Oral Zinc-Rich Oyster Supplementation Corrects Anemia in Rats

This study investigates the impact of various zinc supplementation methods on anemia in rats induced by phenylhydrazine (PHZ) and in 5/6-nephrectomized anemic rats. We compare oral zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) supplementation, oyster Crassostrea gigas supplementation, and hard clam Meretrix lusoria supplementation on red blood cell (RBC) levels. Oral zinc-rich oyster supplementation (2.70 mg Zn (30 g oyster)/day/rat) effectively corrects anemia in both experimental groups. Rats orally fed oysters for four days exhibit similar effectiveness as those receiving a single ZnSO4 injection (0.95 mg Zn (4.18 mg ZnSO4⋅7H2O)/rat). In contrast, oral ZnSO4 supplementation (2.70 mg Zn (11.88 mg ZnSO4⋅7H2O)/day/rat) does not significantly increase RBC levels, suggesting better zinc absorption from oysters. A placebo group of anemic rats supplemented with hard clams, similar in composition to oysters but much lower in zinc, did not change RBC counts. This supports oysters' high zinc content as the key to correcting anemia. Oysters also contain high iron levels, offering a potential solution for iron-deficiency anemia while supporting bone marrow erythropoiesis. In summary, oral oyster supplementation emerges as an effective strategy to correct anemia in rats with added zinc and iron support for erythropoiesis.

[Rehabilitation of complete edentulism and temporomandibular joint]

Rehabilitation of complete edentulism is naturally related to temporomandibular joint (TMJ) since the proper functioning of complete denture depends on the normal movement of TMJ. This review briefly introduced the design of occlusion in complete denture, characteristic of different occlusal patterns, and key points in registration of maxillomandibular relationship and occlusal adjustment. This review emphasized the significance of complete denture restoration to the health of TMJ.

[Current status and research advances on catheter-associated urinary tract infection in burn patients]

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is one of the common nosocomial infections in burn patients. It not only extends the length of hospital stay of patients, increases the economic burden on family and society, but also seriously affects the prognosis and quality of life of patients, increases the risk of death of patients. In this paper, the epidemiological characteristics, influencing factors, and prevention measures of CAUTI in burn patients are reviewed to draw high attention of clinical medical staff and to provide some reference for clinical practice.

[Research progress on moderate and deep sedation during wound dressing change in pediatric burn patients]

Moderate and deep sedation can effectively relieve or eliminate the pain and body discomfort during wound dressing change in pediatric burn patients, relieve anxiety, agitation, and even delirium of the children, reduce the metabolic rate of the children, make them in a quiet, comfortable, and cooperative state, which is conducive to the smooth completion of dressing change. This paper summarized the three aspects of moderate and deep sedation in pediatric burn patients, including the overview, main points of implementation, and effects, and further introduced the moderate and deep sedation medication regimens for different routes of administration, as well as the content of evaluation and monitoring. Suggestions on the prevention and management of related complications and the management of moderate and deep sedation implementation procedures were put forward, in order to provide references for the development of moderate and deep sedation for wound dressing change in pediatric burn patients in China.

A Lanthanide-tellurium heterometal encapsulated sandwich-type heteropolyoxoniobate with a 3D pcu-type hydrogen-bonding network

A rare sandwich-type heteropolyoxoniobate cluster [Eu(H2O)3Te6Nb18O64(OH)4]15- {EuTe6Nb18}, has been isolated by simultaneously incorporating lanthanide cation and tellurite anions into the polyoxoniobate. {EuTe6Nb18} cluster represents the first examples of lanthanide-incorporated telluroniobate...

