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De Koninck Y, Alonso J, Bancelin S, Béïque JC, Bélanger E, Bouchard C, Canossa M, Chaniot J, Choquet D, Crochetière MÈ, Cui N, Danglot L, De Koninck P, Devor A, Ducros M, Getz AM, Haouat M, Hernández IC, Jowett N, Keramidis I, Larivière-Loiselle C, Lavoie-Cardinal F, MacGillavry HD, Malkoç A, Mancinelli M, Marquet P, Minderler S, Moreaud M, Nägerl UV, Papanikolopoulou K, Paquet ME, Pavesi L, Perrais D, Sansonetti R, Thunemann M, Vignoli B, Yau J, Zaccaria C. Understanding the nervous system: lessons from Frontiers in Neurophotonics. Neurophotonics 2024; 11:014415. [PMID: 38545127 PMCID: PMC10972537 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.11.1.014415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The Frontiers in Neurophotonics Symposium is a biennial event that brings together neurobiologists and physicists/engineers who share interest in the development of leading-edge photonics-based approaches to understand and manipulate the nervous system, from its individual molecular components to complex networks in the intact brain. In this Community paper, we highlight several topics that have been featured at the symposium that took place in October 2022 in Québec City, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Johanna Alonso
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bancelin
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Claude Béïque
- University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Centre of Neural Dynamics, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erik Bélanger
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Catherine Bouchard
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Institute Intelligence and Data, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marco Canossa
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology, Trento, Italy
| | - Johan Chaniot
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Choquet
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Imaging Center (BIC), Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Nanke Cui
- Harvard Medical School, Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Paris, France
| | - Paul De Koninck
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Anna Devor
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Mathieu Ducros
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Imaging Center (BIC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Angela M. Getz
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Bordeaux Imaging Center (BIC), Bordeaux, France
| | - Mohamed Haouat
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Iván Coto Hernández
- Harvard Medical School, Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Nate Jowett
- Harvard Medical School, Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | | | - Céline Larivière-Loiselle
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Département de physique, de génie physique et d’optique, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Flavie Lavoie-Cardinal
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Institute Intelligence and Data, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Harold D. MacGillavry
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Asiye Malkoç
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology, Trento, Italy
- University of Trento, Department of Physics, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Pierre Marquet
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- Laval University, Centre d’optique, photonique et laser (COPL), Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Steven Minderler
- Harvard Medical School, Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Maxime Moreaud
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec City, Québec, Canada
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Solaize, France
| | - U. Valentin Nägerl
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France
| | - Katerina Papanikolopoulou
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece
| | | | - Lorenzo Pavesi
- University of Trento, Department of Physics, Trento, Italy
| | - David Perrais
- University of Bordeaux, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Martin Thunemann
- Boston University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Beatrice Vignoli
- University of Trento, Department of Cellular Computational and Integrative Biology, Trento, Italy
- University of Trento, Department of Physics, Trento, Italy
| | - Jenny Yau
- Harvard Medical School, Surgical Photonics & Engineering Laboratory, Mass Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Clara Zaccaria
- University of Trento, Department of Physics, Trento, Italy
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MacGillavry HD. Recent advances and challenges in the use of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing for understanding neuronal cell biology. Neurophotonics 2023; 10:044403. [PMID: 37334277 PMCID: PMC10275379 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.10.4.044403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to accurately map and manipulate the dynamic subcellular distribution of proteins is key for a mechanistic understanding of neuronal functioning. Current fluorescence microscopy techniques provide access to subcellular protein organization at increasing resolution but are often restricted by the availability of methods that reliably label endogenous proteins. Excitingly, recent development in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing now allows researchers to specifically tag and visualize endogenous proteins, overcoming limitations associated with current labeling strategies. This article will discuss the progress that has been made in the last years that has led to the development of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing tools for the reliable mapping of endogenous proteins in neurons. Furthermore, recently developed tools enable the duplex labeling of two proteins simultaneously and acute manipulation of protein distribution. Future implementations of this generation of genome editing technologies will undoubtedly drive progress in molecular and cellular neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D. MacGillavry
- Utrecht University, Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, The Netherlands
