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Ratneswaren T, Chan N, Aeron-Thomas J, Sait S, Adesalu O, Alhawamdeh M, Benger M, Garnham J, Dixon L, Tona F, McNamara C, Taylor E, Lobotesis K, Lim E, Goldberg O, Asmar N, Evbuomwan O, Banerjee S, Holm-Mercer L, Senor J, Tsitsiou Y, Tantrige P, Taha A, Ballal K, Mattar A, Daadipour A, Elfergani K, Barker R, Chakravartty R, Murchison AG, Kemp BJ, Simister R, Davagnanam I, Wong OY, Werring D, Banaras A, Anjari M, Rodrigues JCL, Thompson CAS, Haines IR, Burnett TA, Zaher REY, Reay VL, Banerjee M, Sew Hee CSL, Oo AP, Lo A, Rogers P, Hughes T, Marin A, Mukherjee S, Jaber H, Sanders E, Owen S, Bhandari M, Sundayi S, Bhagat A, Elsakka M, Hashmi OH, Lymbouris M, Gurung-Koney Y, Arshad M, Hasan I, Singh N, Patel V, Rahiminejad M, Booth TC. COVID-19 Stroke Apical Lung Examination Study 2: a national prospective CTA biomarker study of the lung apices, in patients presenting with suspected acute stroke (COVID SALES 2). Neuroimage Clin 2024; 42:103590. [PMID: 38513535 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apical ground-glass opacification (GGO) identified on CT angiography (CTA) performed for suspected acute stroke was developed in 2020 as a coronavirus-disease-2019 (COVID-19) diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in a retrospective study during the first wave of COVID-19. OBJECTIVE To prospectively validate whether GGO on CTA performed for suspected acute stroke is a reliable COVID-19 diagnostic and prognostic biomarker and whether it is reliable for COVID-19 vaccinated patients. METHODS In this prospective, pragmatic, national, multi-center validation study performed at 13 sites, we captured study data consecutively in patients undergoing CTA for suspected acute stroke from January-March 2021. Demographic and clinical features associated with stroke and COVID-19 were incorporated. The primary outcome was the likelihood of reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction swab-test-confirmed COVID-19 using the GGO biomarker. Secondary outcomes investigated were functional status at discharge and survival analyses at 30 and 90 days. Univariate and multivariable statistical analyses were employed. RESULTS CTAs from 1,111 patients were analyzed, with apical GGO identified in 8.5 % during a period of high COVID-19 prevalence. GGO showed good inter-rater reliability (Fleiss κ = 0.77); and high COVID-19 specificity (93.7 %, 91.8-95.2) and negative predictive value (NPV; 97.8 %, 96.5-98.6). In subgroup analysis of vaccinated patients, GGO remained a good diagnostic biomarker (specificity 93.1 %, 89.8-95.5; NPV 99.7 %, 98.3-100.0). Patients with COVID-19 were more likely to have higher stroke score (NIHSS (mean +/- SD) 6.9 +/- 6.9, COVID-19 negative, 9.7 +/- 9.0, COVID-19 positive; p = 0.01), carotid occlusions (6.2 % negative, 14.9 % positive; p = 0.02), and larger infarcts on presentation CT (ASPECTS 9.4 +/- 1.5, COVID-19 negative, 8.6 +/- 2.4, COVID-19 positive; p = 0.00). After multivariable logistic regression, GGO (odds ratio 15.7, 6.2-40.1), myalgia (8.9, 2.1-38.2) and higher core body temperature (1.9, 1.1-3.2) were independent COVID-19 predictors. GGO was associated with worse functional outcome on discharge and worse survival after univariate analysis. However, after adjustment for factors including stroke severity, GGO was not independently predictive of functional outcome or mortality. CONCLUSION Apical GGO on CTA performed for patients with suspected acute stroke is a reliable diagnostic biomarker for COVID-19, which in combination with clinical features may be useful in COVID-19 triage.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ratneswaren
- Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK; Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - N Chan
- Royal London Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - S Sait
- King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | - M Benger
- King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - L Dixon
- Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - F Tona
- Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - E Taylor
- Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - E Lim
- Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - N Asmar
- Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - J Senor
- Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - P Tantrige
- Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, UK
| | - A Taha
- Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, UK
| | - K Ballal
- Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, UK
| | - A Mattar
- Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, UK
| | - A Daadipour
- Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, UK
| | - K Elfergani
- Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, UK
| | - R Barker
- Frimley Park Hospital, Surrey, UK
| | | | | | - B J Kemp
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - O Y Wong
- University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - D Werring
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Stroke Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - A Banaras
- University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Anjari
- Lysholm Department of Neuroradiology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - R E Y Zaher
- Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - V L Reay
- Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - M Banerjee
- Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | | | - A P Oo
- Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - A Lo
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - P Rogers
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - T Hughes
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Marin
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Mukherjee
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - H Jaber
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - E Sanders
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Owen
- Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - S Sundayi
- Watford General Hospital, Watford, UK
| | - A Bhagat
- Watford General Hospital, Watford, UK
| | - M Elsakka
- Watford General Hospital, Watford, UK
| | - O H Hashmi
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - M Lymbouris
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | | | - M Arshad
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - I Hasan
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - N Singh
- Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK
| | - V Patel
- St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - T C Booth
- King's College Hospital, London, UK; School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