[Treatment planning and key points in clinical procedure of implant overdenture for edentulous patients]

Many randomized controlled clinical trials have reported that implant overdentures provided edentulous people with better retention, stability, and masticatory performance than conventional complete dentures did. The design of implant overdentures for edentulous jaws should be based on comprehensive consideration of factors such as anatomic structure, alveolar bone resorption, inter-arch distance, choice of implant number/distribution and suprastructure. During the clinical procedure, timing of attachment connection, choice of impression technique, methods of maxilla-mandibular relationship registration, wax-up try-in, and prostheses delivery should be determined according to the type of implant overdentures. The appropriate choices and conduction of the above-mentioned procedures can guarantee the long-term success of the prostheses. This review elaborates on the clinical significance, treatment design, key steps in clinical procedure of implant overdenture, and summarizes follow-up and maintenance following denture delivery.

[Comparison of single incision robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with and without extraperitoneal special channel device]

Objective: To compare the clinical effects of single-incision robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RARP) with and without extraperitoneal special channel device. Methods: The clinical data of 70 patients who had undergone RARP in the Robotic Minimally Invasive Surgery Center of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from September 2020 to February 2021 were analyzed retrospectively, including 29 cases who were operated on without special channel device (group A) and 41 cases with special channel device (group B). All operations were performed by robot-assisted single-incision retrograde bladder neck exfoliation via extraperitoneal approach in patients by the same operator. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, the bladder neck urethral anastomosis time, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative exhaust time, positive rate of incisal margin, indwelling time of urinary catheter, retention rate of postoperative erectile function, satisfaction rate of immediate postoperative urine control, positive rate of postoperative lymph node pathology, incision length, treatment cost and the rate of prostate specific antigen (PSA)lower than 0.2 μg/L at 6 weeks after operation were compared between the two groups. Results: All 70 cases were operated successfully. The difference of age[ (68.9±3.9) vs (69.4±5.4) years], preoperative PSA level[14.1(6.3, 19.8)vs13.7(5.8, 18.1)μg/L], prostate volume[44.8(30.7,172.6)vs 56.3(40.9,163.4)ml ] of the two groups was not statistically significant(all P>0.05). The difference of operation time [ (59.1±18.5) vs (59.6±18.0) min ], intraoperative blood loss [93(66,198)vs 95(68,203) ml ], bladder neck urethral anastomosis time [ (12.6±1.3) vs (13.7±2.8) min ], postoperative hospital stay [ (8.1±2.3) vs (9.1±1.3) d], postoperative exhaust time [ (1.4±0.6) vs (1.3±0.6) d], positive rate of incisal margin (20.7% vs 19.5%), indwelling time of the urinary catheter after operation [ (6.8±1.5) vs (7.1±2.0) d ], the retention rate of postoperative erectile function (31.0% vs 27.0%), the satisfaction rate of immediate postoperative urine control (79.3% vs 75.6%), the positive rate of postoperative lymph node pathology (17.2% vs 14.6%), the length of incision [ (5.1±0.5) vs (6.1±0.4) cm ], the rate of PSA lower than 0.2 μg/L at 6 weeks after operation (86.2% vs 83.0%) of the two groups was not statistically significant(all P>0.05). The operation cost of group A[(62 000±4 000) yuan]was lower than group B[(68 000±4 000) yuan] (P<0.05). Conclusion: Extraperitoneal non-special channel device single-incision RARP is safe and feasible.

[Effect of Biochar on Soil Enzyme Activity & the Bacterial Community and Its Mechanism]

