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Herrala M, Yli-Öyrä J, de Albuquerque AF, de Farias NO, Morales DA, Räisänen R, Freeman HS, Umbuzeiro GA, Rysä J. Waterless Dyeing and In Vitro Toxicological Properties of Biocolorants from Cortinarius sanguineus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1129. [PMID: 36354896 PMCID: PMC9694584 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As a part of an ongoing interest in identifying environmentally friendly alternatives to synthetic dyes and in using liquid CO2 as a waterless medium for applying the resulting colorants to textiles, our attention turned to yellow-to-red biocolorants produced by Cortinarius sanguineus fungus. The three principal target anthraquinone colorants (emodin, dermocybin, and dermorubin) were isolated from the fungal bodies using a liquid-liquid separation method and characterized using 700 MHz NMR and high-resolution mass spectral analyses. Following structure confirmations, the three colorants were examined for dyeing synthetic polyester (PET) textile fibers in supercritical CO2. We found that all three biocolorants were suitable for dyeing PET fibers using this technology, and our attention then turned to determining their toxicological properties. As emodin has shown mutagenic potential in previous studies, we concentrated our present toxicity studies on dermocybin and dermorubin. Both colorants were non-mutagenic, presented low cellular toxicity, and did not induce skin sensitization. Taken together, our results indicate that dermocybin and dermorubin possess the technical and toxicological properties needed for consideration as synthetic dye alternatives under conditions that are free of wastewater production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Herrala
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna Yli-Öyrä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Riikka Räisänen
- Craft Studies, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harold S. Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
| | | | - Jaana Rysä
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland
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Freeman HS, Dos Santos TC, Chen Y, Vendemiatti JAS, de Oliveira AC, Vacchi FI, Vinueza NR, Umbuzeiro GA. Molecular characterization and ecotoxicological evaluation of the natural dye madder and its chlorinated products. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:24261-24268. [PMID: 34822085 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been increased interest in the use of natural dyes for textile coloration as alternatives to synthetic dyes, due to the general belief that natural dyes are more environmentally friendly. However, natural dyes have poor affinity for textiles, which can lead to high dye levels in the resultant wastewater. While chlorine treatment has proven to be effective for dye wastewater disinfection and decolorization, this process can also lead to the formation of more toxic degradation products for certain synthetic dyes. On the other hand, little information is available regarding the ecotoxicity of natural dyes and their chlorination products. To advance knowledge in this area, madder was selected due to its historical importance and wide application in the textile industry. Specifically, we sought to characterize the chlorine-induced degradation products of an aqueous madder solution and to assess their ecotoxicity. The main component of the present madder sample was Alizarin (89.8%). Chlorination led to complete decolorization, and 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione and phthalic anhydride were identified as key degradation products. Chlorination of madder decreased toxicity to Daphnia similis (microcrustacean) 10-fold and removed the toxicity to Raphidocellis subcapitata (algae), when compared to the parent dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Freeman
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA.
| | - Tuane C Dos Santos
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA
| | | | - Adria C de Oliveira
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Francine I Vacchi
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
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da Silva L, Sánchez M, Ibarra-Rodriguez M, Freeman HS. Isomeric tetrazole-based organic dyes for dye-sensitized solar cells: Structure-property relationships. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Williams TN, Szymczyk M, Freeman HS. In situ Chelation of Monoazo Dyes in Human Hair Keratin Fibers Using Environmentally Benign Metal Ions. ACS Appl Bio Mater 2021; 4:6195-6202. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tova N. Williams
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Malgorzata Szymczyk
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Harold S. Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Silva PMDS, França VH, Queiroz RSD, Lima FSD, Freeman HS, Costa SAD, Costa SMD. Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. bark extract: optimisation of dyeing conditions to wool and colour fastness properties. Nat Prod Res 2021; 36:3744-3749. [PMID: 33461325 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2021.1872567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability to add value to waste materials from industrial operations has come to the attention of the wood processing industry, with reports, for example, of extracts from the bark tree conveying colour and UV protection to textile fibres. The objective of the present work was to expand our developments in this arena by using Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. bark extract as a natural dye for textile dyeing. A complete 2³-statistical experimental design and the central point was elaborated. The results showed that the optimal dyeing conditions were 98 °C, for 60 min, using undiluted bark extract. The dyed fabric was analysed by a spectrophotometer using the CIELAB system for evaluation of the colour strength. The results showed a K/S value of 5.78, and the dyed fabric had good colour fastness to rubbing and washing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rayana Santiago de Queiroz
