper 2-like cytokines (IL-4, IL-13) as well as IL-10 revealed an interesting drug profile, with preferential inhibition of TNF-beta, TNF-alpha and IL-10. This profile suggest that rolipram differs from other currently used immunomodulatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pette
- Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute for Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Dinter H, Stock G, Perez HD. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis and models. J Mol Med (Berl) 1997; 75:164. [PMID: 9106072 DOI: 10.1007/s001090050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease with inflammatory lesions localized to the white matter of the central nervous system. Early on, the disease is characterized by episodes of exacerbations and remissions. During exacerbations there is an acute inflammatory infiltrate characterized by the presence of mononuclear cells, monocytes, and T lymphocytes. These cells produce proinflammatory cytokines that have been implicated in the amplification of the inflammatory response as well as in the damage of oligodendrocytes. The inflammation ultimately results in loss of myelin and oligodendrocyte cell death (demyelination). Thus therapies aimed at preventing the inflammatory response may have a beneficial effect on the course of the disease. One such therapy is treatment with inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type IV. These drugs have proven to be extremely effective in the prevention and treatment of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, the animal model for multiple sclerosis. These experiments, as well as other data discussed here, provide a rationale for the treatment of multiple sclerosis with inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dinter
- Department of Immunology, Berlex Biosciences, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
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Jörres A, Dinter H, Topley N, Gahl GM, Frei U, Scholz P. Inhibition of tumour necrosis factor production in endotoxin-stimulated human mononuclear leukocytes by the prostacyclin analogue iloprost: cellular mechanisms. Cytokine 1997; 9:119-25. [PMID: 9071563 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.1996.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The prostacyclin analogue iloprost has been shown to inhibit effectively TNF-alpha production in human peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBMC) stimulated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The current paper set out to analyse further the possible mechanisms involved in the regulation of TNF-alpha synthesis by iloprost. Healthy human PBMC were challenged with Escherichia coli LPS and assessed for TNF-alpha gene transcription, mRNA stability and protein secretion. Iloprost reduced both steady-state TNF-alpha mRNA expression and protein release as assessed by Northern blot analysis, polymerase chain reaction and enzyme immunoassay. This effect was related both to a reduction of TNF-alpha transcriptional activity (as evaluated by nuclear run-on transcription analysis) and a decrease in TNF-alpha mRNA stability (as assessed by serial Northern blot analysis of TNF-alpha mRNA content in PBMC blocked with actinomycin D). When collectively assessed, these data demonstrate that iloprost regulates TNF-alpha synthesis at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jörres
- Abteilung für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Nephrologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Rudolf Virchow, Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
The EP3 receptor for prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) mediates various biological activities such as uterine contraction, inhibition of gastric acid secretion, presynaptic inhibition of neurotransmitter release and potentiation of platelet aggregation. In an attempt to understand the molecular basis of this diversity of biological function, we cloned full-length cDNAs encoding EP3 receptors for PGE2 from human uterus cDNA libraries. Seven cDNA variants were identified which code for six distinct EP3-receptor isoforms. Sequencing revealed that the receptor isoforms differ in their intracellular C-terminal domains. Southern blot experiments indicate that the isoforms are generated by alternative splicing. The EP3-receptor gene is expressed in various tissues with high expression in kidney and pancreas, as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis. All receptors, stably expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, bind PGE2 specifically with similar Kd of 2.2-5.8 nM. The binding of [3H]PGE2 is competed with by unlabelled prostaglandins in the order sulprostone (a PGE2-like agonist) approximately PGE2 >> PGF2 alpha > Iloprost (a prostacyclin analogue) > PGD2, which is specific for EP3 receptors. Analysis of the signal-transduction pathways demonstrated that all receptors respond with inhibition of forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation with an IC50 of 0.1-3 nM PGE2. In addition, some isoforms induce an increase in intracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]i) at PGE2 concentrations greater than or equal to 10 nM. These results may offer an explanation for the different physiological responses observed in various tissues following activation of EP3 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schmid
- Research Laboratories of Schering AG, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