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Droogers WJ, MacGillavry HD. Plasticity of postsynaptic nanostructure. Mol Cell Neurosci 2023; 124:103819. [PMID: 36720293 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2023.103819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The postsynaptic density (PSD) of excitatory synapses is built from a wide variety of scaffolding proteins, receptors, and signaling molecules that collectively orchestrate synaptic transmission. Seminal work over the past decades has led to the identification and functional characterization of many PSD components. In contrast, we know far less about how these constituents are assembled within synapses, and how this organization contributes to synapse function. Notably, recent evidence from high-resolution microscopy studies and in silico models, highlights the importance of the precise subsynaptic structure of the PSD for controlling the strength of synaptic transmission. Even further, activity-driven changes in the distribution of glutamate receptors are acknowledged to contribute to long-term changes in synaptic efficacy. Thus, defining the mechanisms that drive structural changes within the PSD are important for a molecular understanding of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we review the current literature on how the PSD is organized to mediate basal synaptic transmission and how synaptic activity alters the nanoscale organization of synapses to sustain changes in synaptic strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Droogers
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - H D MacGillavry
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
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Droogers WJ, Willems J, MacGillavry HD, de Jong APH. Duplex Labeling and Manipulation of Neuronal Proteins Using Sequential CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0056-22.2022. [PMID: 35851300 PMCID: PMC9333357 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0056-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in methods enable the labeling of individual endogenous proteins to faithfully determine their spatiotemporal distribution in cells. However, reliable multiplexing of knock-in events in neurons remains challenging because of cross talk between editing events. To overcome this, we developed conditional activation of knock-in expression (CAKE), allowing efficient, flexible, and accurate multiplex genome editing in rat neurons. To diminish cross talk, CAKE is based on sequential, recombinase-driven guide RNA (gRNA) expression to control the timing of genomic integration of each donor sequence. We show that CAKE is broadly applicable to co-label various endogenous proteins, including cytoskeletal proteins, synaptic scaffolds, ion channels and neurotransmitter receptor subunits. To take full advantage of CAKE, we resolved the nanoscale co-distribution of endogenous synaptic proteins using super-resolution microscopy, demonstrating that their co-organization depends on synapse size. Finally, we introduced inducible dimerization modules, providing acute control over synaptic receptor dynamics in living neurons. These experiments highlight the potential of CAKE to reveal new biological insight. Altogether, CAKE is a versatile method for multiplex protein labeling that enables the detection, localization, and manipulation of endogenous proteins in neurons.Significance StatementAccurate localization and manipulation of endogenous proteins is essential to unravel neuronal function. While labeling of individual proteins is achievable with existing gene editing techniques, methods to label multiple proteins in neurons are limiting. We introduce a new CRISPR/Cas9 strategy, CAKE, achieving faithful duplex protein labeling using sequential editing of genes. We use CAKE to visualize the co-localization of essential neuronal proteins, including cytoskeleton components, ion channels and synaptic scaffolds. Using super-resolution microscopy, we demonstrate that the co-organization of synaptic scaffolds and neurotransmitter receptors scales with synapse size. Finally, we acutely modulate the dynamics of synaptic receptors using labeling with inducible dimerization domains. Thus, CAKE mediates accurate duplex endogenous protein labeling and manipulation to address biological questions in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter J Droogers
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Willems
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur P H de Jong
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Westra M, MacGillavry HD. Precise Detection and Visualization of Nanoscale Temporal Confinement in Single-Molecule Tracking Analysis. Membranes 2022; 12:membranes12070650. [PMID: 35877853 PMCID: PMC9320997 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane consists of a diverse mixture of molecules that dynamically assemble into a highly non-random organization. The formation of nanoscale domains in the membrane is of particular interest as these domains underlie critical cellular functions. Single-molecule tracking is a powerful method to detect and quantify molecular motion at high temporal and spatial resolution and has therefore been instrumental in understanding mechanisms that underlie membrane organization. In single-molecule trajectories, regions of temporal confinement can be determined that might reveal interesting biophysical interactions important for domain formation. However, analytical methods for the detection of temporal confinement in single-molecule trajectories depend on a variety of parameters that heavily depend on experimental factors and the influence of these factors on the performance of confinement detection are not well understood. Here, we present elaborate confinement analyses on simulated random walks and trajectories that display transient confined behavior to optimize the parameters for different experimental conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrate a heatmap visualization tool that allows spatial mapping of confinement hotspots relative to subcellular markers. Using these optimized tools, we reliably detected subdiffusive behavior of different membrane components and observed differences in the confinement behavior of two types of glutamate receptors in neurons. This study will help in further understanding the dynamic behavior of the complex membrane and its role in cellular functioning.
