1
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Abuter R, Allouche F, Amorim A, Bailet C, Berdeu A, Berger JP, Berio P, Bigioli A, Boebion O, Bolzer ML, Bonnet H, Bourdarot G, Bourget P, Brandner W, Cao Y, Conzelmann R, Comin M, Clénet Y, Courtney-Barrer B, Davies R, Defrère D, Delboulbé A, Delplancke-Ströbele F, Dembet R, Dexter J, de Zeeuw PT, Drescher A, Eckart A, Édouard C, Eisenhauer F, Fabricius M, Feuchtgruber H, Finger G, Förster Schreiber NM, Garcia P, Garcia Lopez R, Gao F, Gendron E, Genzel R, Gil JP, Gillessen S, Gomes T, Gonté F, Gouvret C, Guajardo P, Guieu S, Hackenberg W, Haddad N, Hartl M, Haubois X, Haußmann F, Heißel G, Henning T, Hippler S, Hönig SF, Horrobin M, Hubin N, Jacqmart E, Jocou L, Kaufer A, Kervella P, Kolb J, Korhonen H, Lacour S, Lagarde S, Lai O, Lapeyrère V, Laugier R, Le Bouquin JB, Leftley J, Léna P, Lewis S, Liu D, Lopez B, Lutz D, Magnard Y, Mang F, Marcotto A, Maurel D, Mérand A, Millour F, More N, Netzer H, Nowacki H, Nowak M, Oberti S, Ott T, Pallanca L, Paumard T, Perraut K, Perrin G, Petrov R, Pfuhl O, Pourré N, Rabien S, Rau C, Riquelme M, Robbe-Dubois S, Rochat S, Salman M, Sanchez-Bermudez J, Santos DJD, Scheithauer S, Schöller M, Schubert J, Schuhler N, Shangguan J, Shchekaturov P, Shimizu TT, Sevin A, Soulez F, Spang A, Stadler E, Sternberg A, Straubmeier C, Sturm E, Sykes C, Tacconi LJ, Tristram KRW, Vincent F, von Fellenberg S, Uysal S, Widmann F, Wieprecht E, Wiezorrek E, Woillez J, Zins G. A dynamical measure of the black hole mass in a quasar 11 billion years ago. Nature 2024; 627:281-285. [PMID: 38286342 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-μas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Abuter
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Allouche
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Amorim
- Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C Bailet
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Berdeu
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J-P Berger
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - P Berio
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - A Bigioli
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - O Boebion
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - M-L Bolzer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - H Bonnet
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Bourdarot
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - P Bourget
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - W Brandner
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Y Cao
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - R Conzelmann
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - M Comin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Clénet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - B Courtney-Barrer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, College of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - R Davies
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - D Defrère
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - A Delboulbé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | | | - R Dembet
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Dexter
- Department of Astrophysical & Planetary Sciences, JILA, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - A Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - A Eckart
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - C Édouard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Eisenhauer
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Fabricius
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Feuchtgruber
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Finger
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - P Garcia
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Garcia Lopez
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - F Gao
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, Bonn, Germany
| | - E Gendron
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Departments of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - J P Gil
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Gillessen
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - T Gomes
- CENTRA - Centro de Astrofísica e Gravitação, Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - F Gonté
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - C Gouvret
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Guajardo
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Guieu
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - W Hackenberg
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Haddad
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Hartl
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - X Haubois
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - F Haußmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - G Heißel
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
- Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency, TEC-SF, ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Th Henning
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Hippler
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S F Hönig
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - M Horrobin
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Hubin
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - E Jacqmart
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - L Jocou
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Kaufer
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - P Kervella
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - J Kolb
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - H Korhonen
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Lacour
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lagarde
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Lai
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - V Lapeyrère
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Laugier
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - J Leftley
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - P Léna
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - S Lewis
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - D Liu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - B Lopez
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Lutz
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - Y Magnard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - F Mang
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
- Department of Physics, Technical University Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - A Marcotto
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - D Maurel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Mérand
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - F Millour
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - N More
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - H Netzer
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - H Nowacki
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Nowak
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - S Oberti
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - T Ott
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - L Pallanca
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - T Paumard
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - K Perraut
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - G Perrin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - R Petrov
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - O Pfuhl
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - N Pourré
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - S Rabien
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Rau
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - M Riquelme
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - S Robbe-Dubois
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - S Rochat
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - M Salman
- Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Sanchez-Bermudez
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - D J D Santos
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - S Scheithauer
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Schöller
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - J Schubert
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - N Schuhler
- European Southern Observatory, Santiago, Chile
| | - J Shangguan
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - T T Shimizu
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany.
| | - A Sevin
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | - F Soulez
- Univ. Lyon, Univ. Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon UMR5574, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - A Spang
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - E Stadler
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, Grenoble, France
| | - A Sternberg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Straubmeier
- 1st Institute of Physics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - E Sturm
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - C Sykes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L J Tacconi
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | | | - F Vincent
- LESIA - Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Meudon, France
| | | | - S Uysal
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - F Widmann
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wieprecht
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - E Wiezorrek
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching, Germany
| | - J Woillez
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
| | - G Zins
- European Southern Observatory, Garching, Germany
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2
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Dropmann A, Dooley S, Dewidar B, Hammad S, Dediulia T, Werle J, Hartwig V, Ghafoory S, Woelfl S, Korhonen H, Janicot M, Wosikowski K, Itzel T, Teufel A, Schuppan D, Stojanovic A, Cerwenka A, Nittka S, Piiper A, Gaiser T, Beraza N, Milkiewicz M, Milkiewicz P, Brain JG, Jones DEJ, Weiss TS, Zanger UM, Ebert M, Meindl-Beinker NM. TGF-β2 silencing to target biliary-derived liver diseases. Gut 2020; 69:1677-1690. [PMID: 31992593 PMCID: PMC7456737 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE TGF-β2 (TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta), the less-investigated sibling of TGF-β1, is deregulated in rodent and human liver diseases. Former data from bile duct ligated and MDR2 knockout (KO) mouse models for human cholestatic liver disease suggested an involvement of TGF-β2 in biliary-derived liver diseases. DESIGN As we also found upregulated TGFB2 in liver tissue of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), we now fathomed the positive prospects of targeting TGF-β2 in early stage biliary liver disease using the MDR2-KO mice. Specifically, the influence of TgfB2 silencing on the fibrotic and inflammatory niche was analysed on molecular, cellular and tissue levels. RESULTS TgfB2-induced expression of fibrotic genes in cholangiocytes and hepatic stellate cellswas detected. TgfB2 expression in MDR2-KO mice was blunted using TgfB2-directed antisense oligonucleotides (AON). Upon AON treatment, reduced collagen deposition, hydroxyproline content and αSMA expression as well as induced PparG expression reflected a significant reduction of fibrogenesis without adverse effects on healthy livers. Expression analyses of fibrotic and inflammatory genes revealed AON-specific regulatory effects on Ccl3, Ccl4, Ccl5, Mki67 and Notch3 expression. Further, AON treatment of MDR2-KO mice increased tissue infiltration by F4/80-positive cells including eosinophils, whereas the number of CD45-positive inflammatory cells decreased. In line, TGFB2 and CD45 expression correlated positively in PSC/PBC patients and localised in similar areas of the diseased liver tissue. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data suggest a new mechanistic explanation for amelioration of fibrogenesis by TGF-β2 silencing and provide a direct rationale for TGF-β2-directed drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dropmann
