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Glazebrook K, Nanayakkara T, Schreiber C, Lagos C, Kawinwanichakij L, Jacobs C, Chittenden H, Brammer G, Kacprzak GG, Labbe I, Marchesini D, Marsan ZC, Oesch PA, Papovich C, Remus RS, Tran KVH, Esdaile J, Chandro-Gomez A. A massive galaxy that formed its stars at z ≈ 11. Nature 2024; 628:277-281. [PMID: 38354832 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The formation of galaxies by gradual hierarchical co-assembly of baryons and cold dark matter halos is a fundamental paradigm underpinning modern astrophysics1,2 and predicts a strong decline in the number of massive galaxies at early cosmic times3-5. Extremely massive quiescent galaxies (stellar masses of more than 1011 M⊙) have now been observed as early as 1-2 billion years after the Big Bang6-13. These galaxies are extremely constraining on theoretical models, as they had formed 300-500 Myr earlier, and only some models can form massive galaxies this early12,14. Here we report on the spectroscopic observations with the JWST of a massive quiescent galaxy ZF-UDS-7329 at redshift 3.205 ± 0.005. It has eluded deep ground-based spectroscopy8, it is significantly redder than is typical and its spectrum reveals features typical of much older stellar populations. Detailed modelling shows that its stellar population formed around 1.5 billion years earlier in time (z ≈ 11) at an epoch when dark matter halos of sufficient hosting mass had not yet assembled in the standard scenario4,5. This observation may indicate the presence of undetected populations of early galaxies and the possibility of significant gaps in our understanding of early stellar populations, galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Glazebrook
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Themiya Nanayakkara
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Lagos
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- ARC Centre for Excellence in All-Sky Astrophysics in 3D, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lalitwadee Kawinwanichakij
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Jacobs
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry Chittenden
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriel Brammer
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glenn G Kacprzak
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivo Labbe
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danilo Marchesini
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Z Cemile Marsan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascal A Oesch
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Casey Papovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rhea-Silvia Remus
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kim-Vy H Tran
- ARC Centre for Excellence in All-Sky Astrophysics in 3D, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Esdaile
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angel Chandro-Gomez
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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Meacock WR, Chittenden H, Govan J. Conjunctival wound closure by saline injection in sutureless, scleral tunnel incision phacoemulsification. J Cataract Refract Surg 1996; 22:1240-1. [PMID: 8972377 DOI: 10.1016/s0886-3350(96)80075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare two methods of conjunctival closure in phacoemulsification. SETTING Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust, Surrey, England. METHODS This prospective, randomized study comprised 40 patients (40 eyes) who had phacoemulsification via superior axis scleral tunnels and implantation of a poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lens with a 5.5 mm optic diameter. In 24 eyes, the conjunctival wound was closed manually with a Moorfields forceps (Group A). In 16, 0.5 ml of balanced salt solution was injected subconjunctivally to reappose the conjunctival wound (Group B). Conjunctival reapposition was assessed by measuring the maximum radial distance of bare sclera preoperatively and during outpatient clinic visits at 1, 7, and 28 days postoperatively. RESULTS Follow-up was obtained on 38 eyes. One day after surgery, total wound closure was achieved in 15 of 16 eyes in Group B; however, closure was still incomplete in 13 of 22 Group A eyes. At 7 days postoperatively, the size of the conjunctival wound remained significantly smaller in Group B eyes (P < .01). CONCLUSION The saline injection produced a faster rate of conjunctival wound closure than standard manual reapposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Meacock
- Frimley Park Hospital NHS Trust, Camberley, Surrey, England
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