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Bodzęta A, Berger F, MacGillavry HD. Subsynaptic mobility of presynaptic mGluR types is differentially regulated by intra- and extracellular interactions. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar66. [PMID: 35511883 PMCID: PMC9635276 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-10-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are essential for the control of synaptic transmission. However, how the subsynaptic dynamics of these receptors is controlled and contributes to synaptic signaling remain poorly understood quantitatively. Particularly, since the affinity of individual mGluR subtypes for glutamate differs considerably, the activation of mGluR subtypes critically depends on their precise subsynaptic distribution. Here, using superresolution microscopy and single-molecule tracking, we unravel novel molecular mechanisms that control the nanoscale distribution and mobility of presynaptic mGluRs in hippocampal neurons. We demonstrate that the high-affinity group II receptor mGluR2 localizes diffusely along the axon, and is highly mobile, while the low-affinity group III receptor mGluR7 is stably anchored at the active zone. We demonstrate that intracellular interactions modulate surface diffusion of mGluR2, while immobilization of mGluR7 at the active zone relies on its extracellular domain. Receptor activation or increases in synaptic activity do not alter the surface mobility of presynaptic mGluRs. Finally, computational modeling of presynaptic mGluR activity revealed that this particular nanoscale arrangement directly impacts their ability to modulate neurotransmitter release. Altogether, this study demonstrates that distinct mechanisms control surface mobility of presynaptic mGluRs to contribute differentially to glutamatergic synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bodzęta
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Berger
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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Catsburg LAE, Westra M, van Schaik AML, MacGillavry HD. Dynamics and nanoscale organization of the postsynaptic endocytic zone at excitatory synapses. eLife 2022; 11:74387. [PMID: 35072626 PMCID: PMC8813055 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
At postsynaptic sites of neurons, a prominent clathrin-coated structure, the endocytic zone (EZ), controls the trafficking of glutamate receptors and is essential for synaptic plasticity. Despite its importance, little is known about how this clathrin structure is organized to mediate endocytosis. We used live-cell and super-resolution microscopy to reveal the dynamic organization of this poorly understood clathrin structure in rat hippocampal neurons. We found that a subset of endocytic proteins only transiently appeared at postsynaptic sites. In contrast, other proteins were persistently enriched and partitioned at the edge of the EZ. We found that uncoupling the EZ from the synapse led to the loss of most of these components, while disrupting interactions with the actin cytoskeleton or membrane did not alter EZ positioning. Finally, we found that plasticity-inducing stimuli promoted the reorganization of the EZ. We conclude that the EZ is a stable, highly organized molecular platform where components are differentially recruited and positioned to orchestrate the endocytosis of synaptic receptors.
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Willems J, Westra M, MacGillavry HD. Single-Molecule Localization Microscopy of Subcellular Protein Distribution in Neurons. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2440:271-288. [PMID: 35218545 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2051-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the past years several forms of superresolution fluorescence microscopy have been developed that offer the possibility to study cellular structures and protein distribution at a resolution well below the diffraction limit of conventional fluorescence microscopy (<200 nm). A particularly powerful superresolution technique is single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM). SMLM enables the quantitative investigation of subcellular protein distribution at a spatial resolution up to tenfold higher than conventional imaging, even in live cells. Not surprisingly, SMLM has therefore been used in many applications in biology, including neuroscience. This chapter provides a step-by-step SMLM protocol to visualize the nanoscale organization of endogenous proteins in dissociated neurons but can be extended to image other adherent cultured cells. We outline a number of methods to visualize endogenous proteins in neurons for live-cell and fixed application, including immunolabeling, the use of intrabodies for live-cell SMLM, and endogenous tagging using CRISPR/Cas9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer Willems
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon Westra
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Westra M, Gutierrez Y, MacGillavry HD. Contribution of Membrane Lipids to Postsynaptic Protein Organization. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2021; 13:790773. [PMID: 34887741 PMCID: PMC8649999 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2021.790773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise subsynaptic organization of proteins at the postsynaptic membrane controls synaptic transmission. In particular, postsynaptic receptor complexes are concentrated in distinct membrane nanodomains to optimize synaptic signaling. However, despite the clear functional relevance of subsynaptic receptor organization to synaptic transmission and plasticity, the mechanisms that underlie the nanoscale organization of the postsynaptic membrane remain elusive. Over the last decades, the field has predominantly focused on the role of protein-protein interactions in receptor trafficking and positioning in the synaptic membrane. In contrast, the contribution of lipids, the principal constituents of the membrane, to receptor positioning at the synapse remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence that the synaptic membrane is enriched in specific lipid species and that deregulation of lipid homeostasis in neurons severely affects synaptic functioning. In this review we focus on how lipids are organized at the synaptic membrane, with special emphasis on how current models of membrane organization could contribute to protein distribution at the synapse and synaptic transmission. Finally, we will present an outlook on how novel technical developments could be applied to study the dynamic interplay between lipids and proteins at the postsynaptic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Westra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yolanda Gutierrez