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bedair Dewidar
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Tatjana Dediulia
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Werle
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Vanessa Hartwig
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shahrouz Ghafoory
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Woelfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Timo Itzel
- Hepatology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Teufel
- Hepatology and Clinical Bioinformatics, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Research Center for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Stojanovic
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Adelheid Cerwenka
- Department of Immunobiochemistry, Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology (CBTM) and European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stefanie Nittka
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Timo Gaiser
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Naiara Beraza
- Gut Microbes and Health Institute Strategic Programme, Quadram Institute, Norwich, UK
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Derio, Spain
| | | | - Piotr Milkiewicz
- Liver and Internal Medicine Unit, Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - John G Brain
- NIHR Applied Immunobiology and Transplant Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David E J Jones
- NIHR Applied Immunobiology and Transplant Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Juvenile Medicine, Center for Liver Cell Research, University of Regensburg Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Ebert
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nadja M Meindl-Beinker
- Molecular Hepatology-Alcohol Associated Diseases, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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Abstract
This research focused on biocontrol solution to increase food safety through studying lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which can bind aflatoxins in milk. Aflatoxins are toxic contaminants found in feeds and foods. In milk aflatoxin is found in metabolised form, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1). Three indigenous LAB Lactobacillus strains and one Lactococcus strain isolated from Kenyan spontaneously fermented foods were tested for their AFM1 binding abilities in different conditions and after different treatments along with two reference Lactobacillus strains. Binding of AFM1 in different concentrations was examined with unconcentrated, concentrated, heat treated and concentrated heat-treated LAB cultures. Observed binding of AFM1 by LAB varied between 11 to 100%, being approximately at the level of 40% throughout the analysis sets. The results of this study suggest that the aflatoxin binding ability by LAB strain is not strongly strain specific and depends on many external and condition variables. Also, the methods used in determination of aflatoxin binding warrant critical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ahlberg
- University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 3 (Fabianinkatu 33), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - P. Kärki
- University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 3 (Fabianinkatu 33), 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - M. Kolmonen
- Finnish Food Authority, PL 100, 00027 Ruokavirasto, Helsinki, Finland
| | - H. Korhonen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) P.O. Box 2, 00791 Helsinki, Finland
| | - V. Joutsjoki
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) P.O. Box 2, 00791 Helsinki, Finland
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Kang’ethe EK, Korhonen H, Marimba KA, Nduhiu G, Mungatu JK, Okoth SA, Joutsjoki V, Wamae LW, Shalo P. Management and mitigation of health risks associated with the occurrence of mycotoxins along the maize value chain in two counties in Kenya. Food Quality and Safety 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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5
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Dropmann A, Dediulia T, Breitkopf-Heinlein K, Korhonen H, Janicot M, Weber SN, Thomas M, Piiper A, Bertran E, Fabregat I, Abshagen K, Hess J, Angel P, Coulouarn C, Dooley S, Meindl-Beinker NM. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 abundance in liver diseases of mice and men. Oncotarget 2017; 7:19499-518. [PMID: 26799667 PMCID: PMC4991397 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a major player in chronic liver diseases promoting fibrogenesis and tumorigenesis through various mechanisms. The expression and function of TGF-β2 have not been investigated thoroughly in liver disease to date. In this paper, we provide evidence that TGF-β2 expression correlates with fibrogenesis and liver cancer development. Using quantitative realtime PCR and ELISA, we show that TGF-β2 mRNA expression and secretion increased in murine HSCs and hepatocytes over time in culture and were found in the human-derived HSC cell line LX-2. TGF-β2 stimulation of the LX-2 cells led to upregulation of the TGF-β receptors 1, 2, and 3, whereas TGF-β1 treatment did not alter or decrease their expression. In liver regeneration and fibrosis upon CCl4 challenge, the transient increase of TGF-β2 expression was accompanied by TGF-β1 and collagen expression. In bile duct ligation-induced fibrosis, TGF-β2 upregulation correlated with fibrotic markers and was more prominent than TGF-β1 expression. Accordingly, MDR2-KO mice showed significant TGF-β2 upregulation within 3 to 15 months but minor TGF-β1 expression changes. In 5 of 8 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)/hepatoblastoma cell lines, relatively high TGF-β2 expression and secretion were observed, with some cell lines even secreting more TGF-β2 than TGF-β1. TGF-β2 was also upregulated in tumors of TGFα/cMyc and DEN-treated mice. The analysis of publically available microarray data of 13 human HCC collectives revealed considerable upregulation of TGF-β2 as compared to normal liver. Our study demonstrates upregulation of TGF-β2 in liver disease and suggests TGF-β2 as a promising therapeutic target for tackling fibrosis and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dropmann
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Dediulia
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katja Breitkopf-Heinlein
- Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Susanne N Weber
- Department of Medicine II, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Albrecht Piiper
- Medizinische Klinik 1, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Esther Bertran
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Fabregat
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL) and University of Barcelona L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerstin Abshagen
- Institute for Experimental Surgery, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jochen Hess
- Research Group Molecular Mechanisms of Head and Neck Tumors, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Section Experimental and Translational Head and Neck Oncology, Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Angel
- Division of Signal Transduction and Growth Control, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR991, University of Rennes, Pontchaillou University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Steven Dooley
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nadja M Meindl-Beinker
- Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Roettenbacher RM, Monnier JD, Korhonen H, Aarnio AN, Baron F, Che X, Harmon RO, Kővári Z, Kraus S, Schaefer GH, Torres G, Zhao M, ten Brummelaar TA, Sturmann J, Sturmann L. No Sun-like dynamo on the active star ζ Andromedae from starspot asymmetry. Nature 2016; 533:217-20. [PMID: 27144357 DOI: 10.1038/nature17444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sunspots are cool areas caused by strong surface magnetic fields that inhibit convection. Moreover, strong magnetic fields can alter the average atmospheric structure, degrading our ability to measure stellar masses and ages. Stars that are more active than the Sun have more and stronger dark spots than does the Sun, including on the rotational pole. Doppler imaging, which has so far produced the most detailed images of surface structures on other stars, cannot always distinguish the hemisphere in which the starspots are located, especially in the equatorial region and if the data quality is not optimal. This leads to problems in investigating the north-south distribution of starspot active latitudes (those latitudes with more starspot activity); this distribution is a crucial constraint of dynamo theory. Polar spots, whose existence is inferred from Doppler tomography, could plausibly be observational artefacts. Here we report imaging of the old, magnetically active star ζ Andromedae using long-baseline infrared interferometry. In our data, a dark polar spot is seen in each of two observation epochs, whereas lower-latitude spot structures in both hemispheres do not persist between observations, revealing global starspot asymmetries. The north-south symmetry of active latitudes observed on the Sun is absent on ζ And, which hosts global spot patterns that cannot be produced by solar-type dynamos.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Roettenbacher
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - J D Monnier
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - H Korhonen
- Finnish Centre for Astronomy with ESO (FINCA), University of Turku, FI-21500 Piikkiö, Finland.,Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 30, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - A N Aarnio
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - F Baron
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - X Che
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - R O Harmon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio 48103, USA
| | - Zs Kővári
- Konkoly Observatory, Research Center for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-1121 Budapest, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, Hungary
| | - S Kraus
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,School of Physics, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - G H Schaefer
- Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy, Georgia State University, Mount Wilson, California 91023, USA
| | - G Torres
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Zhao
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - T A ten Brummelaar
- Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy, Georgia State University, Mount Wilson, California 91023, USA
| | - J Sturmann
- Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy, Georgia State University, Mount Wilson, California 91023, USA
| | - L Sturmann
- Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy, Georgia State University, Mount Wilson, California 91023, USA
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7
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Jaschinski F, Korhonen H, Janicot M. Design and Selection of Antisense Oligonucleotides Targeting Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) Isoform mRNAs for the Treatment of Solid Tumors. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1317:137-51. [PMID: 26072406 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2727-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta isoforms (TGF-β1, -β2, and -β3) are cytokines associated with a wide range of biological processes in oncology including tumor cell invasion and migration, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, as well as regulation of tumor stem cell properties. Hence, blocking the TGF-β signaling pathways may have a multifold therapeutic benefit for the treatment of solid tumors. Here, we describe the identification and selection processes for the development of highly potent and selective chemically modified antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (fully phosphorothioate locked nucleic acid gapmers) allowing effective and selective suppression of TGF-β isoform expression in cell-based assays and in vivo preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Jaschinski
- Isarna Therapeutics. Preclinical Research and Development Department, Leopoldstrasse 254-256, 80807, Munich, Germany
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Jungebluth P, Lim ML, Sjöqvist S, Sinh LH, Korhonen H, Seppälä J, Mäkitie A, Dienemann H. Orthotope Transplantation eines mittels 3-D Printing generierten trachealen Grafts. Zentralbl Chir 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1559967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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9
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Nussbaum C, Bannenberg S, Keul P, Gräler MH, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Korhonen H, von Wnuck Lipinski K, Heusch G, de Castro Faria Neto HC, Rohwedder I, Göthert JR, Prasad VP, Haufe G, Lange-Sperandio B, Offermanns S, Sperandio M, Levkau B. Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 3 promotes leukocyte rolling by mobilizing endothelial P-selectin. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6416. [PMID: 25832730 PMCID: PMC4396399 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) participates in inflammation; however, its role in leukocyte rolling is still unclear. Here we use intravital microscopy in inflamed mouse cremaster muscle venules and human endothelial cells to show that S1P contributes to P-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling through endothelial S1P receptor 3 (S1P3) and Gαq, PLCβ and Ca2+. Intra-arterial S1P administration increases leukocyte rolling, while S1P3 deficiency or inhibition dramatically reduces it. Mast cells involved in triggering rolling also release S1P that mobilizes P-selectin through S1P3. Histamine and epinephrine require S1P3 for full-scale effect accomplishing it by stimulating sphingosine kinase 1 (Sphk1). In a counter-regulatory manner, S1P1 inhibits cAMP-stimulated Sphk1 and blocks rolling as observed in endothelial-specific S1P1−/− mice. In agreement with a dominant pro-rolling effect of S1P3, FTY720 inhibits rolling in control and S1P1−/− but not in S1P3−/− mice. Our findings identify S1P as a direct and indirect contributor to leukocyte rolling and characterize the receptors mediating its action. The lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is known to mediate leukocyte recruitment in inflammation. Here, Nussbaum et al. show that S1P, via its receptor S1P3, also regulates leukocyte rolling on endothelium by promoting the presentation of the adhesion molecule P-selectin on the endothelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Nussbaum
- 1] Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany [2] Dr v. Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University München, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Sarah Bannenberg
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Petra Keul
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Markus H Gräler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Cassiano F Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- 1] Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany [2] Laboratorio de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040900, Brazil
| | - Hanna Korhonen
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karin von Wnuck Lipinski
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Gerd Heusch
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ina Rohwedder
- Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Joachim R Göthert
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Vysakh Pushpa Prasad
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Günter Haufe
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Baerbel Lange-Sperandio
- Dr v. Haunersches Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University München, 80337 München, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Markus Sperandio
- Walter Brendel Center, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 81377 München, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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Maalick Z, Korhonen H, Kokkola H, Kühn T, Romakkaniemi S. Modelling artificial sea salt emission in large eddy simulations. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2014; 372:rsta.2014.0051. [PMID: 25404679 PMCID: PMC4240950 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2014.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We study the dispersion of sea salt particles from artificially injected sea spray at a cloud-resolving scale. Understanding of how different aerosol processes affect particle dispersion is crucial when designing emission sources for marine cloud brightening. Compared with previous studies, we include for the first time an explicit treatment of aerosol water, which takes into account condensation, evaporation and their effect on ambient temperature. This enables us to capture the negative buoyancy caused by water evaporation from aerosols. Additionally, we use a higher model resolution to capture aerosol loss through coagulation near the source point. We find that, with a seawater flux of 15 kg s(-1), the cooling due to evaporation can be as much as 1.4 K, causing a delay in particle dispersion of 10-20 min. This delay enhances particle scavenging by a factor of 1.14 compared with simulations without aerosol water. We further show that both cooling and particle dispersion depend on the model resolution, with a maximum particle scavenging efficiency of 20% within 5 h after emission at maximum resolution of 50 m. Based on these results, we suggest further regional high-resolution studies which model several injection periods over several weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Maalick
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - H Korhonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate Research, PO Box 503, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - H Kokkola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - T Kühn
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
| | - S Romakkaniemi
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 1627, Kuopio 70211, Finland
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11
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Korhonen H, Redon JO, France D, Serin G, Bichat F, Jaschinski F, Wosikowski K, Janicot M. Abstract 3126: Renca RCC syngeneic model to evaluate efficacy of novel antisense oligonucleotides targeting TGF-β isoforms. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-3126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β represents a family of cytokines, which function as the primary mediators for TGF-β signaling via TGF-β receptor type II (TβIIR) and both non-canonical and canonical downstream signaling pathways. TGF-β is associated with a wide range of biological processes in oncology, including tumor cell invasion, migration, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, as well as regulation of tumor stem cell properties. Hence, optimal preclinical evaluation of efficacy of TGF-β antagonists is challenging. Isarna Therapeutics has designed and developed selective and potent LNA-modified antisense oligonucleotides targeting the various TGF-β isoforms. In order to adequately evaluate selected preclinical development candidates, Oncodesign has developed customized experimental Renca tumor models in syngeneic and/or immunodeficient mice. The Renca cell line was established from a murine transplantable renal adenocarcinoma of spontaneous origin, and has been used under various experimental conditions: (1) subcutaneous tumor model by inoculating cells into the flanks of the animals; (2) the pulmonary metastatic tumor model by an intravenous injection of cells into the tail vein; and (3) the orthotopic tumor model by injecting cells into the renal subcapsule (and subsequent pulmonary metastasis). Outcome of this development program and preliminary results for selected TGF-β antisense oligonucleotides will be presented and discussed.
Citation Format: Hanna Korhonen, Julie-Orlane Redon, Damien France, Guillaume Serin, Francis Bichat, Frank Jaschinski, Katja Wosikowski, Michel Janicot. Renca RCC syngeneic model to evaluate efficacy of novel antisense oligonucleotides targeting TGF-β isoforms. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3126. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3126
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Jaschinski F, Korhonen H, Braun S, Wosikowski K, Janicot M. Abstract 717: Novel potent antisense oligonucleotides targeting transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1). Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a key member of a large family of cytokines, which play critical, pleiotropic roles in the pathophysiology of various human diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, autoimmune disease, and cirrhosis/fibrosis. TGF-β1, -2 and -3 isoforms are cytokines encoded by different genes but sharing strong sequence and structure homology. They function as the primary mediators of TGF-β signaling via both non-canonical and canonical signaling pathways. In Oncology, TGF-β isoforms are associated with a wide range of biological processes such as tumor cell invasion and migration, angiogenesis, immunosuppression, as well as regulation of tumor stem cell properties. Hence, blocking the TGF-β signaling pathway may have a multifold therapeutic benefit in Oncology, although therapeutic relevance of the respective TGF-β isoforms remains poorly documented.
