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Magalhães de Paula TN, Souza Vendemiatti JA, Camparotto NG, Toledo B, Oliveira ÁC, Neves TF, Umbuzeiro GA, Prediger P. Behavior of two classes of organic contaminants in the presence of graphene oxide: Ecotoxicity, physicochemical characterization and theoretical calculations. Sci Total Environ 2022; 822:153515. [PMID: 35101508 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) production has increased considerably and therefore its presence in the environment is inevitable. When in aquatic environment GO can interact with co-existing compounds, modifying their toxicities for several organisms. However, the toxic effects of co-exposure of GO and organic compounds are rarely reported in the literature. Herein, we studied the behavior of four organic aquatic contaminants found in surface water such as 2-phenylbenzotriazoles (non-Cl PBTA-9 and PBTA-9) and phenoxyphenyl pesticides, pyriproxyfen (PYR) and lambdacyhalothrin (LCT), in the presence of GO. GO reduced 90% and 83% of the toxicity of non-Cl PBTA-9 and PBTA for Daphnia. When PBTAs were adsorbed onto GO surface their interactions caused GO agglomeration (up to 20 mm) and consequent precipitation, making PBTAs less bioavailable. PYR and LCT's toxicities increased up to 83% for PYR and 47% for LCT in the presence of GO, because their adsorption on GO lead to the stabilization of the suspensions (up to 0.5 μm). Those particles were then easily ingested and retained in the digestive tract of the daphnids, triggering the Trojan horse effect. Based on theoretical calculations we observed that PBTA compounds are planar, electron-poorer and more reactive than the studied pesticides, suggesting a better stability of the GO/PBTA complexes. PYR and LCT are nonplanar, electron-richer and less reactive towards GO than PBTAs, forming less stable GO complexes that could facilitate the desorption of pesticides, increasing toxic effects. Our results suggest that the properties of the organic toxicants can influence the stability of graphene oxide suspensions, playing a fundamental role in the modulation of their toxicity. Further research is needed for a deep understanding of the behavior of nanomaterials in the presence of contaminants and their effect in the toxicity of aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruna Toledo
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, CEP: 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ádria Caloto Oliveira
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, CEP: 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tauany F Neves
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, CEP: 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, CEP: 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Prediger
- School of Technology, University of Campinas - Unicamp, CEP: 13484-332 Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
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2
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Freeman HS, Dos Santos TC, Chen Y, Vendemiatti JAS, de Oliveira AC, Vacchi FI, Vinueza NR, Umbuzeiro GA. Molecular characterization and ecotoxicological evaluation of the natural dye madder and its chlorinated products. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:24261-24268. [PMID: 34822085 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been increased interest in the use of natural dyes for textile coloration as alternatives to synthetic dyes, due to the general belief that natural dyes are more environmentally friendly. However, natural dyes have poor affinity for textiles, which can lead to high dye levels in the resultant wastewater. While chlorine treatment has proven to be effective for dye wastewater disinfection and decolorization, this process can also lead to the formation of more toxic degradation products for certain synthetic dyes. On the other hand, little information is available regarding the ecotoxicity of natural dyes and their chlorination products. To advance knowledge in this area, madder was selected due to its historical importance and wide application in the textile industry. Specifically, we sought to characterize the chlorine-induced degradation products of an aqueous madder solution and to assess their ecotoxicity. The main component of the present madder sample was Alizarin (89.8%). Chlorination led to complete decolorization, and 2-hydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione and phthalic anhydride were identified as key degradation products. Chlorination of madder decreased toxicity to Daphnia similis (microcrustacean) 10-fold and removed the toxicity to Raphidocellis subcapitata (algae), when compared to the parent dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S Freeman
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA.
| | - Tuane C Dos Santos
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA
| | - Yufei Chen
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA
| | | | - Adria C de Oliveira
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Francine I Vacchi
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
| | - Nelson R Vinueza
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695-8301, USA
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, 13484-332, Brazil
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3
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Brack W, Barcelo Culleres D, Boxall ABA, Budzinski H, Castiglioni S, Covaci A, Dulio V, Escher BI, Fantke P, Kandie F, Fatta-Kassinos D, Hernández FJ, Hilscherová K, Hollender J, Hollert H, Jahnke A, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Khan SJ, Kortenkamp A, Kümmerer K, Lalonde B, Lamoree MH, Levi Y, Lara Martín PA, Montagner CC, Mougin C, Msagati T, Oehlmann J, Posthuma L, Reid M, Reinhard M, Richardson SD, Rostkowski P, Schymanski E, Schneider F, Slobodnik J, Shibata Y, Snyder SA, Fabriz Sodré F, Teodorovic I, Thomas KV, Umbuzeiro GA, Viet PH, Yew-Hoong KG, Zhang X, Zuccato E. One planet: one health. A call to support the initiative on a global science-policy body on chemicals and waste. Environ Sci Eur 2022; 34:21. [PMID: 35281760 PMCID: PMC8902847 DOI: 10.1186/s12302-022-00602-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical pollution crisis severely threatens human and environmental health globally. To tackle this challenge the establishment of an overarching international science-policy body has recently been suggested. We strongly support this initiative based on the awareness that humanity has already likely left the safe operating space within planetary boundaries for novel entities including chemical pollution. Immediate action is essential and needs to be informed by sound scientific knowledge and data compiled and critically evaluated by an overarching science-policy interface body. Major challenges for such a body are (i) to foster global knowledge production on exposure, impacts and governance going beyond data-rich regions (e.g., Europe and North America), (ii) to cover the entirety of hazardous chemicals, mixtures and wastes, (iii) to follow a one-health perspective considering the risks posed by chemicals and waste on ecosystem and human health, and (iv) to strive for solution-oriented assessments based on systems thinking. Based on multiple evidence on urgent action on a global scale, we call scientists and practitioners to mobilize their scientific networks and to intensify science-policy interaction with national governments to support the negotiations on the establishment of an intergovernmental body based on scientific knowledge explaining the anticipated benefit for human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-der-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Damia Barcelo Culleres
- Catalan Institute of Water Research, Carrer Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
- Spanish National Research Council, Institute for Environmental Assessment & Water Research, Water & Soil Quality Research Group, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Hélène Budzinski
- Université de Bordeaux, 351 crs de la Libération, 33405 Talence, France
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplen 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Valeria Dulio
- INERIS - Direction Milieu et Impacts sur le Vivant (MIV), Parc technologique ALATA, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Beate I. Escher
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Faith Kandie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Moi University, 3900-30100 Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Nireas-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Félix J. Hernández