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Lindhout FW, Portegies S, Kooistra R, Herstel LJ, Stucchi R, Hummel JJA, Scheefhals N, Katrukha EA, Altelaar M, MacGillavry HD, Wierenga CJ, Hoogenraad CC. Centrosome-mediated microtubule remodeling during axon formation in human iPSC-derived neurons. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106798. [PMID: 33835529 PMCID: PMC8126955 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon formation critically relies on local microtubule remodeling and marks the first step in establishing neuronal polarity. However, the function of the microtubule‐organizing centrosomes during the onset of axon formation is still under debate. Here, we demonstrate that centrosomes play an essential role in controlling axon formation in human‐induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)‐derived neurons. Depleting centrioles, the core components of centrosomes, in unpolarized human neuronal stem cells results in various axon developmental defects at later stages, including immature action potential firing, mislocalization of axonal microtubule‐associated Trim46 proteins, suppressed expression of growth cone proteins, and affected growth cone morphologies. Live‐cell imaging of microtubules reveals that centriole loss impairs axonal microtubule reorganization toward the unique parallel plus‐end out microtubule bundles during early development. We propose that centrosomes mediate microtubule remodeling during early axon development in human iPSC‐derived neurons, thereby laying the foundation for further axon development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feline W Lindhout
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren Portegies
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robbelien Kooistra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte J Herstel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica J A Hummel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicky Scheefhals
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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van Gelder CAGH, Penning R, Veth TS, Catsburg LAE, Hoogenraad CC, MacGillavry HD, Altelaar M. Temporal Quantitative Proteomics of mGluR-induced Protein Translation and Phosphorylation in Neurons. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1952-1968. [PMID: 32912969 PMCID: PMC7710149 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
At neuronal synapses, activation of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1/5) triggers a form of long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) that relies on new protein synthesis and the internalization of AMPA-type glutamate receptors. Dysregulation of these processes has been implicated in the development of mental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders and therefore merit a better understanding on a molecular level. Here, to study mGluR-induced signaling pathways, we integrated quantitative phosphoproteomics with the analyses of newly synthesized proteins via bio-orthogonal amino acids (azidohomoalanine) in a pulsed labeling strategy in cultured hippocampal neurons stimulated with DHPG, a specific agonist for group I mGluRs. We identified several kinases with important roles in DHPG-induced mGluR activation, which we confirmed using small molecule kinase inhibitors. Furthermore, changes in the AMPA receptor endocytosis pathway in both protein synthesis and protein phosphorylation were identified, whereby Intersectin-1 was validated as a novel player in this pathway. This study revealed several new insights into the molecular pathways downstream of group I mGluR activation in hippocampal neurons, and provides a rich resource for further analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A G H van Gelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Penning
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim S Veth
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa A E Catsburg
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Lindhout FW, Kooistra R, Portegies S, Herstel LJ, Stucchi R, Snoek BL, Altelaar AFM, MacGillavry HD, Wierenga CJ, Hoogenraad CC. Quantitative mapping of transcriptome and proteome dynamics during polarization of human iPSC-derived neurons. eLife 2020; 9:e58124. [PMID: 32940601 PMCID: PMC7498259 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The differentiation of neuronal stem cells into polarized neurons is a well-coordinated process which has mostly been studied in classical non-human model systems, but to what extent these findings are recapitulated in human neurons remains unclear. To study neuronal polarization in human neurons, we cultured hiPSC-derived neurons, characterized early developmental stages, measured electrophysiological responses, and systematically profiled transcriptomic and proteomic dynamics during these steps. The neuron transcriptome and proteome shows extensive remodeling, with differential expression profiles of ~1100 transcripts and ~2200 proteins during neuronal differentiation and polarization. We also identified a distinct axon developmental stage marked by the relocation of axon initial segment proteins and increased microtubule remodeling from the distal (stage 3a) to the proximal (stage 3b) axon. This developmental transition coincides with action potential maturation. Our comprehensive characterization and quantitative map of transcriptome and proteome dynamics provides a solid framework for studying polarization in human neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feline W Lindhout
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Robbelien Kooistra
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Sybren Portegies
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Lotte J Herstel
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Basten L Snoek
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - AF Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Corette J Wierenga
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, IncSan FranciscoUnited States
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13
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Scheefhals N, Catsburg LAE, Westerveld ML, Blanpied TA, Hoogenraad CC, MacGillavry HD. Shank Proteins Couple the Endocytic Zone to the Postsynaptic Density to Control Trafficking and Signaling of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5. Cell Rep 2020; 29:258-269.e8. [PMID: 31597090 PMCID: PMC6815225 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of postsynaptic metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) modulates neuronal excitability and synaptic plasticity, while deregulation of mGluR signaling has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Overstimulation of mGluRs is restricted by the rapid endocytosis of receptors after activation. However, how membrane trafficking of mGluRs at synapses is controlled remains poorly defined. We find that in hippocampal neurons, the agonist-induced receptor internalization of synaptic mGluR5 is significantly reduced in Shank knockdown neurons. This is rescued by the re-expression of wild-type Shanks, but not by mutants unable to bind Homer1b/c, Dynamin2, or Cortactin. These effects are paralleled by a reduction in synapses associated with an endocytic zone. Moreover, a mutation in SHANK2 found in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) similarly disrupts these processes. On the basis of these findings, we propose that synaptic Shank scaffolds anchor the endocytic machinery to govern the efficient trafficking of mGluR5 and to balance the surface expression of mGluRs to efficiently modulate neuronal functioning. Receptor activation triggers efficient internalization of mGluR5 in spines Shank proteins control mGluR5 trafficking and signaling Shanks link essential components of the endocytic zone to the postsynaptic density Mutation in SHANK2 found in ASD disrupt these processes