In order to evaluate the specific biological relevance of TGF-β1 isoform in cancer, we have initiated an extensive discovery program for identification of antisense oligodeoxynucleotide constructs selectively inhibiting expression of the TGF-β1 ligand. Based on the sequence of the human TGF-β1 mRNA, more than 150 Locked Nucleic Acid (LNA)-modified gapmers were designed, synthesized and tested in cell-based assays. Highly potent and selective TGF-β1 constructs were identified and selected based on efficient suppression of TGF-β1 mRNA/protein expression in different human and rodent tumor cell lines, and in human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs). Effective target downregulation was demonstrated after lipofectamine aided-transfection (sub-nM concentration range), but also in the absence of any transfection agent (gymnotic delivery) at sub-µM concentrations. Selected TGF-β1 specific oligonucleotides were further tested in relevant animal xenograft models and strong target inhibition was also observed following systemic administration. Further details of this discovery program will be discussed and pharmacology properties and features of potent and selective TGF-β1 antagonists will be presented.
Citation Format: Frank Jaschinski, Hanna Korhonen, Stephan Braun, Katja Wosikowski, Michel Janicot. Novel potent antisense oligonucleotides targeting transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-β1). [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 717. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-717
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Janicot M, Wosikowski K, Jaschinski F, Korhonen H, Braun S, Hasenbach K, Leo E. Preclinical profile of ASPH_0047, a potent and selective antisense oligonucleotide targeting transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGF-β2). J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eugen Leo
- Isarna Therapeutics GmbH, Munich, Germany
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14
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Koistinen AP, Korhonen H, Kiviranta I, Kröger H, Lappalainen R. Analysis of plastic deformation in cortical bone after insertion of coated and non-coated self-tapping orthopaedic screws. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2011; 225:629-39. [PMID: 21870370 DOI: 10.1177/0954411911406471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of internal fracture fixation devices, such as screws, mechanically weakens the bone. Diamond-like carbon has outstanding tribology properties which may decrease the amount of damage in tissue. The purpose of this study was to investigate methods for quantification of cortical bone damage after orthopaedic bone screw insertion and to evaluate the effect of surface modification on tissue damage. In total, 48 stainless steel screws were inserted into cadaver bones. Half of the screws were coated with a smooth amorphous diamond coating. Geometrical data of the bones was determined by peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Thin sections of the bone samples were prepared after screw insertion, and histomorphometric evaluation of damage was performed on images obtained using light microscopy. Micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy were also used to examine tissue damage. A positive correlation was found between tissue damage and the geometric properties of the bone. The age of the cadaver significantly affected the bone mineral density, as well as the damage perimeter and diameter of the screw hole. However, the expected positive effect of surface modification was probably obscured by large variations in the results and, thus, statistically significant differences were not found in this study. This can be explained by natural variability in bone tissue, which also made automated image analysis difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Koistinen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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15
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Abstract
The chromatoid body (CB) is a germ granule in the cytoplasm of postmeiotic haploid round spermatids that is loaded with RNA and RNA-binding proteins. Following the discovery of small non-coding RNA-mediated gene regulation and the identification of PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) that have crucial roles in germ line development, the function of the CB has slowly begun to be revealed. Male germ cells utilise small RNAs to control the complex and specialised process of sperm production. Several microRNAs have been identified during spermatogenesis. In addition, a high number of piRNAs are present both in embryonic and postnatal male germ cells, with their expression being impressively induced in late meiotic cells and haploid round spermatids. At postmeiotic stage of germ cell differentiation, the CB accumulates piRNAs and proteins of piRNA machinery, as well as several other proteins involved in distinct RNA regulation pathways. All existing evidence suggests a role for the CB in mRNA regulation and small RNA-mediated gene control, but the mechanisms remain uncharacterised. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of the CB and its association with small RNA pathways.
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Mönkäre J, Hakala R, Vlasova M, Kiviniemi A, Meretoja V, Korhonen H, Seppälä J, Järvinen K. Photocrosslinked poly(ester anhydride) for surface erosion controlled drug release. J Control Release 2010; 148:e49-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mönkäre J, Hakala R, Vlasova M, Huotari A, Kilpeläinen M, Kiviniemi A, Meretoja V, Herzig K, Korhonen H, Seppälä J. Biocompatible photocrosslinked poly(ester anhydride) based on functionalized poly(ε-caprolactone) prepolymer shows surface erosion controlled drug release in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2010; 146:349-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Revised: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Malin M, Verronen P, Korhonen H, Syväoja EL, Salminen S, Mykkänen H, Arvilommi H, Eerola E, Isolauri E. Dietary therapy with Lactobacillus GG, bovine colostrum or bovine immune colostrum in patients with juvenile chronic arthritis: evaluation of effect on gut defence mechanisms. Inflammopharmacology 2010; 5:219-36. [PMID: 17638132 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-997-0001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/1997] [Accepted: 05/14/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary therapy with a human Lactobacillus strain GG (ATCC 53103), bovine colostrum, or bovine immune colostrum with specific antibodies against anaerobic intestinal bacteria on gut defence mechanisms were studied in juvenile chronic arthritis. Thirty patients with juvenile chronic arthritis were randomly allocated to receive a freeze-dried powder of Lactobacillus GG, or bovine colostrum, or bovine immune colostrum, for a two-week period. Immunologic and non-immunologic gut defence mechanisms were indirectly investigated in blood and faecal samples. In patients receiving Lactobacillus GG, the median (interquartile range) frequency of immunoglobulin-secreting cells, determined by enzyme-linked immunospot assay, increased in the IgA class from 1840 (690-2530) to 3480 (1030-13 170)/10(6) cells; p=0.02. Likewise the median (interquartile range) frequency of specific antibody-secreting cells against dietary antigens increased during the Lactobacillus GG therapy in the IgM class from 3.8 (1.4-5.0) to 11.2 (5.0-30.0)/10(6) cells; p=0.02. In addition, Lactobacillus GG therapy decreased the median (interquartile range) activity of faecal urease, which has been associated with mucosal tissue damage, from 40.3 (21.7-54.3) to 28.6 (24.5-49.4) nmol. min(-1) (mg protein)(-1); p=0.10, while, in patients receiving bovine colostrum, faecal urease activity increased (from 42.2 to 80.6; p=0.04). All findings were transient. We suggest that gut defence mechanisms are disturbed in juvenile chronic arthritis and we further suggest that orally administered Lactobacillus GG has a potential to reinforce the mucosal barrier mechanisms in juvenile chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Malin
- Medical School, University of Tampere and Department of Paediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Korhonen H, Harri M. Growth and maintenance of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray 1834) on various brewers' mash and basal diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.1983.tb00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Vuollekoski H, Kerminen VM, Anttila T, Sihto SL, Vana M, Ehn M, Korhonen H, McFiggans G, O'Dowd CD, Kulmala M. Iodine dioxide nucleation simulations in coastal and remote marine environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jd010713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Korhonen H, Fisslthaler B, Moers A, Wirth A, Habermehl D, Wieland T, Schütz G, Wettschureck N, Fleming I, Offermanns S. Anaphylactic shock depends on endothelial Gq/G11. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:411-20. [PMID: 19171764 PMCID: PMC2646572 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Anaphylactic shock is a severe allergic reaction involving multiple organs including the bronchial and cardiovascular system. Most anaphylactic mediators, like platelet-activating factor (PAF), histamine, and others, act through G protein-coupled receptors, which are linked to the heterotrimeric G proteins G(q)/G(11), G(12)/G(13), and G(i). The role of downstream signaling pathways activated by anaphylactic mediators in defined organs during anaphylactic reactions is largely unknown. Using genetic mouse models that allow for the conditional abrogation of G(q)/G(11)- and G(12)/G(13)-mediated signaling pathways by inducible Cre/loxP-mediated mutagenesis in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that G(q)/G(11)-mediated signaling in ECs is required for the opening of the endothelial barrier and the stimulation of nitric oxide formation by various inflammatory mediators as well as by local anaphylaxis. The systemic effects of anaphylactic mediators like histamine and PAF, but not of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are blunted in mice with endothelial G alpha(q)/G alpha(11) deficiency. Mice with endothelium-specific G alpha(q)/G alpha(11) deficiency, but not with G alpha(12)/G alpha(13) deficiency, are protected against the fatal consequences of passive and active systemic anaphylaxis. This identifies endothelial G(q)/G(11)-mediated signaling as a critical mediator of fatal systemic anaphylaxis and, hence, as a potential new target to prevent or treat anaphylactic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Korhonen