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, 12006 Castellon, Spain
| | - Klara Hilscherová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Juliane Hollender
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Henner Hollert
- Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-der-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Annika Jahnke
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Stuart J. Khan
- School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH UK
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, 21335 Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Brice Lalonde
- The French Water Academy, 51 rue Salvador-Allende, 92027 Nanterre, France
| | - Marja H. Lamoree
- Department Environment & Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yves Levi
- The French Water Academy, 51 rue Salvador-Allende, 92027 Nanterre, France
| | - Pablo Antonio Lara Martín
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz – European Universities of the Seas, Campus Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz Spain
| | | | - Christian Mougin
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR ECOSYS, 78026 Versailles, France
| | - Titus Msagati
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology (CSET), University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-der-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leo Posthuma
- RIVM-National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental Science, Radbound University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208 USA
| | - Pawel Rostkowski
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, P.O. Box 100, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Emma Schymanski
- University of Luxembourg, 6 avenue du Swing, 4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Flurina Schneider
- Faculty Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-der-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute for Social-Ecological Research (ISOE), Hamburger Alee 45, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Yasuyuki Shibata
- Environmental Safety Center, Tokyo University of Science, 12-1 Ichigaya-Funagawara, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-0826 Japan
| | - Shane Allen Snyder
- Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102 Australia
| | | | - Pham Hung Viet
- VNU Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology for Environmental Quality, Vietnam National University, 334 Nguyen Trai, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Karina Gin Yew-Hoong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Centre of Chemical Safety and Risks, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Via Mario Negri 2, 20156 Milan, Italy
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4
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Vendemiatti JAS, Camparotto NG, Vidal C, Cristale J, Agapito EVDM, Oliveira ÁC, Rodrigues EA, Montagner CC, Umbuzeiro GA, Prediger P. New benzotriazoles generated during textile dyeing process: Synthesis, hazard, water occurrence and aquatic risk assessment. J Hazard Mater 2021; 403:123732. [PMID: 32846262 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phenylbenzotriazoles (PBTA) can be generated unintentionally during textile dyeing factories by reduction of dinitrophenylazo dyes and their subsequent chlorination in disinfection process. Eight non-chlorinated PBTAs (non-Cl PBTA) and their related chlorinated PBTAs have been found in rivers and presented mutagenic activity. No data on their aquatic toxicity are available. In this work, two new phenylbenzotriazoles, non-Cl PBTA-9 and PBTA-9, derived from the dye C.I. Disperse Violet 93 (DV93) were synthesized and chemically/toxicologically characterized. Both compounds were more mutagenic than the parental dye in the Salmonella/microsome assay in the presence of metabolic activation (S9). Mutagenicity studies in vivo with mammals would confirm their potential hazard to humans. The two compounds were acutely toxic to Daphnia similis. We developed an analytical method to simultaneously quantify non-Cl PBTA-9, PBTA-9 and DV93 in river waters. Non-Cl PBTA-9 was found in sites under influence of textile effluents but at concentrations that do not pose risk to the aquatic life according to the P-PNEC calculated based on the acute toxicity tests. PBTA-9 was not detected in any samples analyzed. More studies on the aquatic toxicity and water occurrence of PBTAs should be conducted to verify the relevance of this class of compounds as aquatic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cristiane Vidal
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Joyce Cristale
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, Limeira, SP, Brazil; Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA; Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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5
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Umbuzeiro GA, Morales DA, Vacchi FI, Albuquerque AF, Szymczyk M, Sui X, Vinueza N, Freeman HS. A promising Ames battery for mutagenicity characterization of new dyes. Environ Mol Mutagen 2021; 62:52-65. [PMID: 33252143 DOI: 10.1002/em.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
When testing new products, potential new products, or their impurities for genotoxicity in the Ames test, the quantity available for testing can be a limiting factor. This is the case for a dye repository of around 98,000 substances the Max Weaver Dye Library (MWDL). Mutagenicity data on dyes in the literature, although vast, in several cases is not reliable, compromising the performance of the in silico models. In this report, we propose a strategy for the generation of high-quality mutagenicity data for dyes using a minimum amount of sample. We evaluated 15 dyes from different chemical classes selected from 150 representative dyes of the MWDL. The purity and molecular confirmation of each dye were determined, and the microplate agar protocol (MPA) was used. Dyes were tested at the limit of solubility in single and concentration-response experiments using seven strains without and with metabolic activation except for anthraquinone dyes which were tested with eight strains. Six dyes were mutagenic. The most sensitive was YG1041, followed by TA97a > TA98 > TA100 = TA1538 > TA102. YG7108 as well as TA1537 did not detect any mutagenic response. We concluded that the MPA was successful in identifying the mutagenicity of dyes using less than 12.5 mg of sample. We propose that dyes should be tested in a tiered approach using YG1041 followed by TA97a, TA98, and TA100 in concentration-response experiments. This work provides additional information on the dye mutagenicity database available in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
- Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Francine I Vacchi
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
- Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Malgorzata Szymczyk
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Xinyi Sui
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nelson Vinueza
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Harold S Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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6
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Maselli BS, Cunha V, Lim H, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Dreij K, Watanabe T, Cardoso AA, Pozza SA, Umbuzeiro GA, Kummrow F. Similar polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and genotoxicity profiles of atmospheric particulate matter from cities on three different continents. Environ Mol Mutagen 2020; 61:560-573. [PMID: 32285490 DOI: 10.1002/em.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The extractable organic material (EOM) from atmospheric total suspended particles (TSP) contains several organic compounds including non-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkyl-PAHs, and nitro-PAHs. These chemicals seem to be among the key drivers of TSP genotoxicity. We have shown previously that the mutagenic potencies of the EOM from Limeira, Stockholm, and Kyoto, cities with markedly different meteorological conditions and pollution sources are similar. Here we compare the profiles of non-substituted PAHs (27 congeners), alkyl-PAHs (15 congeners), and nitro-PAHs (7 congeners) from the same EOM samples from these cities. We also compared the genotoxicity profiles using comet and micronucleus assays in human bronchial epithelial cells. The profiles of PAHs, as well as the cytotoxic and genotoxic potencies when expressed in EOM, were quite similar among the studied cities. It seems that despite the differences in meteorological conditions and pollution sources of the cities, removal, mixing, and different atmospheric transformation processes may be contributing to the similarity of the PAHs composition and genotoxicity profiles. More studies are required to verify if this would be a general rule applicable to other cities. Although these profiles were similar for all three cities, the EOM concentration in the atmospheres is markedly different. Thus, the population of Limeira (∼10-fold more EOM/m3 than Stockholm and ∼6-fold more than Kyoto) is exposed to higher concentrations of genotoxic pollutants, and Kyoto's population is 1.5-fold more exposed than Stockholm's. Therefore, to reduce the risk of human exposure to TSP genotoxins, the volume of emissions needs to be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Maselli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Virginia Cunha