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Scheefhals
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa A E Catsburg
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Margriet L Westerveld
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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14
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Willems J, de Jong APH, Scheefhals N, Mertens E, Catsburg LAE, Poorthuis RB, de Winter F, Verhaagen J, Meye FJ, MacGillavry HD. ORANGE: A CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing toolbox for epitope tagging of endogenous proteins in neurons. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000665. [PMID: 32275651 PMCID: PMC7176289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The correct subcellular distribution of proteins establishes the complex morphology and function of neurons. Fluorescence microscopy techniques are invaluable to investigate subcellular protein distribution, but they suffer from the limited ability to efficiently and reliably label endogenous proteins with fluorescent probes. We developed ORANGE: Open Resource for the Application of Neuronal Genome Editing, which mediates targeted genomic integration of epitope tags in rodent dissociated neuronal culture, in organotypic slices, and in vivo. ORANGE includes a knock-in library for in-depth investigation of endogenous protein distribution, viral vectors, and a detailed two-step cloning protocol to develop knock-ins for novel targets. Using ORANGE with (live-cell) superresolution microscopy, we revealed the dynamic nanoscale organization of endogenous neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic scaffolding proteins, as well as previously uncharacterized proteins. Finally, we developed a mechanism to create multiple knock-ins in neurons, mediating multiplex imaging of endogenous proteins. Thus, ORANGE enables quantification of expression, distribution, and dynamics for virtually any protein in neurons at nanoscale resolution. This study describes the development of a genome editing toolbox (ORANGE) for endogenous tagging of proteins in neurons. This open resource allows the investigation of protein localization and dynamics in neurons using live-cell and super-resolution imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelmer Willems
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur P. H. de Jong
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nicky Scheefhals
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eline Mertens
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisa A. E. Catsburg
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier B. Poorthuis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Fred de Winter
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Meye
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Harold D. MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Berdenis van Berlekom A, Muflihah CH, Snijders GJLJ, MacGillavry HD, Middeldorp J, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD. Synapse Pathology in Schizophrenia: A Meta-analysis of Postsynaptic Elements in Postmortem Brain Studies. Schizophr Bull 2020; 46:374-386. [PMID: 31192350 PMCID: PMC7442385 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Changed synapse density has been suggested to be involved in the altered brain connectivity underlying schizophrenia (SCZ) pathology. However, postmortem studies addressing this topic are heterogeneous and it is not known whether changes are restricted to specific brain regions. Using meta-analysis, we systematically and quantitatively reviewed literature on the density of postsynaptic elements in postmortem brain tissue of patients with SCZ compared to healthy controls. We included 3 outcome measurements for postsynaptic elements: dendritic spine density (DSD), postsynaptic density (PSD) number, and PSD protein expression levels. Random-effects meta-analysis (31 studies) revealed an overall decrease in density of postsynaptic elements in SCZ (Hedges's g: -0.33; 95% CI: -0.60 to -0.05; P = .020). Subgroup analyses showed reduction of postsynaptic elements in cortical but not subcortical tissues (Hedges's g: -0.44; 95% CI: -0.76 to -0.12; P = .008, Hedges's g: -0.11; 95% CI: -0.54 to 0.35; P = .671) and specifically a decrease for the outcome measure DSD (Hedges's g: -0.81; 95% CI: -1.37 to -0.26; P = .004). Further exploratory analyses showed a significant decrease of postsynaptic elements in the prefrontal cortex and cortical layer 3. In all analyses, substantial heterogeneity was present. Meta-regression analyses showed no influence of age, sex, postmortem interval, or brain bank on the effect size. This meta-analysis shows a region-specific decrease in the density of postsynaptic elements in SCZ. This phenotype provides an important cellular hallmark for future preclinical and neuropathological research in order to increase our understanding of brain dysconnectivity in SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +31-88-75-68811, fax: +31(0)887569032, e-mail:
| | - Cita H Muflihah
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
| | - Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jinte Middeldorp
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY,Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), James J Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY
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16
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Lindhout FW, Cao Y, Kevenaar JT, Bodzęta A, Stucchi R, Boumpoutsari MM, Katrukha EA, Altelaar M, MacGillavry HD, Hoogenraad CC. VAP-SCRN1 interaction regulates dynamic endoplasmic reticulum remodeling and presynaptic function. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101345. [PMID: 31441084 PMCID: PMC6792018 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018101345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In neurons, the continuous and dynamic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network extends throughout the axon, and its dysfunction causes various axonopathies. However, it remains largely unknown how ER integrity and remodeling modulate presynaptic function in mammalian neurons. Here, we demonstrated that ER membrane receptors VAPA and VAPB are involved in modulating the synaptic vesicle (SV) cycle. VAP interacts with secernin‐1 (SCRN1) at the ER membrane via a single FFAT‐like motif. Similar to VAP, loss of SCRN1 or SCRN1‐VAP interactions resulted in impaired SV cycling. Consistently, SCRN1 or VAP depletion was accompanied by decreased action potential‐evoked Ca2+ responses. Additionally, we found that VAP‐SCRN1 interactions play an important role in maintaining ER continuity and dynamics, as well as presynaptic Ca2+ homeostasis. Based on these findings, we propose a model where the ER‐localized VAP‐SCRN1 interactions provide a novel control mechanism to tune ER remodeling and thereby modulate Ca2+ dynamics and SV cycling at presynaptic sites. These data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling ER structure and dynamics, and highlight the relevance of ER function for SV cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feline W Lindhout