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Mönkäre J, Hakala R, Korhonen H, Kiviniemi A, Seppälä J, Järvinen K. Controlled drug release from crosslinked poly(ester-anhydrides). Eur J Pharm Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2008.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Koskiniemi H, Metsä-Ketelä M, Dobritzsch D, Kallio P, Korhonen H, Mäntsälä P, Schneider G, Niemi J. Crystal structures of two aromatic hydroxylases involved in the early tailoring steps of angucycline biosynthesis. J Mol Biol 2007; 372:633-48. [PMID: 17669423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 06/15/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Angucyclines are aromatic polyketides produced in Streptomycetes via complex enzymatic biosynthetic pathways. PgaE and CabE from S. sp PGA64 and S. sp. H021 are two related homo-dimeric FAD and NADPH dependent aromatic hydroxylases involved in the early steps of the angucycline core modification. Here we report the three-dimensional structures of these two enzymes determined by X-ray crystallography using multiple anomalous diffraction and molecular replacement, respectively, to resolutions of 1.8 A and 2.7 A. The enzyme subunits are built up of three domains, a FAD binding domain, a domain involved in substrate binding and a C-terminal thioredoxin-like domain of unknown function. The structure analysis identifies PgaE and CabE as members of the para-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase (pHBH) fold family of aromatic hydroxylases. In contrast to phenol hydroxylase and 3-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase that utilize the C-terminal domain for dimer formation, this domain is not part of the subunit-subunit interface in PgaE and CabE. Instead, dimer assembly occurs through interactions of their FAD binding domains. FAD is bound non-covalently in the "in"-conformation. The active sites in the two enzymes differ significantly from those of other aromatic hydroxylases. The volumes of the active site are significantly larger, as expected in view of the voluminous tetracyclic angucycline substrates. The structures further suggest that substrate binding and catalysis may involve dynamic rearrangements of the middle domain relative to the other two domains. Site-directed mutagenesis studies of putative catalytic groups in the active site of PgaE argue against enzyme-catalyzed substrate deprotonation as a step in catalysis. This is in contrast to pHBH, where deprotonation/protonation of the substrate has been suggested as an essential part of the enzymatic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Koskiniemi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Abstract
Milk proteins are known to exert a wide range of nutritional, functional and biological activities. Apart from being a balanced source of valuable amino acids, milk proteins contribute to the consistency and sensory properties of various dairy products. Furthermore, many milk proteins possess specific biological properties which make them potential ingredients of health-promoting foods. These properties are attributed to both native protein molecules and to physiologically active peptides encrypted in the protein molecules. Considerable progress has been made over the last twenty years in technologies aimed at separation, fractionation and isolation in a purified form of many interesting proteins occurring in bovine colostrum and milk. Industrial-scale methods have been developed for native whey proteins such as immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin. Their large-scale manufacture and commercial exploitation is still limited although validated research data about their physiological health benefits is rapidly accumulating. Promising product concepts and novel fields of use have emerged recently, and some of these molecules have already found commercial applications. The same applies to bioactive peptides derived from different milk proteins. Active peptides can be liberated during gastrointestinal digestion or milk fermentation with proteolytic enzymes. Such peptides may exert a number of physiological effects in vivo on the gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, endocrine, immune, nervous and other body systems. However, at present the industrial-scale production of such peptides is limited by a lack of suitable technologies. On the other hand, a number of bioactive peptides have been identified in fermented dairy products, and there are already a few commercial dairy products enriched with blood pressure-reducing milk protein peptides. There is a need to develop methods to optimise the activity of bioactive peptides in food systems and to enable their optimum utilisation in the body. This review highlights existing modern technologies applicable for the isolation of bioactive native proteins and peptides derived from bovine colostrum, milk and cheese whey, and discusses aspects of their current and potential applications for human nutrition and promotion of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Korhonen
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Abstract
AIMS To investigate the production of antioxidant activity during fermentation with commonly used dairy starter cultures. Moreover, to study the development of antioxidant activity during fermentation, and the connection to proteolysis and bacterial growth. METHODS AND RESULTS Antioxidant activity was measured by analysing the radical scavenging activity using a spectrophotometric decolorization assay and lipid peroxidation inhibition was assayed using liposomal model system with a fluorescence method. Milk was fermented with 25 lactic acid bacterial (LAB) strains, and from these six strains, exhibiting the highest radical scavenging activity was selected for further investigation. Leuconostoc mesenteroides ssp. cremoris strains, Lactobacillus jensenii (ATCC 25258) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (ATCC 4356) showed the highest activity with both the methods used. However, the radical scavenging activity was stronger than lipid peroxidation inhibition activity. The development of radical scavenging activity was connected to proteolysis with four strains. Molecular distribution profiles showed that fermentates with high scavenging activity also possessed a higher proportion of peptides in the molecular mass range of 4-20 kDa, while others had mostly large polypeptides and compounds below 4 kDa. In addition, the amount of hydrophobic amino acids was higher in these fermentates. CONCLUSIONS The development of antioxidant activity was strain-specific characteristic. The development of radical scavengers was more connected to the simultaneous development of proteolysis whereas, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity was related to bacterial growth. However, high radical scavenging activity was not directly connected to the high degree of proteolysis. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY To the best of our knowledge, this seems to be the first report, which screens possible antioxidant activity among most common dairy LAB strains. Use of such strains improve nutritional value of fermented dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Virtanen
- Biotechnology and Food Research, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Jokioinen, Finland
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Rokka S, Pihlanto A, Korhonen H, Joutsjoki V. In vitrogrowth inhibition ofHelicobacter pyloriby lactobacilli belonging to theLactobacillus plantarumgroup. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:508-13. [PMID: 17032224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01998.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to test and locate the in vitro anti-Helicobacter activity of seven Lactobacillus strains belonging to Lactobacillus plantarum group. METHODS AND RESULTS Growth inhibition of H. pylori was tested using a well-plate assay. Of the strains displaying the strongest growth inhibition, a L. plantarum isolated from sauerkraut (MLBPL1) was chosen for further studies. The detected anti-Helicobacter activity of MLBPL1 was mainly associated with cell wall, and to a minor extent with the culture supernatant. The active component, which was determined to be between 3 and 10 kDa in size, retained its activity after 10 min treatment at 100 degrees C. The activity was present when MLBPL1 was cultivated in rich laboratory cultivation medium MRS and in different food matrices. CONCLUSIONS The strains belonging to L. plantarum group showed anti-Helicobacter activity in vitro. The main activity seemed to be associated with cell wall rather than culture supernatant or intracellular fraction. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In view of the rapid spread of resistant H. pylori strains caused by antibiotic therapy, addition of a fermented food containing L. plantarum to the conventional antibiotic treatment of Helicobacter infection could establish a potential complementary means to suppress the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rokka
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Food Research, Jokioinen, Finland.