Biochar-based fertilizers can improve the mineralization of carbon and nitrogen in soil and enhance the soil micro-ecological environment due to particular physical and chemical properties. It is of great significance to explore the underlying mechanism of biochar-based fertilizer in the regulation of soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activity to improve soil quality. Field experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different biochar-based fertilizer rates[0 (CK2), 0.6 (T1), 0.9 (T2), 1.2 (T3), and 1.5 (T4) t·hm^-2]on soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, and bacterial community structure. The results showed that with the application of biochar-based fertilizer, soil bulk density decreased, while the pH value, available P, available K, organic matter content, and the C/N ratio increased by 0.32%-5.83%, 14.09%-23.16%, 0%-38.70%, 7.49%-14.16%, and 4.06%-10.13%, respectively, compared to that of the CK2 treatment. With increasing rates of biochar-based fertilizer, the enzyme activity first increased and then decreased. Invertase (INV), urease (URE), catalase (CAT), and neutral phosphatase (NPH) activity under the application of biochar-based fertilizer were 63.73%-166.37%, 117.52%-174.03%, 12.98%-23.59%, and 60.84%-119.71% higher than that of CK2, respectively. The corresponding bacterial diversity was significantly improved, especially with regard to the increase in the abundance of growth promoting bacteria, such as Gemmatimonadetes and Proteobacteria, and decreased the abundance of Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria. The correlation analysis showed that soil C/N ratio was the key factor affecting soil enzyme activity, and there was a significant positive correlation between soil enzyme activity and bacterial diversity. There were significantly positive correlations among the activities of the above four soil enzymes and the relative abundance of Gemmatimonadetes (P<0.01), with CAT being the key factor affecting the bacterial community structure. This study revealed a relationship between soil enzyme activity and microbial colonies, which provides a theoretical basis and mechanism for applying biochar to regulate the soil enzyme and micro-ecological environment.

Effect of Zinc Supplementation on Renal Anemia in 5/6-Nephrectomized Rats and a Comparison with Treatment with Recombinant Human Erythropoietin

Anemia is a severe complication in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Treatment with exogenous erythropoietin (EPO) can correct anemia in many with CKD. We produced 5/6-nephrectomized rats that became uremic and anemic at 25 days post surgery. Injection of the anemic 5/6-nephrectomized rats with 2.8 mg zinc/kg body weight raised their red blood cell (RBC) levels from approximately 85% of the control to 95% in one day and continued for 4 days. We compared the effect of ZnSO4 and recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) injections on relieving anemia in 5/6-nephrectomized rats. After three consecutive injections, both the ZnSO4 and rHuEPO groups had significantly higher RBC levels (98 ± 6% and 102 ± 6% of the control) than the saline group (90 ± 3% of the control). In vivo, zinc relieved anemia in 5/6-nephrectomized rats similar to rHuEPO. In vitro, we cultured rat bone marrow cells supplemented with ZnCl2, rHuEPO, or saline. In a 4-day suspension culture, we found that zinc induced erythropoiesis similar to rHuEPO. When rat bone marrow cells were supplement-cultured with zinc, we found that zinc stimulated the production of EPO in the culture medium and that the level of EPO produced was dependent on the concentration of zinc supplemented. The production of EPO via zinc supplementation was involved in the process of erythropoiesis.

[Oral hygiene maintenance of locator attachments implant overdentures in edentulous population: A longitudinal study]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the oral hygiene status of edentulous patients with locator attachments implant overdentures (IOD) and to analyze the relationship among daily hygiene behavior, oral hygiene status and peri-implant diseases.

METHODS

Edentulous patients who received IOD treatment with locator attachments from January 2012 to May 2016 were recruited. Clinical and radiographic examinations were conducted to assess the peri-implant tissue status. Modified plaque index (mPLI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), gingival index (GI), and probing depth (PD) were recorded and peri-implant marginal bone loss (MBL) was measured using paralleling projection technique. Patients' peri-implant oral hygiene maintainence habits were investigated. The correlation between peri-implant diseases and oral hygiene status and behaviors was analyzed.

RESULTS

Fifty patients (125 implants) with an average follow-up time of 22 months (6-54 months) were enrolled. The mean values of mPLI, SBI, and GI were 1.4±1.2, 0.8±0.7, and 0.7± 0.6, respectively. Average PD was (2.2±0.7) mm. Mesial and distal maginal bone resorptions were (1.1±1.1) mm and (0.9±0.9) mm, respectively. The prevalance of mucositis and peri-implantitis of the implants were 49.6% and 0. The prevelance of mucositis in the patients with poor oral hygiene (mPLI≥2) was 11.9 times as much as that of those with adequate oral hygiene (mPLI<1). The patients who performed oral hygiene procedure on attachments at least twice a day achieved much lower mPLI scores than those who cleaned less than twice a day.

