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Quinn N, Ward G, Ong C, Krieser D, Melvin R, Makhijani A, Grindlay J, Lynch C, Colleran G, Perry V, O'Donnell SM, Law I, Varma D, Fitzgerald J, Mitchell HJ, Teague WJ. Mid‐Arm
Point
in
PAEDiatrics
(MAPPAED): An effective procedural aid for safe pleural decompression in trauma. Emerg Med Australas 2022; 35:412-419. [PMID: 36418011 DOI: 10.1111/1742-6723.14141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Life-threatening thoracic trauma requires emergency pleural decompression and thoracostomy and chest drain insertion are core trauma procedures. Reliably determining a safe site for pleural decompression in children can be challenging. We assessed whether the Mid-Arm Point (MAP) technique, a procedural aid proposed for use with injured adults, would also identify a safe site for pleural decompression in children. METHODS Children (0-18 years) attending four EDs were prospectively recruited. The MAP technique was performed, and chest wall skin marked bilaterally at the level of the MAP; no pleural decompression was performed. Radio-opaque markers were placed over the MAP-determined skin marks and corresponding intercostal space (ICS) reported using chest X-ray. RESULTS A total of 392 children participated, and 712 markers sited using the MAP technique were analysed. Eighty-three percentage of markers were sited within the 'safe zone' for pleural decompression (4th to 6th ICSs). When sited outside the 'safe zone', MAP-determined markers were typically too caudal. However, if the site for pleural decompression was transposed one ICS cranially in children ≥4 years, the MAP technique performance improved significantly with 91% within the 'safe zone'. CONCLUSIONS The MAP technique reliably determines a safe site for pleural decompression in children, albeit with an age-based adjustment, the Mid-Arm Point in PAEDiatrics (MAPPAED) rule: 'in children aged ≥4 years, use the MAP and go up one ICS to hit the safe zone. In children <4 years, use the MAP.' When together with this rule, the MAP technique will identify a site within the 'safe zone' in 9 out of 10 children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuala Quinn
- Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street Dublin Ireland
- Emergency Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- National Office for Trauma Services Dublin Ireland
| | - Grantley Ward
- Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Cyril Ong
- Department of Medical Imaging The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - David Krieser
- Emergency Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Melbourne Medical School The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Hospital, Western Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Robert Melvin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sandringham Hospital, Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Allya Makhijani
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Hospital, Western Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Joanne Grindlay
- Emergency Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Catherine Lynch
- Department of Paediatric Emergency Medicine Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street Dublin Ireland
| | - Gabrielle Colleran
- Department of Paediatric Radiology Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street Dublin Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, Trinity College Dublin and the National Maternity Hospital Dublin Ireland
| | - Victoria Perry
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Sinead M O'Donnell
- Emergency Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Emergency Medicine The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Ian Law
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sunshine Hospital, Western Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Dinesh Varma
- Department of Radiology, The Alfred Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Surgery Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - John Fitzgerald
- Western Health Medical Imaging, Sunshine Hospital, Western Health Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Hannah J Mitchell
- Mathematical Sciences Research Centre Queen's University, Belfast UK
| | - Warwick J Teague
- Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Trauma Service, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Paediatric Surgery The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Surgical Research Group Murdoch Children's Research Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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Donnelly C, McFetridge LM, Marshall AH, Mitchell HJ. A two-stage approach to the joint analysis of longitudinal and survival data utilising the Coxian phase-type distribution. Stat Methods Med Res 2017. [PMID: 28633604 PMCID: PMC6249640 DOI: 10.1177/0962280217706727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Coxian phase-type distribution is a special type of Markov model which can be utilised both to uncover underlying stages of a survival process and to make inferences regarding the rates of flow of individuals through these latent stages before an event of interest occurs. Such models can be utilised, for example, to identify individuals who are likely to deteriorate faster through a series of disease states and thus require more aggressive medical intervention. Within this paper, a two-stage approach to the analysis of longitudinal and survival data is presented. In Stage 1, a linear mixed effects model is first used to represent how some longitudinal response of interest changes through time. Within this linear mixed effects model, the individuals’ random effects can be considered as a proxy measure for the effect of the individuals’ genetic profiles on the response of interest. In Stage 2, the Coxian phase-type distribution is employed to represent the survival process. The individuals’ random effects, estimated in Stage 1, are incorporated as covariates within the Coxian phase-type distribution so as to evaluate their effect on the individuals’ rates of flow through the system represented by the Coxian. The approach is illustrated using data collected on individuals suffering from chronic kidney disease, where focus is given to an emerging longitudinal biomarker of interest – an individual’s haemoglobin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Donnelly
