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1
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Glazebrook K, Nanayakkara T, Schreiber C, Lagos C, Kawinwanichakij L, Jacobs C, Chittenden H, Brammer G, Kacprzak GG, Labbe I, Marchesini D, Marsan ZC, Oesch PA, Papovich C, Remus RS, Tran KVH, Esdaile J, Chandro-Gomez A. A massive galaxy that formed its stars at z ≈ 11. Nature 2024; 628:277-281. [PMID: 38354832 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The formation of galaxies by gradual hierarchical co-assembly of baryons and cold dark matter halos is a fundamental paradigm underpinning modern astrophysics1,2 and predicts a strong decline in the number of massive galaxies at early cosmic times3-5. Extremely massive quiescent galaxies (stellar masses of more than 1011 M⊙) have now been observed as early as 1-2 billion years after the Big Bang6-13. These galaxies are extremely constraining on theoretical models, as they had formed 300-500 Myr earlier, and only some models can form massive galaxies this early12,14. Here we report on the spectroscopic observations with the JWST of a massive quiescent galaxy ZF-UDS-7329 at redshift 3.205 ± 0.005. It has eluded deep ground-based spectroscopy8, it is significantly redder than is typical and its spectrum reveals features typical of much older stellar populations. Detailed modelling shows that its stellar population formed around 1.5 billion years earlier in time (z ≈ 11) at an epoch when dark matter halos of sufficient hosting mass had not yet assembled in the standard scenario4,5. This observation may indicate the presence of undetected populations of early galaxies and the possibility of significant gaps in our understanding of early stellar populations, galaxy formation and the nature of dark matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Glazebrook
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Themiya Nanayakkara
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Claudia Lagos
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- ARC Centre for Excellence in All-Sky Astrophysics in 3D, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lalitwadee Kawinwanichakij
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin Jacobs
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Harry Chittenden
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriel Brammer
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Glenn G Kacprzak
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ivo Labbe
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Danilo Marchesini
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Z Cemile Marsan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pascal A Oesch
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Casey Papovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Rhea-Silvia Remus
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kim-Vy H Tran
- ARC Centre for Excellence in All-Sky Astrophysics in 3D, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - James Esdaile
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angel Chandro-Gomez
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Nanayakkara T, Glazebrook K, Jacobs C, Kawinwanichakij L, Schreiber C, Brammer G, Esdaile J, Kacprzak GG, Labbe I, Lagos C, Marchesini D, Marsan ZC, Oesch PA, Papovich C, Remus RS, Tran KVH. A population of faint, old, and massive quiescent galaxies at [Formula: see text] revealed by JWST NIRSpec Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3724. [PMID: 38355772 PMCID: PMC10866911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52585-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Here we present a sample of 12 massive quiescent galaxy candidates at [Formula: see text] observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). These galaxies were pre-selected from the Hubble Space Telescope imaging and 10 of our sources were unable to be spectroscopically confirmed by ground based spectroscopy. By combining spectroscopic data from NIRSpec with multi-wavelength imaging data from the JWST Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), we analyse their stellar populations and their formation histories. We find that all of our galaxies classify as quiescent based on the reconstruction of their star formation histories but show a variety of quenching timescales and ages. All our galaxies are massive ([Formula: see text] M[Formula: see text]), with masses comparable to massive galaxies in the local Universe. We find that the oldest galaxy in our sample formed [Formula: see text] M[Formula: see text] of mass within the first few hundred million years of the Universe and has been quenched for more than a billion years by the time of observation at [Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] billion years after the Big Bang). Our results point to very early formation of massive galaxies requiring a high conversion rate of baryons to stars in the early Universe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themiya Nanayakkara