- Laboratory of Technical Textiles and Protection Products, Institute for Technological Research of São Paulo State, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Soares de Lima
- Laboratory of Technical Textiles and Protection Products, Institute for Technological Research of São Paulo State, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Umbuzeiro GA, Morales DA, Vacchi FI, Albuquerque AF, Szymczyk M, Sui X, Vinueza N, Freeman HS. A promising Ames battery for mutagenicity characterization of new dyes. Environ Mol Mutagen 2021; 62:52-65. [PMID: 33252143 DOI: 10.1002/em.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When testing new products, potential new products, or their impurities for genotoxicity in the Ames test, the quantity available for testing can be a limiting factor. This is the case for a dye repository of around 98,000 substances the Max Weaver Dye Library (MWDL). Mutagenicity data on dyes in the literature, although vast, in several cases is not reliable, compromising the performance of the in silico models. In this report, we propose a strategy for the generation of high-quality mutagenicity data for dyes using a minimum amount of sample. We evaluated 15 dyes from different chemical classes selected from 150 representative dyes of the MWDL. The purity and molecular confirmation of each dye were determined, and the microplate agar protocol (MPA) was used. Dyes were tested at the limit of solubility in single and concentration-response experiments using seven strains without and with metabolic activation except for anthraquinone dyes which were tested with eight strains. Six dyes were mutagenic. The most sensitive was YG1041, followed by TA97a > TA98 > TA100 = TA1538 > TA102. YG7108 as well as TA1537 did not detect any mutagenic response. We concluded that the MPA was successful in identifying the mutagenicity of dyes using less than 12.5 mg of sample. We propose that dyes should be tested in a tiered approach using YG1041 followed by TA97a, TA98, and TA100 in concentration-response experiments. This work provides additional information on the dye mutagenicity database available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francine I Vacchi
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Malgorzata Szymczyk
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xinyi Sui
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson Vinueza
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Ding Y, Szymczyk M, Mehraban N, Lim J, Parrillo-Chapman L, El-Shafei A, Freeman HS. Molecular and excited state properties of photostable yellow disperse dyes. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.127815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S. H. Zaidy
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Francine I. Vacchi
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255 Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicity, School of Technology, UNICAMP, Rua Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira 13484332, Brazil
| | - Gisela A. Umbuzeiro
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255 Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicity, School of Technology, UNICAMP, Rua Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira 13484332, Brazil
| | - Harold S. Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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Arangdad K, Yildirim E, Detwiler A, Cleven CD, Burk C, Shamey R, Pasquinelli MA, Freeman HS, El‐Shafei A. Influence of UV stabilizers on the weathering of PETG and PCTT films. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Arangdad
- Fiber and Polymer Science, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
| | - Erol Yildirim
- Fiber and Polymer Science, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
| | | | | | | | - Renzo Shamey
- Fiber and Polymer Science, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
| | | | - Harold S. Freeman
- Fiber and Polymer Science, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
| | - Ahmed El‐Shafei
- Fiber and Polymer Science, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695
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Lim J, Szymczyk M, Mehraban N, Ding Y, Parrillo-Chapman L, El-Shafei A, Freeman HS. Data from X-ray crystallographic analysis and DFT calculations on isomeric azo disperse dyes. Data Brief 2018; 21:675-683. [PMID: 30377652 PMCID: PMC6202689 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
X-ray crystallography and DFT calculations were used to characterize the molecular nature and excited state properties of isomeric photostable azo dyes for textile fibers undergoing extensive sunlight exposure. Structural data in CIF files arising from X-ray analysis are reported and the complete files are deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre as CCDC 1548989 (https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/Search?Ccdcid=1548989) and CCDC 1548990 (https://www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/structures/Search?Ccdcid=1548990). Data from calculating the vertical electronic excitation of 20 excited states for each dye and from calculating excited state oxidation potential (ESOP) and Frontier HOMO/LUMO isosurfaces are also presented. This data is related to the article "Molecular and excited state properties of isomeric scarlet disperse dyes" (Lim et al., 2018) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lim