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Cowell E, Jaber H, Kris LP, Fitzgerald MG, Sanders VM, Norbury AJ, Eyre NS, Carr JM. Vav proteins do not influence dengue virus replication but are associated with induction of phospho-ERK, IL-6, and viperin mRNA following DENV infection in vitro. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0239123. [PMID: 38054722 PMCID: PMC10782993 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02391-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Dengue disease is characterized by an inflammatory-mediated immunopathology, with elevated levels of circulating factors including TNF-α and IL-6. If the damaging inflammatory pathways could be blocked without loss of antiviral responses or exacerbating viral replication, then this would be of potential therapeutic benefit. The study here has investigated the Vav guanine exchange factors as a potential alternative signaling pathway that may drive dengue virus (DENV)-induced inflammatory responses, with a focus on Vav1 and 2. While Vav proteins were positively associated with mRNA for inflammatory cytokines, blocking Vav signaling didn't affect DENV replication but prevented DENV-induction of p-ERK and enhanced IL-6 (inflammatory) and viperin (antiviral) mRNA. These initial data suggest that Vav proteins could be a target that does not compromise control of viral replication and should be investigated further for broader impact on host inflammatory responses, in settings such as antibody-dependent enhancement of infection and in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangeline Cowell
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hawraa Jaber
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Luke P. Kris
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Madeleine G. Fitzgerald
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Valeria M. Sanders
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Aidan J. Norbury
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas S. Eyre
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jillian M. Carr
- College of Medicine and Public Health and Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Cowell E, Kris LP, Bracho-Granado G, Jaber H, Smith JR, Carr JM. Zika virus infection of retinal cells and the developing mouse eye induces host responses that contrasts to the brain and dengue virus infection. J Neurovirol 2023; 29:187-202. [PMID: 37022660 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes ocular and neurological pathologies with ZIKV-induction of developmental abnormalities following in utero infection a major concern. The study here has compared ZIKV and the related dengue virus (DENV) infection in the eye and brain. In vitro, both ZIKV and DENV could infect cell lines representing the retinal pigmented epithelium, endothelial cells, and Mueller cells, with distinct innate responses in each cell type. In a 1-day old mouse challenge model, both ZIKV and DENV infected the brain and eye by day 6 post-infection (pi). ZIKV was present at comparable levels in both tissues, with RNA increasing with time post-infection. DENV infected the brain, but RNA was detected in the eye of less than half of the mice challenged. NanoString analysis demonstrated comparable host responses in the brain for both viruses, including induction of mRNA for myosin light chain-2 (Mly2), and numerous antiviral and inflammatory genes. Notably, mRNA for multiple complement proteins were induced, but C2 and C4a were uniquely induced by ZIKV but not DENV. Consistent with the viral infection in the eye, DENV induced few responses while ZIKV induced substantial inflammatory and antiviral responses. Compared to the brain, ZIKV in the eye did not induce mRNAs such as C3, downregulated Retnla, and upregulated CSF-1. Morphologically, the ZIKV-infected retina demonstrated reduced formation of specific retinal layers. Thus, although ZIKV and DENV can both infect the eye and brain, there are distinct differences in host cell and tissue inflammatory responses that may be relevant to ZIKV replication and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cowell
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - L P Kris
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - G Bracho-Granado
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - H Jaber
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - J R Smith
- Eye and Vision Health, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - J M Carr
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Room 5D-316, Flinders Medical Centre, Flinders Drive, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, 5042, Australia.
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Manivannan S, Sharouf F, Mayo I, Albaqer H, Mehrez M, Jaber H, Nicholls Z, Woodward BO, Watkins WJ, Zaben M. Management of neurotrauma during COVID-19: a single centre experience and lessons for the future. Brain Inj 2021; 35:957-963. [PMID: 34184612 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2021.1934731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is amongst the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The unprecedented emergence of COVID-19 has mandated neurosurgeons to limit viral spread and spare hospital resources whilst trying to adapt management plans for TBI. We aimed to characterize how this affects decision-making on TBI management and drive strategies to cope with future expected waves. METHODS Retrospective TBI data collection from a single tertiary referral unit was performed between: 01/04/2019 - 30/06/2019 ('Pre-Epidemic') and 01/04/2020 - 30/06/20 ('Epidemic'). Demographics, mechanism of injury, TBI severity, radiological findings, alcohol/anticoagulants/antiplatelets use, and management decisions were extracted. RESULTS 646 TBI referrals were received in 'Pre-Epidemic' (N = 317) and 'Epidemic' (N = 280) groups. There was reduction in RTA-associated TBI (14.8 vs 9.3%; p = .04) and increase in patients on anticoagulants (14.2 vs 23.6%; p = .003) in the 'Epidemic' group. Despite similarities between other TBI-associated variables, a significantly greater proportion of patients were managed conservatively in local referring units without neurosurgical services (39.1 vs 56.8%; p < .0001), predominantly constituted by mild TBI. CONCLUSION Despite COVID-19 public health measures, the burden of TBI remains eminent. Increases in local TBI management warrant vigilance from primary healthcare services to meet post-TBI needs in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Manivannan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - F Sharouf
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - I Mayo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - H Albaqer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Mehrez
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - H Jaber
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Z Nicholls
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - B O Woodward
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - W J Watkins
- Department of Infection & Immunity, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Zaben
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
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