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hwanmi Lim
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arnaldo A Cardoso
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Simone A Pozza
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, Brazil
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7
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Roubicek DA, Rech CM, Umbuzeiro GA. Mutagenicity as a parameter in surface water monitoring programs-opportunity for water quality improvement. Environ Mol Mutagen 2020; 61:200-211. [PMID: 31294883 DOI: 10.1002/em.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effect-based analyses are being recognized as excellent tools to a comprehensive and reliable water quality evaluation to complement physical and chemical parameters. The Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity test was introduced in the São Paulo State water quality-monitoring program in 1999 and waters from 104 sites used to the production of drinking water were analyzed. Samples were tested after organic extraction, using the microsuspension version of the Salmonella/microsome assay with strains TA98 and TA100 with and without S9-mammalian metabolic system. Of the 1720 water samples analyzed in 20 years, 20% were positive; TA98 was the most sensitive strain, detecting alone 99%. Results were presented in hazard categories to facilitate water managers' understanding and general public communication. Hot spots of mutagenicity were identified, and pollution sources investigated. A flow scheme with instructions of how to proceed in case of mutagenic samples was developed and implemented in the monitoring program. Enforcement actions were taken to reduce exposure of humans and aquatic biota to mutagenic compounds. The results presented provide scientific basis for the incorporation of the Salmonella/microsome assay in a regulatory framework, and to guide water-quality managers. The inclusion of a mutagenicity assay using standardized conditions proved to be an opportunity to improve the quality of water, and the strategy presented here could be applied by any environmental agency around the world. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:200-211, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Célia M Rech
- São Paulo State Environmental Agency, CETESB, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, SP, Brazil
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed S. H. Zaidy
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Francine I. Vacchi
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255 Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicity, School of Technology, UNICAMP, Rua Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira 13484332, Brazil
| | - Gisela A. Umbuzeiro
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Biology, UNICAMP Rua Monteiro Lobato, 255 Cidade Universitária, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Genotoxicity, School of Technology, UNICAMP, Rua Paschoal Marmo, 1888, Limeira 13484332, Brazil
| | - Harold S. Freeman
- Wilson College of Textiles, North Carolina State University, 1020 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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9
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Maselli BS, Giron MCG, Lim H, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Dreij K, Watanabe T, Cardoso AA, Umbuzeiro GA, Kummrow F. Comparative mutagenic activity of atmospheric particulate matter from limeira, stockholm, and kyoto. Environ Mol Mutagen 2019; 60:607-616. [PMID: 30968449 DOI: 10.1002/em.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) organic fractions from urban centers are frequently mutagenic for the Salmonella/microsome assay. This mutagenicity is related to both primary and secondary pollutants, and meteorological conditions have great influence on the secondary pollutant's formation. Our objective was to compare the mutagenicity of atmospheric total suspended particulates (TSP) from three cities with marked different meteorological conditions and TSP concentrations: Limeira (Brazil) with 99.0 μg/m3 , Stockholm (Sweden) with 6.2 μg/m3 , and Kyoto (Japan) with 28.0 μg/m3 . For comparison, we used the same batch of filters, sample extraction method, and Salmonella/microsome testing protocol with 11 strains of Salmonella with and without metabolic activation. Samples were collected during winter and pooled into one single extract representing each city. All samples were mutagenic for all tested strains, except for TA102. Based on the strain's selectivity, nitroarenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and aromatic amines play a predominant role in the mutagenicity of these samples. The mutagenic potencies expressed by mass of extracted organic material (EOM; revertants/μg EOM) were similar (~twofold difference) among the cities, despite differences in meteorological conditions and pollution sources. In contrast, the mutagenic potencies expressed by air volume (rev/m3 ) varied ~20-fold, with Limeira > Kyoto ≈ Stockholm. These results are the first systematic assessment of air mutagenicity from cities on three continents using the same protocols. The results confirm that the mutagenic potency expressed by EOM mass is similar regardless of continent of origin, whereas the mutagenic potency expressed by air volume can vary by orders of magnitude. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca S Maselli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Macelle C G Giron
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hwanmi Lim
- Unit of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Bergvall
- Unit of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Roger Westerholm
- Unit of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tetsushi Watanabe
- Department of Public Health, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arnaldo A Cardoso
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, SP, Brazil
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10
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Kummrow F, Maselli BS, Lanaro R, Costa JL, Umbuzeiro GA, Linardi A. Mutagenicity of Ayahuasca and Their Constituents to the Salmonella/Microsome Assay. Environ Mol Mutagen 2019; 60:269-276. [PMID: 30488498 DOI: 10.1002/em.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ayahuasca is a beverage used in religious rituals of indigenous and nonindigenous groups, and its therapeutic potential has been investigated. Ayahuasca is obtained by decoction of the Banisteriopsis caapi that contains β-carbolines (harmine, harmaline, and tetrahydroharmine) plus Psychotria viridis that contains N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Although plants used in folk medicine are recognized as safe, many of them have genotoxic potential. The Salmonella/microsome assay is usually the first line of the mutagenicity evaluation of products intended for therapeutic use. Our objective was to evaluate the mutagenicity of ayahuasca beverage and their constituents using the Salmonella/microsome assay with TA98 and TA100. We analyzed two ayahuasca samples, and also beverage samples prepared each individual plant P. viridis and B. caapi. Harmine and harmaline were also tested. All beverage samples were chemically characterized and both ayahuasca samples could be considered representative of the beverages consumed in religious rituals. Both ayahuasca samples were mutagenic for TA98 and TA100 with and without S9, with similar potencies. The beverage obtained from P. viridis was not mutagenic, and beverage obtained from B. caapi was mutagenic for TA98 with and without S9. Harmine was nonmutagenic and harmaline was mutagenic only for TA98 without S9. Harmaline fully explain the mutagenicity observed with TA98 without S9 of both ayahuasca samples and the B. caapi beverage samples. We conclude that the ayahuasca samples are mutagenic and this effect is partially explained by harmaline, one of the β-carbolines present in the beverage. Other mutagenic compounds seem to be present and need to be further investigated. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 60:269-276, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Kummrow