- Mathematical Sciences Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Lisa M McFetridge
- Mathematical Sciences Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Adele H Marshall
- Mathematical Sciences Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Hannah J Mitchell
- Mathematical Sciences Research Cluster, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
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Fan LW, Mitchell HJ, Rhodes PG, Cai Z. Alpha-Phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced neuronal injury in the neonatal rat brain. Neuroscience 2007; 151:737-44. [PMID: 18191905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although white matter damage is a fundamental neuropathological feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the motor and cognitive deficits observed later in infants with PVL indicate the possible involvement of cerebral neuronal dysfunction. Using a previously developed rat model of white matter injury induced by cerebral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection, we investigated whether LPS exposure also results in neuronal injury in the neonatal brain and whether alpha-phenyl-n-tert-butyl-nitrone (PBN), an antioxidant, offers protection against LPS-induced neuronal injury. A stereotactic intracerebral injection of LPS (1 mg/kg) was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day 5) and control rats were injected with sterile saline. LPS exposure resulted in axonal and neuronal injury in the cerebral cortex as indicated by elevated expression of beta-amyloid precursor protein, altered axonal length and width, and increased size of cortical neuronal nuclei. LPS exposure also caused loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra and the ventral tegmental areas of the rat brain. Treatments with PBN (100 mg/kg) significantly reduced LPS-induced neuronal and axonal damage. The protection of PBN was associated with an attenuation of oxidative stress induced by LPS as indicated by the reduced number of 4-hydroxynonenal, malondialdehyde or nitrotyrosine positive cells in the cortical area following LPS exposure, and with the reduction in microglial activation stimulated by LPS. The finding that an inflammatory environment may cause both white matter and neuronal injury in the neonatal brain supports the possible anatomical correlate for the intellectual deficits and the other cortical and deep gray neuronal dysfunctions associated with PVL. The protection of PBN may indicate the potential usefulness of antioxidants for treatment of these neuronal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L-W Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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Nicolaou KC, Fylaktakidou KC, Mitchell HJ, van Delft FL, Rodríguez RM, Conley SR, Jin Z. Total synthesis of everninomicin 13,384-1--Part 4: explorations of methodology; stereocontrolled synthesis of 1,1'-disaccharides, 1,2-seleno migrations in carbohydrates, and solution- and solid-phase synthesis of 2-deoxy glycosides and orthoesters. Chemistry 2000; 6:3166-85. [PMID: 11002995 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20000901)6:17<3166::aid-chem3166>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the stereocontrolled construction of 1,1'-disaccharides, 2-deoxy glycosides, and orthoesters are reported. Specifically, a tin-acetal moiety was utilized to fix the anomeric stereochemistry of a carbohydrate acceptor leading to an efficient and stereoselective synthesis of 1,1'-disaccharides, while a newly discovered 1,2-phenylseleno migration reaction in carbohydrates opened entries to 2-deoxy glycosides and orthoesters. Thus, reaction of 2-hydroxy phenylselenoglycosides with DAST led to 2-phenylselenoglycosyl fluorides which reacted with carbohydrate acceptors to afford, stereoselectively, 2-phenylselenoglycosides. The latter compounds could be reductively deselenated to 2-deoxy glycosides or oxidatively converted to orthoesters via the corresponding ketene acetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Rodríguez RM, Mitchell HJ, Suzuki H, Fylaktakidou KC, Baudoin O, van Delft FL. Total synthesis of everninomicin 13,384-1--Part 1: retrosynthetic analysis and synthesis of the A1B(A)C fragment. Chemistry 2000; 6:3095-115. [PMID: 11002992 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20000901)6:17<3095::aid-chem3095>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In this first of a series of four articles we introduce everninomicin 13,384-1 (1), a powerful antibiotic effective against drug resistant bacteria, as a target for total synthesis and discuss its retrosynthetic analysis. From the three defined fragments required for the synthesis (2: A1B(A)C fragment; 4: DE fragment; 5: FGHA2 fragment), we describe herein two approaches to the A1B(A)C block. The first strategy relied on an olefin metathesis reaction to construct a common intermediate for rings B and C, but was faced with final protecting group problems. The second, and successful approach, involved a 1,2-phenylsulfeno migration and a sulfur directed glycosidation procedure to link rings B and C, as well as an acyl fluoride intermediate to install the sterically hindered aryl ester moiety (ring A1). The final stages of the synthesis of the required 2-phenylseleno glycosyl fluoride 2 required introduction of a phenylseleno group at C-1 of ring C followed by a novel, DAST-promoted 1,2-migration to produce the desired 