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Abstract
The Open Pulled Straw (OPS) method of vitrification has been used successfully for cryopreserving embryos of most domestic animal species. However, there is no report of a successful delivery of offspring after transfer of vitrified embryos in carnivores, even though vitrification has been a successful freezing method for species like swine whose embryos are known to be susceptible to chilling injury. Morulae and blastocysts of farmed European polecat (Mustela putorius) were vitrified and warmed before in vitro culture in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) for a period from a few hours up to 3 days before being transferred to recipients. Survival rate after vitrification, warming and in vitro culture was 51% (50/98). A total of 50 embryos were transferred surgically into the uteri of four anesthetized recipients. Two recipients delivered a total of eight offspring (2 and 6 each) for an overall survival rate of 16% (eight live cubs/50 transferred embryos). According to our knowledge, these offspring are the first carnivores produced by transfer of in vivo embryos after vitrification by OPS. Based on the present results, we suggest that OPS vitrification can be used as an alternative cryopreservation method for mustelid embryos with pup results comparable to conventional slow freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Piltti
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, University of Kuopio, P.O. Box 1627, FIN-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
Dietary proteins are known to carry a wide range of nutritional, functional and biological properties. Nutritionally, the proteins are a source of energy and amino acids, which are essential for growth and maintenance. Functionally, the proteins contribute to the physicochemical and sensory properties of various protein-rich foods. Furthermore, many dietary proteins possess specific biological properties which make these components potential ingredients of functional or health-promoting foods. Many of these properties are attributed to physiologically active peptides encrypted in protein molecules. Particularly rich sources of such peptides are milk and egg, but they are also found in meat of various kinds as well as many plants. These peptides are inactive within the sequence of parent protein and can be released during gastrointestinal digestion or food processing. Depending on the amino acid sequence, these peptides may exert a number of different activities in vivo, affecting, e.g., the cardiovascular, endocrine, immune and nervous systems in addition to nutrient utilization. There is increasing commercial interest in the production of bioactive peptides from various sources. Industrial-scale production of such peptides is, however, hampered by the lack of suitable technologies. Bioactive peptides can also be produced from milk proteins through fermentation of milk, by starters employed in the manufacture of fermented milks or cheese. In particular, antihypertensive peptides have been identified in fermented milk, whey and ripened cheese. A few of these peptides have been commercialised in the form of fermented milks. There is a need to develop technologies which retain or even enhance the activity of bioactive peptides in food systems. Also, it is essential to study the optimum utilization of such peptides during passage through the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Korhonen
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Food Research FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Korhonen H. Heterogeneous nucleation as a potential sulphate-coating mechanism of atmospheric mineral dust particles and implications of coated dust on new particle formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Korhonen H. Simulation of atmospheric nucleation mode: A comparison of nucleation models and size distribution representations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Korhonen H, Jauhiainen L, Niemelä P, Sauna-aho R. Wooden blocks and straw as environmental enrichments for juvenile blue foxes ( Alopex lagopus ). Acta Ethol 2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-002-0067-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pölönen I, Valaja J, Jalava T, Perttilä S, Kariluoto S, Korhonen H. Effect of hepatic folic acid status on formic acid metabolism in blue foxes (Alopex lagopus). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wei H, Loimaranta V, Tenovuo J, Rokka S, Syväoja EL, Korhonen H, Joutsjoki V, Marnila P. Stability and activity of specific antibodies against Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus in bovine milk fermented with Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG or treated at ultra-high temperature. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2002; 17:9-15. [PMID: 11860550 DOI: 10.1046/j.0902-0055.2001.00084.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Passive local immunization against dental caries is a promising approach to its prevention, as clinical evidence of active oral or nasal immunization is still limited and controversial. By means of systemic immunization of pregnant cows with a multivalent vaccine, high titres of IgG antibodies against human cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, were produced in bovine colostrum. The purified immune product (IP) of this preparation has a number of anticariogenic properties, such as inhibition of streptococcal adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and inhibition of glucosyltransferase enzymes. This study investigated whether IP antibodies remained active and functional when added to ultra-high temperature (UHT)-treated milk or to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG)-fermented milk stored for an extended time. LGG was chosen because of its widely known health benefits in humans and animals. A commercial UHT toddler's milk was supplemented with IP and stored for 2 months at 5, 21 and 30 degrees C. The antistreptococcal titres in UHT milk did not decline at any temperature during storage, and UHT-IP inhibited the adherence of S. mutans for up to 2 months. This was not the case with UHT toddler's milk without IgG antibodies. Milk was fermented with live LGG cells in the presence or absence of 5% IP. The antistreptococcal titres declined to about 30% of the original titres after storage. Fresh milk alone slightly enhanced streptococcal adhesion but fresh milk with IP inhibited the adherence of S. mutans by over 50%. LGG-positive fermented milk without antibodies also inhibited (P < 0.05) the adhesion by about 40%. In both LGG-fermented and UHT immune milk, the activity of antibodies against cariogenic streptococci was maintained during the expected shelf-life of these products. From the anticariogenic point of view it may be beneficial to add bovine-specific antibodies against mutans streptococci to probiotic LGG-containing milk products.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wei
- Agrifood Research Finland, Food Research, Jokioinen, Finland
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Raitanen MP, Hellström P, Marttila T, Korhonen H, Talja M, Ervasti J, Tammela TL. Effect of intravesical instillations on the human complement factor H related protein (BTA stat) test. Eur Urol 2001; 40:422-6. [PMID: 11713397 DOI: 10.1159/000049810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The BTA stat is a rapid, non-invasive, qualitative urine test that detects bladder tumor-associated antigen (human complement factor H related protein) in urine. The sensitivity of this test is superior to that of urine cytology in detecting primary and recurrent tumors of the urinary bladder. Intravesical instillations are widely used to avoid recurrences and even progression. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of intravesical treatments on the BTA stat Test. METHODS 501 consecutive patients followed up for bladder cancer were studied, of which 490 were eligible for analysis. Three hundred and twenty-seven (66.7%) of the patients had no history of intravesical treatments, whereas the remaining 163 (33.3%) had received treatments: 66 (40.5%) at the time of evaluation. A voided urine sample was obtained prior to cystoscopy and split for culture and BTA stat testing. The overall sensitivity and specificity were calculated and compared to the patients with no, past and present instillations. RESULTS The overall sensitivity for the BTA stat Test was 56.6%, and the specificity was 76.4%. The specificity of the BTA stat Test was 80.7, 70.7 and 65.3% in those with no, past or present intravesical instillation treatments, respectively. The difference in specificity between those with no and present instillations was significant (p = 0.023), whereas the notable difference between those with no and past instillations did not reach significance (p = 0.076), nor was the difference between patients with past and present instillations significant (p = 0.558). Present instillation of mitomycin C had the strongest adverse effect on the test as the specificity was only 25.0%, whereas past treatment did not interfere with testing. The adverse effect of BCG treatment on testing extended. CONCLUSION The overall specificity of the test is decreased in patients receiving intravesical treatments, whereas past treatments did not interfere with testing in general. However, the adverse effect of BCG on testing seems to extend, and therefore it is suggested that the BTA stat Test should not be used in patients having received BCG, and in those with present instillation of any type.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Raitanen
- Division of Urology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Abstract