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Malgorzata Szymczyk
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Nahid Mehraban
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Yi Ding
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | | | - Ahmed El-Shafei
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Harold S Freeman
- College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Lim J, Szymczyk M, Mehraban N, Ding Y, Parrillo-Chapman L, El-Shafei A, Freeman HS. Molecular and excited state properties of isomeric scarlet disperse dyes. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ding Y, Freeman HS, Parrillo-Chapman L. Color Gamut Analysis and Color Fastness Evaluation for Textile Inkjet Printing Application on Polyester 1. J Imaging Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.2352/j.imagingsci.technol.2017.61.5.050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Kuenemann MA, Szymczyk M, Chen Y, Sultana N, Hinks D, Freeman HS, Williams AJ, Fourches D, Vinueza NR. Weaver's historic accessible collection of synthetic dyes: a cheminformatics analysis. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4334-4339. [PMID: 28959395 PMCID: PMC5605791 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00567a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We present the Max Weaver Dye Library, a collection of ∼98 000 vials of custom-made and largely sparingly water-soluble dyes. Two years ago, the Eastman Chemical Company donated the library to North Carolina State University. This unique collection of chemicals, housed in the College of Textiles, also includes tens of thousands of fabric samples dyed using some of the library's compounds. Although the collection lies at the core of hundreds of patented inventions, the overwhelming majority of this chemical treasure trove has never been published or shared outside of a small group of scientists. Thus, the goal of this donation was to make this chemical collection, and associated data, available to interested parties in the research community. To date, we have digitized a subset of 2700 dyes which allowed us to start the constitutional and structural analysis of the collection using cheminformatics approaches. Herein, we open the discussion regarding the research opportunities offered by this unique library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaine A Kuenemann
- Department of Chemistry , Bioinformatics Research Center , College of Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
| | - Malgorzata Szymczyk
- Department of Textile Engineering , Chemistry and Science , College of Textiles , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Textile Engineering , Chemistry and Science , College of Textiles , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
| | - Nadia Sultana
- Department of Textile Engineering , Chemistry and Science , College of Textiles , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
| | - David Hinks
- Department of Textile Engineering , Chemistry and Science , College of Textiles , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Department of Textile Engineering , Chemistry and Science , College of Textiles , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
| | - Antony J Williams
- National Center for Computational Toxicology , US EPA , Research Triangle Park , Durham , NC 27711 , USA .
| | - Denis Fourches
- Department of Chemistry , Bioinformatics Research Center , College of Sciences , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering , Chemistry and Science , College of Textiles , North Carolina State University , Raleigh , NC 27695 , USA .
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Mehraban N, Freeman HS. Developments in PDT Sensitizers for Increased Selectivity and Singlet Oxygen Production. Materials (Basel) 2015; 8:4421-4456. [PMID: 28793448 PMCID: PMC5455656 DOI: 10.3390/ma8074421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally-invasive procedure that has been clinically approved for treating certain types of cancers. This procedure takes advantage of the cytotoxic activity of singlet oxygen (¹O₂) and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by visible and NIR light irradiation of dye sensitizers following their accumulation in malignant cells. The main two concerns associated with certain clinically-used PDT sensitizers that have been influencing research in this arena are low selectivity toward malignant cells and low levels of ¹O₂ production in aqueous media. Solving the selectivity issue would compensate for photosensitizer concerns such as dark toxicity and aggregation in aqueous media. One main approach to enhancing dye selectivity involves taking advantage of key methods used in pharmaceutical drug delivery. This approach lies at the heart of the recent developments in PDT research and is a point of emphasis in the present review. Of particular interest has been the development of polymeric micelles as nanoparticles for delivering hydrophobic (lipophilic) and amphiphilic photosensitizers to the target cells. This review also covers methods employed to increase ¹O₂ production efficiency, including the design of two-photon absorbing sensitizers and triplet forming cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Mehraban
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Fiber & Polymer Science Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA.