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
| | - Karl Glazebrook
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Colin Jacobs
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Lalitwadee Kawinwanichakij
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | | | - Gabriel Brammer
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - James Esdaile
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Glenn G Kacprzak
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Ivo Labbe
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, P.O. Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Claudia Lagos
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- ARC Centre for Excellence in All-Sky Astrophysics in 3D, Canberra, Australia
- International Centre for Radio Astronomy Research, University of Western Australia, 7 Fairway, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Danilo Marchesini
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Tufts University, 574 Boston Avenue, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Z Cemile Marsan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Pascal A Oesch
- Cosmic DAWN Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 128, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290, Versoix, Switzerland
| | - Casey Papovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, and George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A &M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4242, USA
| | - Rhea-Silvia Remus
- University Observatory Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Scheinerstrasse 1, 81679, Munich, Germany
| | - Kim-Vy H Tran
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
- ARC Centre for Excellence in All-Sky Astrophysics in 3D, Canberra, Australia
- Center for Astrophysics, Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Atek H, Labbé I, Furtak LJ, Chemerynska I, Fujimoto S, Setton DJ, Miller TB, Oesch P, Bezanson R, Price SH, Dayal P, Zitrin A, Kokorev V, Weaver JR, Brammer G, Dokkum PV, Williams CC, Cutler SE, Feldmann R, Fudamoto Y, Greene JE, Leja J, Maseda MV, Muzzin A, Pan R, Papovich C, Nelson EJ, Nanayakkara T, Stark DP, Stefanon M, Suess KA, Wang B, Whitaker KE. Most of the photons that reionized the Universe came from dwarf galaxies. Nature 2024; 626:975-978. [PMID: 38418911 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The identification of sources driving cosmic reionization, a major phase transition from neutral hydrogen to ionized plasma around 600-800 Myr after the Big Bang1-3, has been a matter of debate4. Some models suggest that high ionizing emissivity and escape fractions (fesc) from quasars support their role in driving cosmic reionization5,6. Others propose that the high fesc values from bright galaxies generate sufficient ionizing radiation to drive this process7. Finally, a few studies suggest that the number density of faint galaxies, when combined with a stellar-mass-dependent model of ionizing efficiency and fesc, can effectively dominate cosmic reionization8,9. However, so far, comprehensive spectroscopic studies of low-mass galaxies have not been done because of their extreme faintness. Here we report an analysis of eight ultra-faint galaxies (in a very small field) during the epoch of reionization with absolute magnitudes between MUV ≈ -17 mag and -15 mag (down to 0.005L⋆ (refs. 10,11)). We find that faint galaxies during the first thousand million years of the Universe produce ionizing photons with log[ξion (Hz erg-1)] = 25.80 ± 0.14, a factor of 4 higher than commonly assumed values12. If this field is representative of the large-scale distribution of faint galaxies, the rate of ionizing photons exceeds that needed for reionization, even for escape fractions of the order of 5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakim Atek
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.