The immunoglobulins of bovine colostrum provide the major antimicrobial protection against microbial infections and confer a passive immunity to the newborn calf until its own immune system matures. The concentration in colostrum of specific antibodies against pathogens can be raised by immunising cows with these pathogens or their antigens. Immune milk products are preparations made of such hyperimmune colostrum or antibodies enriched from it. These preparations can be used to give effective specific protection against different enteric diseases in calves and suckling pigs. Colostral immunoglobulin supplements designed for farm animals are commercially available in many countries. Also, some immune milk products containing specific antibodies against certain pathogens have been launched on the market. A number of clinical studies are currently in progress to evaluate the efficacy of immune milks in the prevention and treatment of various human infections, including those caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria. Bovine colostrum-based immune milk products have proven effective in prophylaxis against various infectious diseases in humans. Good results have been obtained with products targeted against rotavirus, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile, Streptococcus mutans, Cryptosporidium parvum and Helicobacter pylori. Some successful attempts have been made to use immune milk in balancing gastrointestinal microbial flora. Immune milk products are promising examples of health-promoting functional foods, or nutraceuticals. This review summarises the recent progress in the development of these products and evaluates their potential as dietary supplements and in clinical nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Korhonen
- Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Food Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Abstract
The importance of colostrum for the growth and health of newborn offspring is well known. In bovine colostrum, the antibody (immunoglobulin) complement system provides a major antimicrobial effect against a wide range of microbes and confers passive immunity until the calf's own immune system has matured. Bovine serum and lacteal secretions contain three major classes of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM and IgA. The immunoglobulins are selectively transported from the serum into the mammary gland, as a result of which the first colostrum contains very high concentrations of immunoglobulins (40-200 mg/ml). IgG1 accounts for over 75 % of the immunoglobulins in colostral whey, followed by IgM, IgA and IgG2. All these immunoglobulins decrease within a few days to a total immunoglobulin concentration of 0.7-1.0 mg/ml, with IgG1 representing the major Ig class in milk throughout the lactation period. Together with the antibodies absorbed from colostrum after birth, the complement system plays a crucial role in the passive immunisation of the newborn calf. The occurrence of haemolytic or bactericidal complement activity in bovine colostrum and milk has been demonstrated in several studies. This review deals with the characteristics of bovine Igs and the complement system to be exploited as potential ingredients for health-promoting functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Korhonen
- Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Food Research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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Korhonen H, Hansen SW, Malmkvist J, Houbak B. Effect of capture, immobilization and handling on rectal temperatures of confident and fearful male mink. J Anim Breed Genet 2000. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1439-0388.2000.00256.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Korhonen H, Niemelä P, Jauhiainen L, Tupasela T. Effects of space allowance and earthen floor on welfare-related physiological and behavioural responses in male blue foxes. Physiol Behav 2000; 69:571-80. [PMID: 10913798 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00215-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Welfare-related physiological and behavioural responses were studied in farm-bred male blue foxes (Alopex lagopus). Three different-sized cages (80-cm long [CL80], 120-cm long [CL120], and 240-cm long [CL240]; each 105-cm wide x 70-cm high) with wire-mesh floors and one enlarged cage (CL240E) with both wire-mesh floor (240-cm long x 105-cm wide x 70-cm high) and earthen floor (80-cm long x 105-cm wide x 70-cm high) were compared. N = 30 males for each group. The experiments lasted from weaning in July to pelting in December. Statistical analyses were based on the models accounting for litter as a block effect. Breaking strength of tibia was highest for foxes having access to both wire-mesh and ground floors (CL240E). Stress-induced hyperthermia was evident during capture and immobilisation. The highest rectal temperature (mean +/- SEM) was found in CL240E (capture: 39.6 +/- 0.09 degrees C, restraint:40.0 +/- 0.09 degrees C) and the lowest in CL80 (capture: 39.1 +/- 0.09 degrees C, restraint: 39.7 +/- 0.09 degrees C). Likewise, capture time (median; interquartile range) in the home cage was highest in CL240E (29; 18 to 44) and lowest in CL80 (12; 9 to 14). During capture, foxes tended to withdraw to the farthest site within the cage. CL240E foxes typically showed the most fear towards human. The most confident animals were found in CL80. The cortisol:creatinine ratio (median; interquartile range) obtained from circadian urine did not reveal statistically significant differences among CL80 (3. 5; 2.6 to 4.1), CL120 (2.3; 1.5 to 3.8) and CL240 (2.3, 1.5 to 3.7). The earthen flooring complicated the urine sampling and conclusions for CL240E (1.7; 1.2 to 2.2). CL240E foxes were the most active and explorative on both wire-mesh- and ground-floored open-field arenas. Altogether, 53% of furs from CL240E were classified as very dirty. Dirtiness of furs in other test groups was slight. In conclusion, the present results did not reveal an unambiguous superiority of any of the studied cage options for well-being of farmed blue foxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Korhonen
- Animal Production Research, Fur Animals, Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, FIN-69100, Kannus, Finland.
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Nurminen ML, Sipola M, Kaarto H, Pihlanto-Leppälä A, Piilola K, Korpela R, Tossavainen O, Korhonen H, Vapaatalo H. Alpha-lactorphin lowers blood pressure measured by radiotelemetry in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Life Sci 2000; 66:1535-43. [PMID: 10794501 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00471-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular effects of subcutaneous administration of synthetic alpha-lactorphin, a tetrapeptide (Tyr-Gly-Leu-Phe) originally derived from milk alpha-lactalbumin, were studied in conscious spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY) with continuous radiotelemetric monitoring. Alpha-lactorphin dose-dependently lowered blood pressure (BP) without affecting heart rate in SHR and WKY. The lowest dose which reduced BP was 10 microg/kg, and the maximal reductions in systolic and diastolic BP (by 23+/-4 and 17+/-4 mm Hg, respectively) were observed at 100 microg/kg dose in SHR. No further reductions were obtained at a higher dose of 1 mg/kg. There were no significant differences in the BP responses to alpha-lactorphin between SHR and WKY. Naloxone (1 and 3 mg/kg s.c.), a specific opioid receptor antagonist, abolished the alpha-lactorphin-induced reduction in BP and reversed it into a pressor response, which provides evidence for an involvement of opioid receptors in the depressor action of the tetrapeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Nurminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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Pihlanto-Leppälä A, Koskinen P, Piilola K, Tupasela T, Korhonen H. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory properties of whey protein digests: concentration and characterization of active peptides. J DAIRY RES 2000; 67:53-64. [PMID: 10717843 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029999003982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify whey-derived peptides with angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity. The bovine whey proteins alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin were hydrolysed with pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, pancreatin, elastase or carboxypeptidase alone and in combination. The total hydrolysates were fractionated in a two step ultrafiltration process, first with a 30 kDa membrane and then with a 1 kDa membrane. Inhibition of ACE was analysed spectrophotometrically. The peptides were isolated by chromatography and identified by mass and sequencing analysis. The most potent inhibitory peptides were synthesized by the 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl solid phase method. Inhibition of ACE was observed after hydrolysis with trypsin alone, and with an enzyme combination containing pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. Whey protein digests gave a 50% inhibition (IC50) of ACE activity at concentration ranges within 345-1733 micrograms/ml. The IC50 values for the 1-30 kDa fractions ranged from 485 to 1134 micrograms/ml and for the < 1 kDa fraction from 109 to 837 mg/ml. Several ACE-inhibitory peptides were isolated from the hydrolysates by reversed-phase chromatography, and the potencies of the purified peptide fractions had IC50 values of 77-1062 microM. The ACE-inhibitory peptides identified were alpha-lactalbumin fractions (50-52), (99-108) and (104-108) and beta-lactoglobulin fractions (22-25), (32-40), (81-83), (94-100), (106-111) and (142-146).