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Franciscon E, Mendonça D, Seber S, Morales DA, Zocolo GJ, Zanoni MB, Grossman MJ, Durrant LR, Freeman HS, Umbuzeiro GA. Potential of a bacterial consortium to degrade azo dye Disperse Red 1 in a pilot scale anaerobic–aerobic reactor. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kim BH, Freeman HS. Structure–photovoltaic performance relationships for DSSC sensitizers having heterocyclic and benzene spacers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm33228k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Freeman HS. Supramolecular Dye Chemistry. Topics in Current Chemistry, 258 Edited by Frank Würthner (Universität Würzberg). Springer: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 2005. xii + 324 pp. $299. ISBN 3-540-27758-7. J Am Chem Soc 2006. [DOI: 10.1021/ja059885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bae JS, Freeman HS, Warren SH, Claxton LD. Evaluation of new 2,2′-dimethyl-5,5′-dipropoxybenzidine- and 3,3′-dipropoxybenzidine-based direct dye analogs for mutagenic activity by use of the Salmonella/mammalian mutagenicity assay. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2006; 603:173-85. [PMID: 16426887 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 10/28/2005] [Accepted: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As part of a continuing study aimed at establishing structure-activity relationships and heuristic principles useful for the design of non-genotoxic azo dyes, a series of new direct dyes based on two non-mutagenic benzidine analogs, 2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-dipropoxybenzidine and 3,3'-dipropoxybenzidine, were evaluated for mutagenic activity in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TA100. These strains are widely used for mutagenicity screening and have been shown to detect the mutagenic activity of benzidine analogs. While some toxicity was seen with some dyes at high doses, all of the dyes examined were judged non-mutagenic with and without metabolic activation in the standard Salmonella plate-incorporation assay. The results in the standard test are consistent with the properties of the diamines themselves. However, only one of the dyes was non-mutagenic when a reductive-metabolism pre-incubation assay was used. The results of this study suggest that although benzidine analogs are potential replacements for benzidine, there is a need to understand which mutagenic products are produced when reductive metabolism is present. There is also a need to know whether or not metal complexes of these dyes are mutagenic. Such information will allow the development of new non-mutagenic azo dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seok Bae
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry, and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
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de Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Freeman HS, Warren SH, de Oliveira DP, Terao Y, Watanabe T, Claxton LD. The contribution of azo dyes to the mutagenic activity of the Cristais River. Chemosphere 2005; 60:55-64. [PMID: 15910902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
To verify whether dyes emitted within the discharge of a dye processing plant were contributing to the mutagenicity repeatedly found in the Cristais River, Sao Paulo, Brazil, we chemically characterized the following mutagenic samples: the treated industrial effluent, raw and treated water, and the sludge produced by a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) located approximately 6 km from the industrial discharge. Considering that 20% of the dyes used for coloring activities might be lost to wastewaters and knowing that several dyes have mutagenic activity, we decided to analyze the samples for the presence of dyes. Thin layer chromatographic analysis indicated the presence of three prevalent dyes in all samples, except for the drinking water. This combination of dyes corresponded to a commercial product used by the industry, and it tested positive in the Salmonella assay. The structures of the dye components were determined using proton magnetic resonance and mass spectrometric (MS) methods, and the dyes were tested for mutagenicity. The blue component was identified as the C.I. Disperse Blue 373, the violet as C.I. Disperse Violet 93, and the orange as C.I. Disperse Orange 37. The dyes showed mutagenic responses of 6300, 4600, and 280 revertants/microg for YG1041 with S9 respectively. A bioassay-directed fractionation/chemical analysis showed that the C.I. Disperse Blue 373 contributed 55% of the mutagenic activity of the DWTP sludge. We showed that these dyes contributed to the mutagenic activity found in the Cristais River environmental samples analyzed and are indirectly affecting the quality of the related drinking water. Therefore, we believe that this type of discharge should be more thoroughly characterized chemically and toxicologically. Additionally, human and ecological risks associated with the release of dye processing plant effluents should be more fully investigated, especially where the resultant water is taken for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela de Aragão Umbuzeiro
- CETESB-Cia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Av. Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, 05459-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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El-Shafei A, Hinks D, Boyle PD, Freeman HS. Non-mutagenic organic pigment intermediates. II. Isomorphous 2,2'-dichloro-5,5'-dipropoxybenzidine and 2,2'-dimethyl-5,5'-dipropoxybenzidine. Acta Crystallogr C 2004; 60:o569-71. [PMID: 15295190 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270104014763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Shafei
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
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Abstract