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Thierauch KH, Dinter H, Stock G. Prostaglandins and their receptors: II. Receptor structure and signal transduction. J Hypertens 1994; 12:1-5. [PMID: 8157940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K H Thierauch
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Thierauch
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
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Krätzschmar J, Haendler B, Bringmann P, Dinter H, Hess H, Donner P, Schleuning WD. High-level secretion of the four salivary plasminogen activators from the vampire bat Desmodus rotundus by stably transfected baby hamster kidney cells. Gene 1992; 116:281-4. [PMID: 1634121 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(92)90526-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cDNAs coding for the four Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activators (DSPAs) were subcloned into the mammalian expression vector, pMPSV/CMV, which carries the myeloproliferative sarcoma virus promoter and the cytomegalovirus enhancer. These constructs were transfected, together with plasmids harbouring Geneticin (G418)-resistance and puromycin-resistance genes, into baby hamster kidney cells. Through the selective pressure of both antibiotics, cell clones constitutively overexpressing the DSPA alpha 1, DSPA alpha 2, DSPA beta or DSPA gamma cDNAs were obtained. Secretion of active DSPAs was confirmed by zymographic analysis and quantified using a fibrin plate assay and ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krätzschmar
- Research Laboratories of Schering AG Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
The transition from persistent to lytic infection by the human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is marked by a burst of viral replication and gene expression that occurs when infected cells are stimulated by physiological inducers or tumor promoters like 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA). We report here that the HIV enhancer is activated specifically by TPA in several non-lymphoid cell types, and that this transcriptional regulation can be reproduced in a cell-free system. In vitro transcription experiments revealed a 6-fold activation of the HIV promoter in nuclear extracts prepared from TPA-induced HeLa tk- cells, whereas a control (human alpha-globin) promoter was transcribed with equal efficiency in either induced or uninduced cell extracts. A corresponding increase in the activity of a cellular DNA-binding protein that interacts with the HIV enhancer was detected in TPA-treated cells with DNase I footprint experiments. This increase occurred in the absence of de novo protein synthesis, suggesting a post-transcriptional activation mechanism. Analysis of HIV deletion mutants suggests that the enhancer is the target for the TPA effect both in vitro and in vivo. The cell-free system described here should facilitate studies on the mechanism of phorbol ester induction of gene-specific transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Dinter
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
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Abstract
Analysis of promoter mutants and hybrids in permanently transformed murine L cells reveals several regulatory DNA sequence elements in the 5' flanking region of the human interferon-beta gene, which together constitute the inducible promoter. The elements consist almost exclusively of purine runs in the region -111 to -1. Deletion of single elements reduces the expression capacity drastically, whereas duplication leads to a synergism of inducible expression. These elements act together in a cooperative way to achieve high inducibility. Natural and mutant promoter fragments containing these elements impose inducibility on a heterologous promoter. However, typical enhancer activity in this system is not observed.
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Abstract
Superinduction, that is induction with simultaneous blocking of mRNA translation, enhances the induction of interferon-beta in response to virus or double-stranded RNA in human fibroblasts. Expression of the cloned IFN-beta gene upon transfer into heterologous cells reflects the endogeneous interferon expression with respect to induction or superinduction indicating the involvement of cellular mediators in this mode of gene regulation. Expression from gene hybrids in mouse Mo57/2 cells reveals that 5' flanking DNA sequences from the human IFN-beta gene are responsible for induction and superinduction. Superinduction of the human IFN-beta promoter is demonstrated in several rodent and primate cell lines. In addition, expression from promoter mutants in mouse cells indicates that DNA sequences responsible for induction and superinduction are identical.
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Hauser H, Dinter H, Gross G, Mayr U, Bruns W, Collins J. Expression of human interferon β in mouse L cells. Gene X 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(83)90119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Dinter H, Tesch K. Calculation of the current of an ionization chamber exposed to a pulsed electromagnetic radiation field and comparison with measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1974. [DOI: 10.1016/0029-554x(74)90111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ellenrieder M, Zeiller P, Dinter H, Sensch KH. [Effect of quinoline derivatives on pathogenic and apathogenic intestinal microorganisms]. Arzneimittelforschung 1970; 20:821-4. [PMID: 4989742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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