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Loimaranta V, Nuutila J, Marnila P, Tenovuo J, Korhonen H, Lilius EM. Colostral proteins from cows immunised with Streptococcus mutans/S. sobrinus support the phagocytosis and killing of mutans streptococci by human leucocytes. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48:917-926. [PMID: 10510968 DOI: 10.1099/00222615-48-10-917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive immunisation, based on bovine colostral preparations, is an area of active research. Specific bovine antibodies inhibit the virulence factors of target pathogens but the interactions between whey preparations and human immune defence cells are not well known. Bovine colostrum inhibits the phagocytic activity of bovine leucocytes and this may reflect the biological activity of immunoglobulins in it. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of bovine whey protein preparations from the colostrum of Streptococcus mutans/S. sobrinus-immunised and sham-immunised cows on binding, ingestion and killing of these bacteria by human leucocytes. Binding and ingestion of FITC-labelled bacteria were estimated by flow cytometry and leukocyte activation was measured as chemiluminescence. Killing rate was estimated by plate counting and by measuring bioluminescence from S. mutans- containing the insect luciferase gene. Colostral whey protein preparation from hyperimmunised cows activated human leucocytes by opsonising specific bacteria. Neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes weakly phagocytosed non-opsonised bacteria and bacteria opsonised with control product. On the contrary, binding and ingestion were efficient in the presence of the preparation from immunised cows. Thus, these results show that bovine colostral whey proteins are able to support the activation of human phagocytes against pathogenic microbes and that this property is related to specific antibodies in whey preparations. These whey proteins may also be clinically useful, especially in preventing the colonisation of newly erupted teeth by mutans streptococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry and Turku Immunology Centre
| | - J Nuutila
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - P Marnila
- Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Food Research Institute, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - J Tenovuo
- Institute of Dentistry and Turku Immunology Centre
| | - H Korhonen
- Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Food Research Institute, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - E-M Lilius
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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Loimaranta V, Laine M, Söderling E, Vasara E, Rokka S, Marnila P, Korhonen H, Tossavainen O, Tenovuo J. Effects of bovine immune and non-immune whey preparations on the composition and pH response of human dental plaque. Eur J Oral Sci 1999; 107:244-50. [PMID: 10467939 DOI: 10.1046/j.0909-8836.1999.eos107403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Colostral products from non-immunized cows (CP) and cows immunized with mutans streptococci (IP) were used as mouth rinses in a short-term human study. The acidogenic potential of the products was tested and found to be negligible in vivo before application to subsequent rinsing tests. At first, all the participants received a professional tooth cleaning, after which they rinsed with one of the solutions (IP; CP; water) three times per day for 3 d. After each rinsing period, the resting pH and decrease in plaque pH after sucrose challenge were determined, the amount of plaque was estimated, and all available plaque was collected. No significant differences were recorded in the composition or in the amounts of accumulated plaque. The resting pH values of plaques with low "innate" pH were increased after the IP rinsing period. Surprisingly, the lowest pH values after the sucrose challenge were recorded in IP plaques. The number of cultivable facultative flora or total streptococci were not affected by different rinsings, but the relative number of mutans streptococci significantly decreased after the IP rinsing period when compared to the CP period. Thus, the short term rinsing indicates favourable effects of bovine immune whey on human dental plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry and Turku Immunology Centre, University of Turku, Finland.
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Andersen MI, Castro-Tirado AJ, Hjorth J, Moller P, Pedersen H, Caon N, Cairos LM, Korhonen H, Osorio MR, Perez E, Frontera F. Spectroscopic limits on the distance and energy release of GRB 990123. Science 1999; 283:2075-7. [PMID: 10092228 DOI: 10.1126/science.283.5410.2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
An optical spectrum of the afterglow from the unusually bright gamma-ray burst GRB 990123 obtained on 24.25 January 1999 universal time showed an absorption system at a redshift of z = 1.600. The absence of a hydrogen Lyman alpha forest sets an upper limit of z < 2.17, whereas ultraviolet photometry indicates an upper limit of z < 2.05. The probability of intersecting an absorption system as strong as the one observed along a random line of sight out to this z is at most a few percent, implying that GRB 990123 was probably at z = 1. 600. Currently favored cosmological parameters imply that an isotropic energy release equivalent to the rest mass of 1.8 neutron stars (4.5 x 10(54) erg) was emitted in gamma rays. Nonisotropic emission, such as intrinsic beaming, may resolve this energy problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- MI Andersen
- Nordic Optical Telescope, Apartado 474 St. Cruz de La Palma, E-38700 Canarias, Spain. Laboratorio de Astrofisica Espacial y Fisica Fundamental, Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Post Office Box 50727, E-28080 Madrid, Spain. Insti
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Pölönen I, Niemelä P, Xiao Y, Jalkanen L, Korhonen H, Mäkelä J. Formic acid–sodium benzoate preserved slaughterhouse offal and supplementary folic acid in mink diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(98)00275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Loimaranta V, Tenovuo J, Korhonen H. Combined inhibitory effect of bovine immune whey and peroxidase-generated hypothiocyanite against glucose uptake by Streptococcus mutans. Oral Microbiol Immunol 1998; 13:378-81. [PMID: 9872115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1998.tb00695.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Immune whey product was obtained from Streptococcus mutans- and Streptococcus sobrinus-immunized cows. Hypothiocyanite (HOSCN/OSCN-) was generated in VMG-buffer, pH 5.5 or 6.5, by bovine milk lactoperoxidase, KSCN and hydrogen peroxide. The glucose incorporation by late-log cells of S. mutans 10449, serotype c, was followed by measuring the uptake of 14C-glucose at 37 degrees C. At pH 5.5 and 6.5 both immune whey product and HOSCN/OSCN- dose-dependently inhibited glucose uptake. The inhibition by their combination was additive if bacterial cells were treated with HOSCN/OSCN- before exposed to immune whey product. In contrast to immune whey product, the control product from sham-immunized cows increased the glucose uptake even when added simultaneously with HOSCN/OSCN-. However, when bacterial cells were pretreated with HOSCN/OSCN- an enhanced inhibitory effect was observed also with control product. The results indicate that colostral proteins from S. mutants- or S. sobrinus-immunized cows inhibit glucose uptake and that the effect is enhanced by pretreatment with lactoperoxidase-generated HOSCN/OSCN-.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
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Loimaranta V, Carlén A, Olsson J, Tenovuo J, Syväoja EL, Korhonen H. Concentrated bovine colostral whey proteins from Streptococcus mutans/Strep. sobrinus immunized cows inhibit the adherence of Strep. mutans and promote the aggregation of mutans streptococci. J DAIRY RES 1998; 65:599-607. [PMID: 9839215 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029998003069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effect of bovine colostral whey proteins from cows immunized with Streptococcus mutans/Strep. sobrinus on the adherence and aggregation of caries-inducing bacteria, i.e., mutants streptococci. Both adherence and aggregation are important phenomena in the bacterial colonization of the human oral cavity. In all adherence experiments there was a significant difference between treatments by immune product (IP; from immunized cows) and a control product (CP; a similar product from non-immunized cows). The adherence of 35S-labelled Strep. mutans cells (serotype c) to parotid saliva-coated hydroxyapatite (SHA) was dose-dependently inhibited by both IP and CP if SHA was coated with either product before exposure to bacteria, but markedly lower concentrations of IP than CP were effective. When instead of SHA the bacterial cells were pretreated with IP or CP, only IP strongly and dose-dependently inhibited streptococcal adherence. When bacteria, IP or CP, and SHA were incubated simultaneously, a significant difference between IP and CP treatments was again found. Further, IP effectively aggregated both Strep. mutans and Strep. sobrinus cells, whereas hardly any effect was seen with CP. Both IP and CP aggregated the control bacterium Strep. sanguis, which affected the adherence of the pretreated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
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Marnila P, Rehberg-Laiho L, Lilius EM, Kärkkäinen P, Rautelin H, Korhonen H, Virtanen S, Kosunen T. Helicobacter felis infection in mouse alters the amount of peripheral blood phagocytic leukocytes. Pathophysiology 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0928-4680(98)81008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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