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca S Maselli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lanaro
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Luis Costa
- Poison Control Center, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas (Unicamp), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Linardi
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Zwarg JRRM, Morales DA, Maselli BS, Brack W, Umbuzeiro GA. Miniaturization of the microsuspension Salmonella/microsome assay in agar microplates. Environ Mol Mutagen 2018; 59:488-501. [PMID: 29668047 DOI: 10.1002/em.22195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Salmonella/microsome assay (Ames test) is the most widely used mutagenicity test for the evaluation of pure chemicals and environmental samples. There are several versions of protocols available in the literature, including those that reduce the amount of sample needed for testing with liquid and agar media. The microsuspension version of the Salmonella/microsome assay is more sensitive than the standard protocol. It is performed using 5-times concentrated bacteria and less sample and S9 mixture, but still uses conventional Petri dishes (90 × 15 mm). It has been extensively used for environmental sample testing, including in effect-directed analysis (EDA). The objective of this study was to miniaturize the microsuspension assay using 12-well microplates instead of the conventional plates. For validation of this miniaturization, thirteen mutagenic compounds were tested using three Salmonella strains that were selected based on their different spontaneous reversion frequencies (low, medium, and high). The conditions of the miniaturized procedure were made as similar as possible to the microsuspension protocol, using the same testing design, metabolic activation, and data interpretation, and the tests were conducted in parallel. The miniaturized plate assay (MPA) and microsuspension procedures provided similar sensitivities although MPA is less laborious and require less sample and reagents, thereby reducing overall costs. We conclude that the MPA is a promising tool and can be particularly suitable for environmental studies such as EDA or monitoring programs. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 59:488-501, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel A Morales
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca S Maselli
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Werner Brack
- Department Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- RWTH University of Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, SP, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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12
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Vacchi FI, Vendemiatti JAS, Brosselin V, Ferreira da Silva B, B Zanoni MV, DeMeo M, Bony S, Devaux A, Umbuzeiro GA. Combining different assays and chemical analysis to characterize the genotoxicity of waters impacted by textile discharges. Environ Mol Mutagen 2016; 57:559-71. [PMID: 27412112 DOI: 10.1002/em.22034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Waters receiving textile discharges can exhibit genotoxic and mutagenic activity, which has been related to the presence of dyes and aromatic amines as synthesis precursors or byproducts. The aim of this study was to identify dyes and aromatic amines in water samples impacted by textile discharges, and to evaluate the genotoxic responses of these samples using the Salmonella/microsome assay in strains TA98 and YG1041, and the Fpg-modified comet assay in the RTL-W1 fish cell line. The genotoxicity of river samples downstream of the discharge was greater than the upstream samples in both of the Ames tests. The Fpg-modified comet assay detected similar levels of DNA damage in the upstream and downstream samples. Mutagenicity was not detected with TA98, except for the Quilombo River samples, but when YG1041 was used as the tester strain mutagenicity was detected for all sites with a very different profile in upstream sites relative to the other sites. The mutagenic response strongly indicated that aromatic amines or dyes were contributing to the mutagenic activity downstream. The impact of textile discharges was also confirmed by chemical analysis, because the highest concentrations of azo dyes and aromatic amines were detected in the river downstream. This study shows the value of combining assays measuring complementary endpoints to better characterize the mutagenicity of environmental samples, with the advantage that this approach provides an indication of what classes of compounds are responsible for the effect. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:559-571, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine I Vacchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Brosselin
- University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | | | | | - Michel DeMeo
- Aix-Marseille University, IMBE, FR, Marseille, France
| | - Sylvie Bony
- University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Alain Devaux
- University of Lyon, INRA, UMR LEHNA 5023, ENTPE, FR, Vaulx-en-Velin, France
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Albuquerque AF, Ribeiro JS, Kummrow F, Nogueira AJA, Montagner CC, Umbuzeiro GA. Pesticides in Brazilian freshwaters: a critical review. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2016; 18:779-87. [PMID: 27367607 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00268d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture can lead to water contamination and cause adverse effects on non-target organisms. Brazil has been the world's top pesticide market consumer since 2008, with 381 approved pesticides for crop use. This study provides a comprehensive literature review on the occurrence of pesticide residues in Brazilian freshwaters. We searched for information in official agency records and peer-reviewed scientific literature. Risk quotients were calculated to assess the potential risk posed to aquatic life by the individual pesticides based on their levels of water contamination. Studies about the occurrence of pesticides in freshwaters in Brazil are scarce and concentrated in few sampling sites in 5 of the 27 states. Herbicides (21) accounted for the majority of the substances investigated, followed by fungicides (11), insecticides (10) and plant growth regulators (1). Insecticides are the class of major concern. Brazil would benefit from the implementation of a nationwide pesticide freshwater monitoring program to support preventive, remediation and enforcement actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Albuquerque
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - J S Ribeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - F Kummrow
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil. and Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, UNIFESP, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A J A Nogueira
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil. and Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - C C Montagner
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G A Umbuzeiro
- School of Technology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Alves DKM, Kummrow F, Cardoso AA, Morales DA, Umbuzeiro GA. Mutagenicity profile of atmospheric particulate matter in a small urban center subjected to airborne emission from vehicle traffic and sugar cane burning. Environ Mol Mutagen 2016; 57:41-50. [PMID: 26289646 DOI: 10.1002/em.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is genotoxic and recently was classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. PM chemical composition varies depending on source and atmospheric conditions. The Salmonella/microsome assay is the most used mutagenicity test and can identify the major chemical classes responsible for observed mutagenicity. The objective of this work was to characterize the mutagenicity of PM samples from a countryside city, Limeira, Brazil, which is influenced by heavy traffic and sugar cane biomass burning. Six samples of total PM were collected. Air mass backward trajectories were calculated. Organic extracts were assayed using the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension mutagenicity assay using TA98, YG1041, and TA1538, with and without metabolic activation (S9). YG1041 was the most sensitive strain and mutagenicity reached 9,700 revertants per m(3) without metabolic activation. Potency for TA1538 was higher than TA98, indicating that this strain should be considered in air mutagenicity studies. The increased response to YG1041 relative to TA98, and the decreased response with S9, suggests that nitroaromatics are the major contributors. Limeira is among the most mutagenic cities in the world. High mutagenicity in Limeira seems to occur when the air mass from the area of sugarcane production is mixed with air from the region impacted by anthropogenic activities such as traffic. An increase in the formation of nitro-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons may result from longer contact time between the aromatic compounds and the atmosphere with high NOx and ozone concentration, although more studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Kristina M Alves