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yujie Cao
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Josta T Kevenaar
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Bodzęta
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Boumpoutsari
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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18
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Abstract
Glutamate receptors are the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter receptors in the brain, responsible for mediating the vast majority of excitatory transmission in neuronal networks. The AMPA- and NMDA-type ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) are ligand-gated ion channels that mediate the fast synaptic responses, while metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are coupled to downstream signaling cascades that act on much slower timescales. These functionally distinct receptor sub-types are co-expressed at individual synapses, allowing for the precise temporal modulation of postsynaptic excitability and plasticity. Intriguingly, these receptors are differentially distributed with respect to the presynaptic release site. While iGluRs are enriched in the core of the synapse directly opposing the release site, mGluRs reside preferentially at the border of the synapse. As such, to understand the differential contribution of these receptors to synaptic transmission, it is important to not only consider their signaling properties, but also the mechanisms that control the spatial segregation of these receptor types within synapses. In this review, we will focus on the mechanisms that control the organization of glutamate receptors at the postsynaptic membrane with respect to the release site, and discuss how this organization could regulate synapse physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Scheefhals
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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19
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Post H, Penning R, Fitzpatrick MA, Garrigues LB, Wu W, MacGillavry HD, Hoogenraad CC, Heck AJR, Altelaar AFM. Robust, Sensitive, and Automated Phosphopeptide Enrichment Optimized for Low Sample Amounts Applied to Primary Hippocampal Neurons. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:728-737. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harm Post
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Penning
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin A. Fitzpatrick
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc B. Garrigues
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W. Wu
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Harold D. MacGillavry
- Cell
Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Casper C. Hoogenraad
- Cell
Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A. F. Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular
Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular
Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Padualaan
8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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MacGillavry HD, Blanpied TA. Single-Molecule Tracking Photoactivated Localization Microscopy to Map Nano-Scale Structure and Dynamics in Living Spines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 65:2.20.1-2.20.19. [PMID: 25429311 DOI: 10.1002/0471142301.ns0220s65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy has rapidly become an indispensable tool in cell biology and neuroscience by enabling measurement in live cells of structures smaller than the classical limit imposed by diffraction. The most widely applied super-resolution method currently is localization microscopy, which takes advantage of the ability to determine the position of individual fluorescent molecules with nanometer accuracy even in cells. By iteratively measuring sparse subsets of photoactivatable fluorescent proteins, protein distribution in macromolecular structures can be accurately reconstructed. Moreover, the motion trajectories of individual molecules within cells can be measured, providing unique ability to measure transport kinetics, exchange rates, and binding affinities of even small subsets of molecules with high temporal resolution and great spatial specificity. This unit describes protocols to measure and quantify the distribution of scaffold proteins within single synapses of cultured hippocampal neurons, and to track and measure the diffusion of intracellular constituents of the neuronal plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D MacGillavry
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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21
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Tang AH, Chen H, Li TP, Metzbower SR, MacGillavry HD, Blanpied TA. A trans-synaptic nanocolumn aligns neurotransmitter release to receptors. Nature 2016; 536:210-4. [PMID: 27462810 PMCID: PMC5002394 DOI: 10.1038/nature19058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic transmission is maintained by a delicate, subsynaptic molecular architecture, and even mild alterations in synapse structure drive functional changes during experience-dependent plasticity and pathological disorder1,2. Key to this architecture is how the distribution of presynaptic vesicle fusion sites corresponds to the position of receptors in the postsynaptic density. However, despite long recognition that this spatial relationship modulates synaptic strength3, it has not been precisely described, due in part to the limited resolution of light microscopy. Using localization microscopy, we report here that key proteins mediating vesicle priming and fusion are mutually co-enriched within nanometer-scaled subregions of the presynaptic active zone. Through development of a new method to map vesicle fusion positions within single synapses, we found that action potential evoked fusion was guided by this protein gradient and occurred preferentially in confined areas with higher local density of RIM within the active zones. These presynaptic RIM nanoclusters closely aligned with concentrated postsynaptic receptors and scaffolding proteins4–6, suggesting a transsynaptic molecular “nanocolumn.” Thus, we propose that the nanoarchitecture of the active zone directs action potential evoked vesicle fusion to occur preferentially at sites directly opposing postsynaptic receptor-scaffold ensembles. Remarkably, NMDA receptor activation triggered distinct phases of plasticity in which postsynaptic reorganization was followed by transsynaptic nanoscale realignment. This architecture thus suggests a simple organizational principle of CNS synapses to maintain and modulate synaptic efficiency.