| | - Ivo Labbé
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lukas J Furtak
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Iryna Chemerynska
- Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Seiji Fujimoto
- Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - David J Setton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and PITT PACC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tim B Miller
- Center for Interdisciplinary Exploration and Research in Astrophysics (CIERA) and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Pascal Oesch
- Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rachel Bezanson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and PITT PACC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sedona H Price
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and PITT PACC, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Pratika Dayal
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adi Zitrin
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vasily Kokorev
- Kapteyn Astronomical Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John R Weaver
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Brammer
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Christina C Williams
- NSF's National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sam E Cutler
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Robert Feldmann
- Institute for Computational Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yoshinobu Fudamoto
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
- National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jenny E Greene
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Joel Leja
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Michael V Maseda
- Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Adam Muzzin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Pan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA
| | - Casey Papovich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- George P. and Cynthia Woods Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics and Astronomy, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Erica J Nelson
- Department for Astrophysical and Planetary Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Themiya Nanayakkara
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Stark
- Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Mauro Stefanon
- Departament d'Astronomia i Astrofìsica, Universitat de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Katherine A Suess
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Institute for Computational and Data Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Institute for Gravitation and the Cosmos, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Katherine E Whitaker
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Astronomy, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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4
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Roberts-Borsani G, Treu T, Chen W, Morishita T, Vanzella E, Zitrin A, Bergamini P, Castellano M, Fontana A, Glazebrook K, Grillo C, Kelly PL, Merlin E, Nanayakkara T, Paris D, Rosati P, Yang L, Acebron A, Bonchi A, Boyett K, Bradač M, Brammer G, Broadhurst T, Calabró A, Diego JM, Dressler A, Furtak LJ, Filippenko AV, Henry A, Koekemoer AM, Leethochawalit N, Malkan MA, Mason C, Mercurio A, Metha B, Pentericci L, Pierel J, Rieck S, Roy N, Santini P, Strait V, Strausbaugh R, Trenti M, Vulcani B, Wang L, Wang X, Windhorst RA. The nature of an ultra-faint galaxy in the cosmic dark ages seen with JWST. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-05994-w. [PMID: 37198479 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the first billion years after the Big Bang, sources of ultraviolet (UV) photons are believed to have ionized intergalactic hydrogen, rendering the Universe transparent to UV radiation. Galaxies brighter than the characteristic luminosity L* (refs. 1,2) do not provide enough ionizing photons to drive this cosmic reionization. Fainter galaxies are thought to dominate the photon budget; however, they are surrounded by neutral gas that prevents the escape of the Lyman-α photons, which has been the dominant way to identify them so far. JD1 was previously identified as a triply-imaged galaxy with a magnification factor of 13 provided by the foreground cluster Abell 2744 (ref. 3), and a photometric redshift of z ≈ 10. Here we report the spectroscopic confirmation of this very low luminosity (≈0.05 L*) galaxy at z = 9.79, observed 480 Myr after the Big Bang, by means of the identification of the Lyman break and redward continuum, as well as multiple ≳4σ emission lines, with the Near-InfraRed Spectrograph (NIRSpec) and Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) instruments. The combination of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and gravitational lensing shows that this ultra-faint galaxy (MUV = -17.35)-with a luminosity typical of the sources responsible for cosmic reionization-has a compact (≈150 pc) and complex morphology, low stellar mass (107.19 M⊙) and subsolar (≈0.6 Z⊙) gas-phase metallicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Roberts-Borsani
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Tommaso Treu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wenlei Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | | | - Eros Vanzella
- INAF - OAS, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Adi Zitrin
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | - Pietro Bergamini
- INAF - OAS, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Castellano
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Fontana
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Karl Glazebrook
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudio Grillo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- INAF - IASF Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Patrick L Kelly
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emiliano Merlin
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Themiya Nanayakkara
- Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diego Paris
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Rosati
- INAF - OAS, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lilan Yang
- Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Ana Acebron
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- INAF - IASF Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonchi
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
- ASI-Space Science Data Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Kit Boyett
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Maruša Bradač
- University of Ljubljana, Department of Mathematics and Physics, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Gabriel Brammer
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tom Broadhurst
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Antonello Calabró
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Jose M Diego
- Instituto de Física de Cantabria (CSIC-UC), Santander, Spain
| | - Alan Dressler
- The Observatories, The Carnegie Institution for Science, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Lukas J Furtak
- Physics Department, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Alaina Henry
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew A Malkan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Charlotte Mason
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amata Mercurio
- Dipartimento di Fisica 'E.R. Caianiello', Università degli Studi di Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
- INAF-Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte, Naples, Italy
| | - Benjamin Metha
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Laura Pentericci
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Justin Pierel
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Steven Rieck
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Namrata Roy
- Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Paola Santini
- INAF Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Victoria Strait
- Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Robert Strausbaugh
- Minnesota Institute For Astrophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michele Trenti
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for All Sky Astrophysics in 3 Dimensions (ASTRO 3D), Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | | | - Lifan Wang
- Mitchell Institute for Fundamental Physics & Astronomy, Texas A&M University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
- National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Rogier A Windhorst
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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5
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Wisotzki L, Bacon R, Brinchmann J, Cantalupo S, Richter P, Schaye J, Schmidt KB, Urrutia T, Weilbacher PM, Akhlaghi M, Bouché N, Contini T, Guiderdoni B, Herenz EC, Inami H, Kerutt J, Leclercq F, Marino RA, Maseda M, Monreal-Ibero A, Nanayakkara T, Richard J, Saust R, Steinmetz M, Wendt M. Author Correction: Nearly all the sky is covered by Lyman-α emission around high-redshift galaxies. Nature 2018; 563:E31. [PMID: 30377312 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Change history: In this Letter, author M. Akhlaghi should be associated with affiliation (2) rather than (3). This error has been corrected online.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wisotzki
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany.