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo (Unifesp), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo A Cardoso
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Paulista State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel A Morales
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- School of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
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Durán N, Martinez DST, Justo GZ, de Lima R, de Castro VL, Umbuzeiro GA, Barbieri E, Durán M, Melo PS, Alves OL, Fávaro WJ. Interlab study on nanotoxicology of representative graphene oxide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Maselli BDS, Luna LAV, Palmeira JDO, Tavares KP, Barbosa S, Beijo LA, Umbuzeiro GA, Kummrow F. Ecotoxicity of raw and treated effluents generated by a veterinary pharmaceutical company: a comparison of the sensitivities of different standardized tests. Ecotoxicology 2015; 24:795-804. [PMID: 25682103 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical effluents have recently been recognized as an important contamination source to aquatic environments and the toxicity related to the presence of antibiotics in effluents has attracted great attention. Conventionally, these effluents have been treated using physico-chemical and aerobic biological processes, usually with low rates of pharmaceuticals removal. Due to the complexity of effluents, it is impossible to determine all pharmaceuticals and their degradation products using analytical methods. Ecotoxicity tests with different organisms may be used to determine the effect level of effluents and thus their environmental impacts. The objective of this work was to compare the sensitivities of five ecotoxicity tests using aquatic and terrestrial organisms to evaluate the toxicity of effluents from the production of veterinary medicines before and after treatment. Raw and chemically treated effluent samples were highly toxic to aquatic organisms, achieving 100,000 toxic units, but only few of those samples presented phytotoxicity. We observed a reduction in the toxicity in the biologically treated effluent samples, which were previously chemically pre-treated, however the toxicity was not eliminated. The rank of test organisms' reactions levels was: Daphnia similis > Raphidocelis subcapitata > Aliivibrio fischeri > Allium cepa ~ Lactuca sativa. Effluent treatment employed by the evaluated company was only partially efficient at removing the effluent toxicity, suggesting potential risks to biota. The acute toxicity test with D. similis proved to be the most sensitive for both raw and treated effluents and is a suitable option for further characterization and monitoring of pharmaceutical effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca de S Maselli
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas (Unifal-MG), Alfenas, MG, 37130-000, Brazil
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Lim H, Mattsson Å, Jarvis IWH, Bergvall C, Bottai M, Morales DA, Kummrow F, Umbuzeiro GA, Stenius U, Westerholm R, Dreij K. Detection of benz[j]aceanthrylene in urban air and evaluation of its genotoxic potential. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:3101-3109. [PMID: 25625372 DOI: 10.1021/es505458g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Benz[j]aceanthrylene (B[j]A) is a cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon with strong mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. We have identified B[j]A in air particulate matter (PM) in samples collected in Stockholm, Sweden and in Limeira, Brazil using LC-GC/MS analysis. Determined concentrations ranged between 1.57 and 12.7 and 19.6-30.2 pg/m(3) in Stockholm and Limeira, respectively, which was 11-30 times less than benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) concentrations. Activation of the DNA damage response was evaluated after exposure to B[j]A in HepG2 cells in comparison to B[a]P. We found that significantly lower concentrations of B[j]A were needed for an effect on cell viability compared to B[a]P, and equimolar exposure resulted in significant more DNA damage with B[j]A. Additionally, levels of γH2AX, pChk1, p53, pp53, and p21 proteins were higher in response to B[j]A than B[a]P. On the basis of dose response induction of pChk1 and γH2AX, B[j]A potency was 12.5- and 33.3-fold higher than B[a]P, respectively. Although B[j]A levels in air were low, including B[j]A in the estimation of excess lifetime cancer risk increased the risk up to 2-fold depending on which potency factor for B[j]A was applied. Together, our results show that B[j]A could be an important contributor to the cancer risk of air PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwanmi Lim
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 16 SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
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Montagner CC, Umbuzeiro GA, Pasquini C, Jardim WF. Caffeine as an indicator of estrogenic activity in source water. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2014; 16:1866-1869. [PMID: 24939322 DOI: 10.1039/c4em00058g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine has already been used as an indicator of anthropogenic impacts, especially the ones related to the disposal of sewage in water bodies. In this work, the presence of caffeine has been correlated with the estrogenic activity of water samples measured using the BLYES assay. After testing 96 surface water samples, it was concluded that caffeine can be used to prioritize samples to be tested for estrogenic activity in water quality programs evaluating emerging contaminants with endocrine disruptor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Montagner
- University of Campinas, Faculty of Technology, CEP: 13484-332, Limeira, SP, Brazil.
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de Luna LAV, da Silva THG, Nogueira RFP, Kummrow F, Umbuzeiro GA. Aquatic toxicity of dyes before and after photo-Fenton treatment. J Hazard Mater 2014; 276:332-8. [PMID: 24910910 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the ecotoxicity of five dyes to freshwater organisms before and during their photo-Fenton degradation. EC50 (48h) of the five tested dyes ranged from of 6.9 to >1000mgL(-1) for Daphnia similis. In the chronic tests IC50 (72h) varied from 65 to >100mgL(-1) for Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and IC50 (8 days) from 0.5 to 410mgL(-1) for Ceriodaphnia dubia. Toxicity tests revealed that although the applied treatment was effective for decolorization of the dye, the partial mineralization may be responsible for the presence of degradation products which can be either more toxic than the original dye, as is the case of Vat Green 3 and Reactive Black 5, lead to initially toxic products which may be further degraded to non toxic products (acid Orange 7 and Food Red 17), or generate non toxic products as in the case of Food Yellow 3. The results highlighted the importance of assessing both acute and chronic toxicity tests of treated sample before effluent discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A V de Luna
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil.
| | - Thiago H G da Silva
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, SP 14800-900, Brazil.
| | - Raquel F Pupo Nogueira
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química de Araraquara, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, SP 14800-900, Brazil.
| | - Fábio Kummrow
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil.
| | - Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Faculdade de Tecnologia, UNICAMP - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Limeira, SP 13484-332, Brazil.