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22
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MacGillavry HD, Kerr JM, Kassner J, Frost NA, Blanpied TA. Shank-cortactin interactions control actin dynamics to maintain flexibility of neuronal spines and synapses. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:179-93. [PMID: 26547831 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The family of Shank scaffolding molecules (comprising Shank1, 2 and 3) are core components of the postsynaptic density (PSD) in neuronal synapses. Shanks link surface receptors to other scaffolding molecules within the PSD, as well as to the actin cytoskeleton. However, determining the function of Shank proteins in neurons has been complicated because the different Shank isoforms share a very high degree of sequence and domain homology. Therefore, to control Shank content while minimizing potential compensatory effects, a miRNA-based knockdown strategy was developed to reduce the expression of all synaptically targeted Shank isoforms simultaneously in rat hippocampal neurons. Using this approach, a strong (>75%) reduction in total Shank protein levels was achieved at individual dendritic spines, prompting an approximately 40% decrease in mushroom spine density. Furthermore, Shank knockdown reduced spine actin levels and increased sensitivity to the actin depolymerizing agent Latrunculin A. A SHANK2 mutant lacking the proline-rich cortactin-binding motif (SHANK2-ΔPRO) was unable to rescue these defects. Furthermore, Shank knockdown reduced cortactin levels in spines and increased the mobility of spine cortactin as measured by single-molecule tracking photoactivated localization microscopy, suggesting that Shank proteins recruit and stabilize cortactin at the synapse. Furthermore, it was found that Shank knockdown significantly reduced spontaneous remodelling of synapse morphology that could not be rescued by the SHANK2-ΔPRO mutant. It was concluded that Shank proteins are key intermediates between the synapse and the spine interior that, via cortactin, permit the actin cytoskeleton to dynamically regulate synapse morphology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D MacGillavry
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584, CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Justin M Kerr
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Josh Kassner
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Nicholas A Frost
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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23
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MacGillavry HD, Hoogenraad CC. The internal architecture of dendritic spines revealed by super-resolution imaging: What did we learn so far? Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:180-6. [PMID: 25746722 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The molecular architecture of dendritic spines defines the efficiency of signal transmission across excitatory synapses. It is therefore critical to understand the mechanisms that control the dynamic localization of the molecular constituents within spines. However, because of the small scale at which most processes within spines take place, conventional light microscopy techniques are not adequate to provide the necessary level of resolution. Recently, super-resolution imaging techniques have overcome the classical barrier imposed by the diffraction of light, and can now resolve the localization and dynamic behavior of proteins within small compartments with nanometer precision, revolutionizing the study of dendritic spine architecture. Here, we highlight exciting new findings from recent super-resolution studies on neuronal spines, and discuss how these studies revealed important new insights into how protein complexes are assembled and how their dynamic behavior shapes the efficiency of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D MacGillavry
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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MacGillavry HD, Song Y, Raghavachari S, Blanpied TA. Nanoscale scaffolding domains within the postsynaptic density concentrate synaptic AMPA receptors. Neuron 2013; 78:615-22. [PMID: 23719161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Scaffolding molecules at the postsynaptic membrane form the foundation of excitatory synaptic transmission by establishing the architecture of the postsynaptic density (PSD), but the small size of the synapse has precluded measurement of PSD organization in live cells. We measured the internal structure of the PSD in live neurons at approximately 25 nm resolution using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM). We found that four major PSD scaffold proteins were each organized in distinctive ∼80 nm ensembles able to undergo striking changes over time. Bidirectional PALM and single-molecule immunolabeling showed that dense nanodomains of PSD-95 were preferentially enriched in AMPA receptors more than NMDA receptors. Chronic suppression of activity triggered changes in PSD interior architecture that may help amplify synaptic plasticity. The observed clustered architecture of the PSD controlled the amplitude and variance of simulated postsynaptic currents, suggesting several ways in which PSD interior organization may regulate the strength and plasticity of neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D MacGillavry
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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MacGillavry HD, Kerr JM, Blanpied TA. Lateral organization of the postsynaptic density. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:321-31. [PMID: 21920440 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast excitatory synaptic transmission is mediated by AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs). It is widely accepted that the number of AMPARs in the postsynaptic density (PSD) critically determines the efficiency of synaptic transmission, but an unappreciated aspect of synapse organization is the lateral positioning of AMPARs within the PSD, that is, their distribution across the face of a single synapse. Receptor lateral positioning is important in a number of processes, most notably because alignment with presynaptic release sites heavily influences the probability of receptor activation. In this review, we summarize current understanding of the mechanisms that dynamically control the subsynaptic positioning of AMPARs. This field is still at early stages, but the recent wave of developments in super-resolution microscopy, synapse tomography, and computational modeling now enable the study of lateral protein distribution and dynamics within the nanometer-scale boundaries of the PSD. We discuss data available measuring the lateral distribution of glutamate receptors and scaffold proteins within the PSD, and discuss potential mechanisms that might give rise to these patterns. Elucidating the mechanisms that underlie the lateral organization of the PSD will be critical to improve our understanding of synaptic processes whose disruption may be unexpectedly important in neurological disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Membrane Trafficking and Cytoskeletal Dynamics in 'Neuronal Function'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D MacGillavry