| | - R Bacon
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - J Brinchmann
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Instituto de Astrofísica e Ciências do Espaço, Universidade do Porto, CAUP, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Cantalupo
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Richter
- Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - J Schaye
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - K B Schmidt
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - T Urrutia
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - P M Weilbacher
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Akhlaghi
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - N Bouché
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - T Contini
- Institut de Recherche en Astrophysique et Planétologie (IRAP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - B Guiderdoni
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - E C Herenz
- Department of Astronomy, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Centre, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H Inami
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - J Kerutt
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - F Leclercq
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - R A Marino
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Maseda
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - A Monreal-Ibero
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Universidad de La Laguna, Departamento Astrofísica, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - T Nanayakkara
- Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Richard
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Saint-Genis-Laval, France
| | - R Saust
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Steinmetz
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany
| | - M Wendt
- Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP), Potsdam, Germany.,Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Papovich C, Labbé I, Quadri R, Tilvi V, Behroozi P, Bell EF, Glazebrook K, Spitler L, Straatman CMS, Tran KV, Cowley M, Davé R, Dekel A, Dickinson M, Ferguson HC, Finkelstein SL, Gawiser E, Inami H, Faber SM, Kacprzak GG, Kawinwanichakij L, Kocevski D, Koekemoer A, Koo DC, Kurczynski P, Lotz JM, Lu Y, Lucas RA, McIntosh D, Mehrtens N, Mobasher B, Monson A, Morrison G, Nanayakkara T, Persson SE, Salmon B, Simons R, Tomczak A, van Dokkum P, Weiner B, Willner SP. ZFOURGE/CANDELS: ON THE EVOLUTION OFM* GALAXY PROGENITORS FROMz= 3 TO 0.5. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/0004-637x/803/1/26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Faragasso A, Stilli A, Bimbo J, Noh Y, Liu H, Nanayakkara T, Dasgupta P, Wurdemann HA, Althoefer K. Endoscopic add-on stiffness probe for real-time soft surface characterisation in MIS. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2015; 2014:6517-20. [PMID: 25571489 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2014.6945121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores a novel stiffness sensor which is mounted on the tip of a laparoscopic camera. The proposed device is able to compute stiffness when interacting with soft surfaces. The sensor can be used in Minimally Invasive Surgery, for instance, to localise tumor tissue which commonly has a higher stiffness when compared to healthy tissue. The purely mechanical sensor structure utilizes the functionality of an endoscopic camera to the maximum by visually analyzing the behavior of trackers within the field of view. Two pairs of spheres (used as easily identifiable features in the camera images) are connected to two springs with known but different spring constants. Four individual indenters attached to the spheres are used to palpate the surface. During palpation, the spheres move linearly towards the objective lens (i.e. the distance between lens and spheres is changing) resulting in variations of their diameters in the camera images. Relating the measured diameters to the different spring constants, a developed mathematical model is able to determine the surface stiffness in real-time. Tests were performed using a surgical endoscope to palpate silicon phantoms presenting different stiffness. Results show that the accuracy of the sensing system developed increases with the softness of the examined tissue.
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