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Umbuzeiro GA, Kummrow F, Morales DA, Alves DKM, Lim H, Jarvis IWH, Bergvall C, Westerholm R, Stenius U, Dreij K. Sensitivity of Salmonella YG5161 for detecting PAH-associated mutagenicity in air particulate matter. Environ Mol Mutagen 2014; 55:510-517. [PMID: 24578285 DOI: 10.1002/em.21861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Salmonella/microsome assay is the most used assay for the evaluation of air particulate matter (PM) mutagenicity and a positive correlation between strain TA98 responses and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) levels in PM has been found. However, it seems that the major causes of PM mutagenicity in this assay are the nitro and oxy-PAHs. Salmonella YG5161, a 30-times more responsive strain to B[a]P has been developed. To verify if YG5161 strain was sufficiently sensitive to detect mutagenicity associated with B[a]P mutagenicity, PM samples were collected in Brazil and Sweden, extracted with toluene and tested in the Salmonella/microsome microsuspension assay. PAHs and B[a]P were determined and the extracts were tested with YG5161 and its parental strain TA1538. The extracts were also tested with YG1041 and its parental strain TA98. For sensitivity comparisons, we tested B[a]P and 1-nitropyrene (1-NP) using the same conditions. The minimal effective dose of B[a]P was 155 ng/plate for TA1538 and 7 ng/plate for YG5161. Although the maximum tested dose, 10 m(3) /plate containing 9 ng of B[a]P in the case of Brazilian sample, was sufficient to elicit a response in YG5161, mutagenicity was detected at a dose as low as 1 m(3) /plate (0.9 ng). This is probably caused by nitro-compounds that have been shown to be even more potent than B[a]P for YG5161. It seems that the mutagenicity of B[a]P present in PM is not detectable even with the use of YG5161 unless more efficient separation to remove the nitro-compounds from the PAH extract is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela A Umbuzeiro
- Faculty of Technology, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Limeira, SP, Brazil
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Montagner CC, Jardim WF, Von der Ohe PC, Umbuzeiro GA. Occurrence and potential risk of triclosan in freshwaters of São Paulo, Brazil--the need for regulatory actions. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2014; 21:1850-1858. [PMID: 23990256 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad-spectrum bactericide, highly toxic to algae, which is released into the environment via wastewater effluents. Predicted no-effect concentrations (PNECs) for aquatic biota have been proposed in the literature, varying from 1.4 to 1,550 ng/L, reflecting contradicting protection goals. In this work, six rivers in the state of São Paulo were monitored for TCS and caffeine, a tracer for untreated sewage disposal, over a period of more than 1 year. From 71 samples analyzed, 32 contained TCS at concentrations above the limit of quantification, ranging from 2.2 to 66 ng/L, corresponding to a frequency of exceedance of the lowest PNEC of 86 % (six out of seven sites). No correlation between TCS and caffeine was observed, and one of the reasons for that could be the different use patterns in the local populations. Given the high values found in the investigated rivers, TCS seems to be a strong candidate in the priority list of compounds that should be regulated in Brazil to preserve the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilson F Jardim
- Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Peter C Von der Ohe
- Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Berni E, Marcato PD, Nakazato G, Kobayashi RKT, Vacchi FI, Umbuzeiro GA, Durán N. Violacein/poly(ϵ-caprolactone)/chitosan nanoparticles against bovine mastistis: Antibacterial and ecotoxicity evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/429/1/012030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Marcone GPS, Oliveira AC, Almeida G, Umbuzeiro GA, Jardim WF. Ecotoxicity of TiO2 to Daphnia similis under irradiation. J Hazard Mater 2012; 211-212:436-442. [PMID: 22326243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are a large number of products (sunscreen, pigments, cosmetics, plastics, toothpastes and photocatalysts) that use TiO(2) nanoparticles. Due to this large production, these nanoparticles can be released into the aquatic, terrestrial and aerial environments at relative high concentration. TiO(2) in natural water has the capacity to harm aquatic organisms such as the Daphnia (Cladocera) species, mainly because the photocatalytic properties of this semiconductor. However, very few toxicity tests of TiO(2) nanoparticles have been conducted under irradiation. The aim of this study was to evaluate anatase and rutile TiO(2) toxicity to Daphnia similis exploring their photocatalytic properties by incorporating UV A and visible radiation as a parameter in the assays. Anatase and rutile TiO(2) samples at the highest concentration tested (100 mg L(-1)) were not toxic to D. similis, neither in the dark nor under visible light conditions. The anatase form and a mixture of anatase and rutile, when illuminated by a UV A black light with a peak emission wavelength of 360 nm, presented photo-dependent EC50 values of 56.9-7.8 mg L(-1), which indicates a toxicity mechanism caused by ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation.
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Jardim WF, Montagner CC, Pescara IC, Umbuzeiro GA, Di Dea Bergamasco AM, Eldridge ML, Sodré FF. An integrated approach to evaluate emerging contaminants in drinking water. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ferraz ERA, Umbuzeiro GA, de-Almeida G, Caloto-Oliveira A, Chequer FMD, Zanoni MVB, Dorta DJ, Oliveira DP. Differential toxicity of Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Red 13 in the Ames test, HepG2 cytotoxicity assay, and Daphnia acute toxicity test. Environ Toxicol 2011; 26:489-497. [PMID: 20549607 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes are of environmental concern due to their degradation products, widespread use, and low-removal rate during conventional treatment. Their toxic properties are related to the nature and position of the substituents with respect to the aromatic rings and amino nitrogen atom. The dyes Disperse Red 1 and Disperse Red 13 were tested for Salmonella mutagenicity, cell viability by annexin V, and propidium iodide in HepG2 and by aquatic toxicity assays using daphnids. Both dyes tested positive in the Salmonella assay, and the suggestion was made that these compounds induce mainly frame-shift mutations and that the enzymes nitroreductase and O-acetyltransferase play an important role in the observed effect. In addition, it was shown that the presence of the chlorine substituent in Disperse Red 13 decreased the mutagenicity about 14 times when compared with Disperse Red 1, which shows the same structure as Disperse Red 13, but without the chlorine substituent. The presence of this substituent did not cause cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, but toxicity to the water flea Daphnia similis increased in the presence of the chlorine substituent. These data suggest that the insertion of a chlorine substituent could be an alternative in the design of dyes with low-mutagenic potency, although the ecotoxicity should be carefully evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R A Ferraz
- USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmaceuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Carneiro PA, Umbuzeiro GA, Oliveira DP, Zanoni MVB. Assessment of water contamination caused by a mutagenic textile effluent/dyehouse effluent bearing disperse dyes. J Hazard Mater 2010; 174:694-9. [PMID: 19853375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector method was developed to detect disperse dyes in water samples over the range 0.50-35 ng, with detection limits of 0.09 ng, 0.84 ng and 0.08 ng, respectively, with good repeatability and accuracy. This study identifies the disperse azo dyes C.I. Disperse Blue 373, C.I. Disperse Orange 37 and Disperse Violet 93 as components of a commercial dye formulation assigned as Dispersol Black Dye (CVS) used in the textile industry for dyeing synthetic fibers that are contributing to the mutagenicity found in the Cristais River, São Paulo, Brazil. High performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector was applied to monitor the occurrence of these dyes in: (1) the treated industrial effluent, (2) raw river water, (3) treated river water, and (4) the sludge produced by a Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) which is located 6 km downstream from the textile industrial discharge, where dyes' concentrations changed from 1.65 ng L(-1) to 316 microL(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Carneiro