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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MacGillavry HD, Cornelis J, van der Kallen LR, Sassen MM, Verhaagen J, Smit AB, van Kesteren RE. Genome-wide gene expression and promoter binding analysis identifies NFIL3 as a repressor of C/EBP target genes in neuronal outgrowth. Mol Cell Neurosci 2010; 46:460-8. [PMID: 21112399 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
NFIL3 (nuclear factor IL-3 regulated) is a multifunctional transcription factor implicated in a wide range of physiological processes, including cellular survival, circadian gene expression and natural killer cell development. We recently demonstrated that NFIL3 acts as a repressor of CREB-induced gene expression underlying the regeneration of axotomized DRG sensory neurons. In this study we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation assays combined with microarray technology (ChIP-chip) to reveal direct NFIL3 and CREB target genes in an in vitro cell model for regenerating DRG neurons. We identified 505 promoter regions bound by NFIL3 and 924 promoter regions bound by CREB. Based on promoter analysis of NFIL3-bound genes, we were able to redefine the NFIL3 consensus-binding motif. Histone H3 acetylation profiling and gene expression microarray analysis subsequently indicated that a large fraction (>60%) of NFIL3 target genes were transcriptionally silent, whereas CREB target genes in general were transcriptionally active. Only a small subset of NFIL3 target genes also bound CREB. Computational analysis indicated that a substantial number of NFIL3 target genes share a C/EBP (CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein) DNA binding motif. ChIP analysis confirmed binding of C/EBPs to NFIL3 target genes, and knockdown of C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ, but not C/EBPγ, significantly reduced neurite outgrowth in vitro. Together, our findings show that NFIL3 is a general feed-forward repressor of basic leucine zipper transcription factors that control neurite outgrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold D MacGillavry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Stam FJ, MacGillavry HD, Armstrong NJ, De Gunst MCM, Zhang Y, Van Kesteren RE, Smit AB, Verhaagen J. CORRIGENDUM: Identification of candidate transcriptional modulators involved in successful regeneration after nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Stam FJ, MacGillavry HD, Armstrong NJ, de Gunst MCM, Zhang Y, van Kesteren RE, Smit AB, Verhaagen J. Identification of candidate transcriptional modulators involved in successful regeneration after nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:3629-37. [PMID: 17610582 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Successful regeneration of injured neurons requires a complex molecular response that involves the expression, modification and transport of a large number of proteins. The identity of neuronal proteins responsible for the initiation of regenerative neurite outgrowth is largely unknown. Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons display robust and successful regeneration following lesion of their peripheral neurite, whereas outgrowth of central neurites is weak and does not lead to functional recovery. We have utilized this differential response to gain insight in the early transcriptional events associated with successful regeneration. Surprisingly, our study shows that peripheral and central nerve crushes elicit very distinct transcriptional activation, revealing a large set of novel genes that are differentially regulated within the first 24 h after the lesion. Here we show that Ankrd1, a gene known to act as a transcriptional modulator, is involved in neurite outgrowth of a DRG neuron-derived cell line as well as in cultured adult DRG neurons. This gene, and others identified in this study, may be part of the transcriptional regulatory module that orchestrates the onset of successful regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor J Stam
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics & Cognitive Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Derksen PWB, Tjin E, Meijer HP, Klok MD, MacGillavry HD, van Oers MHJ, Lokhorst HM, Bloem AC, Clevers H, Nusse R, van der Neut R, Spaargaren M, Pals ST. Illegitimate WNT signaling promotes proliferation of multiple myeloma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:6122-7. [PMID: 15067127 PMCID: PMC395933 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0305855101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The unrestrained growth of tumor cells is generally attributed to mutations in essential growth control genes, but tumor cells are also influenced by signals from the environment. In multiple myeloma (MM), the factors and signals coming from the bone marrow microenvironment are possibly even essential for the growth of the tumor cells. As targets for intervention, these signals may be equally important as mutated oncogenes. Given their oncogenic potential, WNT signals form a class of paracrine growth factors that could act to influence MM cell growth. In this paper, we report that MM cells have hallmarks of active WNT signaling, whereas the cells have not undergone detectable mutations in WNT signaling genes such as adenomatous polyposis coli and beta-catenin (CTNNB1). We show that the malignant MM plasma cells overexpress beta-catenin, including its N-terminally unphosphorylated form, suggesting active beta-catenin/T cell factor-mediated transcription. Further accumulation and nuclear localization of beta-catenin, and/or increased cell proliferation, was achieved by stimulation of WNT signaling with either Wnt3a, LiCl, or the constitutively active S33Y mutant of beta-catenin. In contrast, by blocking WNT signaling by dominant-negative T cell factor, we can interfere with the growth of MM cells. We therefore suggest that MM cells are dependent on an active WNT signal, which may have important implications for the management of this incurable form of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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