2-beta-phenylseleno glycosyl fluoride moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Mitchell HJ, Rodríguez RM, Fylaktakidou KC, Suzuki H, Conley SR. Total synthesis of everninomicin 13,384-1--Part 3: synthesis of the DE fragment and completion of the total synthesis. Chemistry 2000; 6:3149-65. [PMID: 11002994 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3765(20000901)6:17<3149::aid-chem3149>3.0.co;2-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The stereoselective construction of the DE fragment (2) of everninomicin 13,384-1 (1) is reported. From the two possible ways of inserting the DE fragment between the A1B(A)C and FGHA2 domains of the natural product, the sequence involving the DEFGHA2 segment was found to be the most viable. This coupling was followed by attachment of a suitably protected and activated A1B(A)C fragment which led, after orthoester construction and final deprotection to the targeted everninomicin 13,384-1 (1), completing the total synthesis of this complex naturally occurring substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Abstract
The stereoselective synthesis of everninomicin's 13,384-1 (1) FGHA2 fragment (2) in a suitable form for incorporation into the final target (1) is described. The construction of the FG 1,1'-disaccharide linkage relied on a new method based on tin-acetal chemistry, while for the GH orthoester bridge, a number of approaches were explored. Final success for the latter construction came when a novel 1,2-phenylseleno migration reaction was applied to couple rings G and H, followed by ketene acetal and orthoester formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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Nicolaou KC, Mitchell HJ, Fylaktakidou KC, Suzuki H, Rodríguez RM. 1,2-Seleno Migrations in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Solution and Solid-Phase Synthesis of 2-Deoxy Glycosides, Orthoesters, and Allyl Orthoesters We thank Drs. D. H. Huang and G. Siuzdak for NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric assistance, respectively. We gratefully thank Nicolas Winssinger for helpful discussions and preparation of the selenium bromide resin. This work was financially supported by the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the National Institutes of Health (USA), postdoctoral fellowships from M.E.C., Spain (R.M.R., Fullbright), the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (H.S.), the George Hewitt Foundation (K.C.F.), and grants from Schering Plough, Pfizer, Glaxo, Merck, Hoffmann - La Roche, DuPont, Abbott Laboratories, and Boehringer - Ingelheim. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:1089-1093. [PMID: 10760930 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(20000317)39:6<1089::aid-anie1089>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KC Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology The Scripps Research Institute 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- KC Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Nicolaou KC, Mitchell HJ, Rodríguez RM, Fylaktakidou KC, Suzuki H. Total Synthesis of Everninomicin 13,384-1-Part 3: Synthesis of the DE Fragment and Completion of the Total Synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 1999; 38:3345-3350. [PMID: 10602190 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19991115)38:22<3345::aid-anie3345>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KC Nicolaou
- Department of Chemistry and, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA)
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Abstract
Molecular cytology, that is, the in situ localization of selected molecules by labeling with lectins, enzymes, and antibodies, has made a major contribution to our understanding of the structure and biology of fungi and is increasingly becoming an integral part of molecular, genetic, and biochemical studies. The review presented in this article concentrates on recent advances in the application of molecular cytology in investigations of the structure and biology of phytopathogenic and mycorrhizal fungi and of the molecular basis of their infection of host plants. The review examines details of the structure and molecular composition of fungal cell walls revealed by lectin, enzyme, and antibody labeling. Molecular composition is shown to vary according to taxonomic relationships and as a reflection of differences in cell type, location within the cell, and within thickness of the wall. Sites of synthesis and secretion of wall components are also detected through the labeling of selected molecules. In situ labeling of cytoskeletal elements, microtubules and actin microfilaments, has provided much information on the role of these elements in tip growth, organelle distribution, and spore development. Molecular cytology, particularly through the generation of monoclonal antibodies, has also revealed new and exciting information on specialized infection structures formed by fungi in order to infect host plants. The sites of storage and secretion of adhesives and degradative enzymes have been documented, as have surface specializations that may be associated with avoidance of detection by the host. In addition, in situ labeling with enzymes and antibodies has aided studies of the host defense response, including mechanisms of detection of fungal elicitor molecules, changes in wall composition, and the secretion of antifungal compounds. With the increasing production of monoclonal antibodies to fungal molecules, molecular cytology promises to continue to make an important contribution to our understanding of fungal cell structure and function in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Hardham
- Research School of Biological Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Brown
- School of Public Policy and Social Research, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1625, USA.
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