- Instituto de Química - University of São Paulo State - UNESP, 14800-900 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Caffaro-Filho RA, Wagner R, Umbuzeiro GA, Grossman MJ, Durrant LR. Identification of alpha-beta unsaturated aldehydes as sources of toxicity to activated sludge biomass in polyester manufacturing wastewater. Water Sci Technol 2010; 61:2317-2324. [PMID: 20418629 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2010.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater generated in industrial production processes are often contaminated by hazardous chemicals. Characterization by means of toxicity-directed analysis is useful for identifying which fractions of a waste stream possess the most toxicity. We applied this approach to evaluate toxic components of a polyester manufacturing wastewater. Using the reduction in oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge as an indicator of toxicity, it was determined that increasing the pH from 3 to 11 followed by air stripping significantly reduced the toxicity of the wastewater. Comparative headspace GC/MS analysis of wastewater at different pHs selected a group of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) associated with the observed effect of air stripping at pH 11. Ten of these compounds were identified as alpha,beta unsaturated aldehydes (acrolein (2-propenal) congeners); these compounds are known to be toxic as well as mutagenic. Confirmation that these compounds were a cause of toxicity was achieved by demonstrating that removal of these compounds by air stripping significantly reduced the wastewater mutagenic potency in a Salmonella mutagenicity assay. Formation of these volatile compounds by base catalyzed aldol condensation at pH 11 may account for the effectiveness of air stripping in reducing toxicity. To date there is no record in the literature about the toxicity and presence of acrolein congeners in polyester manufacturing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Caffaro-Filho
- Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato 80, Campus Zeferino Vaz, Cep 13083-862, Campinas SP, Brazil.
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Carneiro PA, Oliveira DP, Umbuzeiro GA, Zanoni MVB. Mutagenic activity removal of selected disperse dye by photoeletrocatalytic treatment. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-0018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tsuboy MS, Angeli JPF, Mantovani MS, Knasmüller S, Umbuzeiro GA, Ribeiro LR. Genotoxic, mutagenic and cytotoxic effects of the commercial dye CI Disperse Blue 291 in the human hepatic cell line HepG2. Toxicol In Vitro 2007; 21:1650-5. [PMID: 17728095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2007.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 06/27/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Textile dyes are discarded into the aquatic ecosystem via industrial effluents and potentially expose humans and local biota to adverse effects. The commercial dye CI Disperse Blue 291 which contains the aminoazobenzene 2-[(2-bromo-4,6-dinitrophenyl)azo]-5(diethylamino)-4-methoxyacetanilide (CAS registry no. 56548-64-2), was tested for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2, using the comet assay, micronucleus (MN) test and a cell viability test. Five different concentrations of the test compound were examined: 200 microg/ml, 400 microg/ml, 600 microg/ml, 800 microg/ml and 1000 microg/ml. An increase in comet tail length and in the frequency of MN was detected with exposure of cells to concentrations of the commercial dye from 400 microg/ml. Furthermore, the dye was found to decrease cell viability. The results of this study demonstrate for the first time the genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the dye CI Disperse Blue 291 in mammalian cells, thus stressing the need to develop non-mutagenic dyes and to invest in improving the treatment of effluents. These measures will help to prevent harmful effects that these compounds can have on humans and aquatic organisms that come in contact with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Tsuboy
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, UNESP, Assis, SP, Brazil
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Oliveira DP, Carneiro PA, Sakagami MK, Zanoni MVB, Umbuzeiro GA. Chemical characterization of a dye processing plant effluent—Identification of the mutagenic components. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2007; 626:135-42. [PMID: 17070726 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work shows the chemical characterization of a dye processing plant effluent that was contributing to the mutagenicity previously detected in the Cristais river, São Paulo, Brazil, that had an impact on the quality of the related drinking water. The mutagenic dyes Disperse Blue 373, Disperse Orange 37 and Disperse Violet 93, components of a Black Dye Commercial Product (BDCP) frequently used by the facility, were detected by thin layer chromatography (TLC). The blue and orange dyes were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC/DAD) in a raw and treated effluent samples and their contribution to the mutagenicity was calculated based on the potency of each dye for the Salmonella YG1041. In the presence of S9 the Disperse Blue 373 accounted for 2.3% of the mutagenic activity of the raw and 71.5% of the treated effluent. In the absence of S9 the Disperse Blue 373 accounted for 1.3% of the mutagenic activity of the raw and 1.5% of the treated effluent. For the Disperse Orange 37, in the presence of S9, it contributed for 0.5% of the mutagenicity of the raw and 6% of the treated effluent. In the absence of S9; 11.5% and 4.4% of the raw and treated effluent mutagenicity, respectively. The contribution of the Disperse Violet 93 was not evaluated because this compound could not be quantified by HPLC/DAD. Mutagenic and/or carcinogenic aromatic amines were also preliminary detected using gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry in both raw and treated and are probably accounting for part of the observed mutagenicity. The effluent treatment applied by the industry does not seem to remove completely the mutagenic compounds. The Salmonella/microsome assay coupled with TLC analysis seems to be an important tool to monitor the efficiency of azo dye processing plant effluent treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P Oliveira
