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Yilmaz A, Turan N, Kocazeybek BS, Dinc HO, Tali HE, Aydin O, Tali HB, Yilmaz SG, Konukoglu D, Borekci S, Bold D, Roman Sosa G, Gungordu N, Vardaloglu I, Gareayaghi N, Guzel M, Guner E, Sadeyen JR, Chang P, Iqbal M, Richt JA, Yilmaz H. Development of in House ELISAs to Detect Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Infected and Vaccinated Humans by Using Recombinant S, S1 and RBD Proteins. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:3085. [PMID: 36553092 PMCID: PMC9777145 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12123085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The aim of this study was to produce in-house ELISAs which can be used to determine SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels directed against the spike protein (S), the S1 subunit of S and the receptor binding domain (RBD) of S in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated and infected humans. (2) Methods: Three in-house ELISAs were developed by using recombinant proteins of SARS-CoV-2, namely the S, S1 and RBD proteins. Specificity and sensitivity evaluations of these tests were performed using sera from SARS-CoV-2-infected (n = 70) and SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated (n = 222; CoronaVac vaccine) humans in Istanbul, Turkey. The analyses for the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were performed using the in-house ELISAs, a commercial ELISA (Abbott) and a commercial surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). We also analyzed archival human sera (n = 50) collected before the emergence of COVID-19 cases in Turkey. (3) Results: The sensitivity of the in-house S, S1 and RBD ELISAs was found to be 88.44, 90.17 and 95.38%, while the specificity was 72.27, 89.08 and 89.92%, respectively, when compared to the commercial SARS-CoV-2 antibody test kit. The area under curve (AUC) values were 0.777 for the in-house S ELISA, 0.926 for the S1 ELISA, and 0.959 for the RBD ELISA. The kappa values were 0.62, 0.79 and 0.86 for the S, S1 and RBD ELISAs, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The in-house S1 and RBD ELISAs developed in this study have acceptable performance characteristics in terms of sensitivity, specificity, AUC and kappa values. In particular, the RBD ELISA seems viable to determine SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels, both in infected and vaccinated people, and help mitigate SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Bekir Sami Kocazeybek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Harika Oyku Dinc
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Hasan Emre Tali
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Hamid Besim Tali
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Semaha Gul Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Dildar Konukoglu
- Department of Biocehmistry, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Sermin Borekci
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Dashzeveg Bold
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Gleyder Roman Sosa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Nejdiye Gungordu
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
- Department of Occupational Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ilgim Vardaloglu
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Nesrin Gareayaghi
- Sisli, Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospiatal, Blood Center, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Mine Guzel
- Biruni Laboratories, Esentepe, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ebru Guner
- Biruni Laboratories, Esentepe, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | | | - Pengxiang Chang
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Veterinary Faculty, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Hadimkoy, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
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