In previous papers, the synthesis and chemical properties of iron-complexed azo and formazan dyes were reported. It was shown that in certain cases iron could be substituted for the traditionally used metals such as chromium and cobalt, without having an adverse effect on dye stability. While these results suggested that the iron analogs were potential replacements for the commercially used chromium and cobalt prototypes, characterization of potentially adverse environmental effects of the new dyes was deemed an essential step in their further development. The present paper provides results from using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay to determine the mutagenicity of some important commercial metal complexed dyes, their unmetallized forms, and the corresponding iron-complexed analogs. The study compared the mutagenic properties of six unmetallized azo dyes, six commercial cobalt- or chromium-complexed azo dyes, six iron-complexed azo dyes, six unmetallized formazan dyes, and six iron-complexed formazan dyes. The results of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of the unmetallized dye precursors plays a role in determining the mutagenicity of the iron-complexes. For the monoazo dye containing a nitro group, metal complex formation using iron or chromium decreased or removed mutagenicity in TA100; however, little reduction in mutagenicity was noted in TA98. For the formazan dye containing a nitro group, metal-complex formation using iron increased mutagenicity. Results varied for metal-complexes of azo and formazan dyes without nitro groups, but in general, the metal-complexed dyes based on mutagenic ligands were also mutagenic, while those dyes based on nonmutagenic ligands were nonmutagenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Edwards
- Department of Textile Chemistry, College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
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El-Shafei A, Boyle PD, Hinks D, Freeman HS. Non-mutagenic organic pigment intermediates. I. 3,3'-dipropoxybenzidine. Acta Crystallogr C 2003; 59:o71-3. [PMID: 12574658 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270102021303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2002] [Accepted: 11/20/2002] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystals of the title compound, C(18)H(24)N(2)O(2), were grown from ethanol by slow evaporation and the structure has been determined. The molecule resides on a crystallographic inversion center and the biphenyl moiety is essentially planar. The structure forms an infinite two-dimensional array of N-H.pi(arene) interactions parallel to the (101) direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Shafei
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8301, USA
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Esancy JF, Freeman HS, Claxton LD. The effect of alkoxy substituents on the mutagenicity of some aminoazobenzene dyes and their reductive-cleavage products. Mutat Res 1990; 238:1-22. [PMID: 2406582 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1110(90)90036-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
15 aminoazobenzene dyes and 7 of their reductive-cleavage products were examined in the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, TA1537 and TA1538. Dyes tested included 5 derivatives of 4-aminoazobenzene with different alkoxy substituents (-OCH3, -OCH2CH3, -OCH2CH2 CH3, -OCH2CH2CH2CH3 or -OCH2CH2OH) in the 8-position as well as the corresponding derivatives of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)azo]-N,N-diethylaniline and 4-[(4-aminophenyl)azo]-N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline. In general, as the size of the substituent ortho to the primary amino group of the dyes was increased, the mutagenicity decreased. A similar trend was observed for the reductive-cleavage products. The results from the latter aspect of this study suggest that the mutagenicity of aminoazobenzene dyes can not be accounted for solely from the properties of their reductive-cleavage products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Esancy
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8302
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Abstract
16 phenylenediamine-based disazo dyes were examined in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome assay with strains TA98, TA100 and TA1538. All of the dyes contain an alkoxy group ortho to one of the azo linkages. Increasing the size of this alkoxy substituent from 1 to 4 carbons led to a decrease in mutagenic activity in certain instances while no change was noted in other cases. Comparison of the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes with their potential reductive-cleavage products suggests that (1) the reductive-cleavage products are not solely responsible for the mutagenicity of the disazo dyes, and (2) significant reductive-cleavage of the disazo dyes is not taking place in the standard Salmonella assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Esancy
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27695-8302
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Voyksner RD, Pack TW, Haney CA, Freeman HS, Hsu WN. Determination of the photodegradation products of basic yellow 2 by thermospray high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200181208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Andrews CD, Davis A, Freeman HS, McDermed JD, Poat JA, Woodruff GN. Effects of the (+) and (-)-enantiomers of 2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene on dopamine receptors and on dopamine uptake [proceedings]. Br J Pharmacol 1978; 64:433P. [PMID: 719283 PMCID: PMC1668543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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McDermed JD, McKenzie GM, Freeman HS. Synthesis and dopaminergic activity of (+/-)-, (+)-, and (-)-2-dipropylamino-5-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. J Med Chem 1976; 19:547-9. [PMID: 944267 DOI: 10.1021/jm00226a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to identify further the structural requirements for central dopamine receptor agonists, some monohydroxyl analogs of the known agonist 5,6-dihydroxy-2-dipropylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene were synthesized. They were examined for production of emesis in dogs and stereotyped behavior in rats. The most potent was 5-hydroxy-2-dipropylamino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene, which was more potent than apomorphine but less so than the dihydroxyl analog. The two enantiomers of the monohydroxyl analog were synthesized by conventional methods from an optically active intermediate, 2-benzylamino-5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene. The resolution of this amine was performed with the aid of mandelic acid. Dopaminergic activity was found to be confined to the levo enantiomer. Requirements for both substitution and chirality in the tetralines were found to correspond closely to those known for the dopaminergic aporphines.
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