- USP, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Oliveira DP, Carneiro PA, Rech CM, Zanoni MVB, Claxton LD, Umbuzeiro GA. Mutagenic compounds generated from the chlorination of disperse azo-dyes and their presence in drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 2006; 40:6682-9. [PMID: 17144296 DOI: 10.1021/es061020p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The water produced by the Cristais River Drinking Water Treatment Plant (CR-DWTP) repeatedly produced mutagenic responses that could not be explained by the presence of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) generated by the reaction of humic acids and chlorine. In order to determine the possible role of chlorinated dye products in this mutagenic activity, solutions of a black dye commercial product (BDCP) composed of C.I. Disperse Blue 373, C.I. Disperse Orange 37, C.I. Disperse Violet 93, and chemically reduced BDCP (R-BDCP) were chlorinated in a manner similar to that used by the CR-DWTP. The resulting solutions were extracted with XAD-4 along with one drinking water sample collected from the CR-DWTP. All extracts showed mutagenic activity in the Salmonella/microsome assay. Dye components of the BDCP as well as its reduced chlorinated (CI-R-BDCP) derivative were detected in the drinking water sample by analysis with a high performance liquid chromatography/diode array detector (HPLC/DAD). The mutagenicity results of these products suggest that they are, at least in part, accounting for the mutagenic activity detected in the drinking water samples from the Cristais River. The data obtained in this study have environmental and health implications because the chlorination of the BDCP and the R-BDCP leads to the formation of mutagenic compounds (CI-BDCP and CI-R-BDCP), which are potentially important disinfection byproducts that can contaminate the drinking water as well as the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle P Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmaceuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirdo Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Kummrow F, Rech CM, Coimbrão CA, Umbuzeiro GA. Blue rayon-anchored technique/Salmonella microsome microsuspension assay as a tool to monitor for genotoxic polycyclic compounds in Santos estuary. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis 2006; 609:60-7. [PMID: 16870494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2006.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 06/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The most important harbor of Brazil is located in Santos Estuary. In the 1970s, this area was one of the major examples of coastal degradation and although the quality of the environment has improved, the sediment is still contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and mutagenic activity. Because of sediment dredging and consequently contaminants resuspension, it is useful to have reliable methods to monitor the water quality. Considering that blue rayon (BR) has been successfully used in evaluation of mutagenicity and PAHs content the objective of this work was to verify the applicability and adapt the methodology to monitor the water for mutagenic activity using the BR associated with the Salmonella assay. Analysis of three sites with different levels of contamination was performed using a modification of the BR hanging method denominated in this work BR anchored technique. The microsuspension protocol of the Salmonella/microsome assay was employed with the strain YG1041. The water from the site 1 the most contaminated and under influence of the steel mill discharge presented the highest potency reaching 36,000 revertants/g of BR with S9. Sites 2 and 3 showed less mutagenicity than site 1 with values approximately 1000 revertants/g of BR. We conclude that the BR anchored technique associated with Salmonella assay using YG1041 is a reliable alternative to monitor estuarine waters, especially in regions where sediment resuspension or acute pollution episodes can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Kummrow
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-900 São Paulo, Brazil.
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Osugi ME, Umbuzeiro GA, De Castro FJV, Zanoni MVB. Photoelectrocatalytic oxidation of remazol turquoise blue and toxicological assessment of its oxidation products. J Hazard Mater 2006; 137:871-7. [PMID: 16697523 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2005] [Revised: 03/01/2006] [Accepted: 03/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability of photoelectrocatalytic oxidation to degrade the commercially important copper-phtalocyanine dye, remazol turquoise blue 15 (RTB) was investigated. The best experimental condition was optimized, evaluating the performance of Ti/TiO2 thin-film electrodes prepared by sol-gel method in the decolourization of 32 mg L(-1) RTB dye in 0.5 mol L(-1) Na2SO4 pH 8 and applied potential of +1.5 V versus SCE under UV irradiation. Spectrophotometric measurements, high performance liquid chromatography, dissolved organic carbon (TOC) evaluation and stripping analysis of yielding solution obtained after 3 h of photoelectrolysis leads to 100% of absorbance removal from wavelength of 250-800 nm, 79.6% of TOC reduction and the releasing of up to 54.6% dye-bound copper (0.85 mg L(-1)) into the solution. Both, original and oxidized dye solution did not presented mutagenic activity with the strains TA98 and TA100 of Salmonella in the presence and absence of S9 mix at the tested doses. Nevertheless, the yielding photoelectrocatalytic oxidized solution showed an increase in the acute toxicity for Vibrio fischeri bacteria, explained by copper liberation during treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marli E Osugi
- Instituto de Química, UNESP, C.P. 355, 14801-970 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Araújo RPA, Botta-Paschoal CMR, Silvério PF, Almeida FV, Rodrigues PF, Umbuzeiro GA, Jardim WE, Mozeto AA. Application of toxicity identification evaluation to sediment in a highly contaminated water reservoir in southeastern Brazil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2006; 25:581-8. [PMID: 16519322 DOI: 10.1897/05-144r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Rasgão Reservoir, located close to the Metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil, has been analyzed previously, and its sediment was found to be highly toxic, with high levels of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and a complete absence of benthic life. Polychlorinated biphenyls also were present, as was mutagenic activity, detected with the Salmonella/microsome assay. Because of the extremely complex mixture of contaminants in these sediments, a toxicity identification evaluation was performed on the pore water and elutriate using Ceriodaphnia dubia and Vibrio fischeri. Toxicity characterization, identification, and confirmation procedures were performed in one representative sample of the reservoir, and the results indicated that ammonia was the main cause of the toxicity detected with C. dubia in both sediment pore water and elutriate. Chemical analysis corroborated this observation by revealing un-ionized ammonia concentrations as high as 5.14 mg/L in pore water and 2.06 mg/L in elutriate. These high ammonia levels masked possible toxicity caused by other classes of compounds. The toxicity detected with V. fischeri decreased with the time of sample storage and was related to the organic fraction of the pore water and the elutriate, in which compounds such as benzothiazole and nonylphenol were detected.
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Abstract
Since 1979, the Environmental Agency of São Paulo State in Brazil, CETESB, has been using the Salmonella mutagenicity assay to assess the quality of natural waters. This paper is a compilation of data obtained during the last 20 years from more than a thousand samples. Potencies up to 30,000 revertants/l were observed in 137 positive samples. The Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 was more sensitive than TA100; 79% of the mutagenicity was detected by this strain, regardless of the presence of S9-mix. A classification of the mutagenic response was proposed to facilitate in the dissemination of the information to the public. The classification was low, moderate, high and extreme for samples with mutagenic potency (revertants/l equivalent) of < 500, 500-2500, 2500-5000 and > 5000, respectively. As a result of this effort to standardize methodologies, compile and classify the mutagenic effect of water pollution, in 1998, the Salmonella mutagenicity assay was officially and systematically included in the São Paulo State Water Quality Monitoring Program. This assay has proven to be a useful tool in the identification of important pollution sources. Correction and prevention actions in Water Pollution Control Programs were generated as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Umbuzeiro
- Environmental Microbiology Division, CETESB - Cia. Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental, Rua Prof. Frederico Hermann Jr., 345, 05489-900, SP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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