CONCLUSION

Oral hygiene condition in the group of patients with implant overdentures was poor, and it contributed to increased risk of peri-implant mucositis. The prevelance of musositis of the paitients with poor oral hygiene was 11.9 times as much as that of those with proper oral hygiene. Patients wearing IOD should pay more attention to the hygiene of the attachments.

[Detection and functional analysis of BMP2 gene mutation in patients with tooth agenesis]

OBJECTIVE

To screen for BMP2 mutation with functional impact in patients with congenital tooth agenesis and to make oral and skeletal phenotype record and functional analysis with in vitro experiments.

METHODS

We enrolled eighteen patients with congenital tooth agenesis. The medical and dental history was collected,and clinical and dental examinations including the X-ray examination of oral-facial and skeletal bone were performed for the phenotypic analysis. Blood samples were collected to extract DNA and whole exome sequencing was conducted. The genes involved in oral-facial development and congenital skeletal diseases were investigated for mutation screening. The mutations with functional impact were then investigated. In one patient, the BMP2 mutation with putative functional impact was selected for functional analysis. Wild type and mutant BMP2 plasmids with green fluorescent protein (GFP) tag were constructed and transfected into HEK293T cells. Subcellular protein distribution was observed under laser scanning confocal microscope. The activation of downstream SMAD1/5/9 phosphorylation by BMP2 was detected by Western blotting to investigate the functional impact and genetic pathogenicity.

RESULTS

BMP2 mutation NM_001200.3:c.393A>T (p.Arg131Ser), rs140417301 was detected in one patient with congenital tooth agenesis, while for other genes involved in oral-facial development and congenital skeletal diseases, no functionally significant mutation was found. The proband's parents didn't carry this mutation. The father had normal dentition, while the mother lacked one premolar, and both the parents showed normal palate and maxilla. The patient also had maxillary hypoplasia in both sagittal and coronal planes, palatal dysmorphology, and malocclusion, and was diagonsed with osteopenia after the X-ray examnination of his skeletal bone. Functional analysis showed this mutation had normal subcelluar localization but reduced phosphorylation of SMAD1/5/9 (reduction by 32%, 22%, and 27% in three independent replicates). Taken together with family co-segregation, this mutaion was considered as "likely pathogenic".

CONCLUSION

BMP2 mutation c.393A>T (p. Arg131Ser) affects bone morphogenetic protein signaling activity, and may affect the number of teeth, growth of maxilla and palate, and bone mineral density.

[Analysis of edge morphology of partial veneers made by different processing techniques and materials]

OBJECTIVE

To compare the edge morphology of partial veneers made of different materials by slurry molding, heat-pressed and computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) techniques.

METHODS

Thirty premolars with smooth surface and intact enamel were selected and randomly divided into five groups, 6 specimens for each group. Group A were made from feldspathic porcelain (Noritake®) by slurry molding, while Group B were made from lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS E.max® Press) by heat-pressed. Group C/D/E were respectively made from feldspar porcelain block (VITA Mark II®), zirconia-reinforced glass ceramic (VITA Suprinity®) and hybrid ceramic with a ceramic-polymer network (VITA Enamic®) by CAD/CAM techniques. All the partial veneers luted with light-cured composite resin. Then the partial veneers were trimmed and polished to achieve the smooth finishing margin, clinical polishing sets were used according to the product descriptions. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the edge morphology of prostheses and the exposure of resin cements.

RESULTS

The smooth surface and knife-like edge of the partial veneers could be obtained after bonding, trimming and polishing. The edges of Group A were slightly rough and the width of the exposed adhesive was (106.00±9.17) μm. In Group B, the edges were smoother than Group A, and the exposed wide adhesive strip was visible, which was (138.33±20.59) μm. In Group E, the edges were smooth too, and the width of exposed adhesive strip was (186.00±5.66) μm. The edges of Group C and Group D were rough and uneven, and the adhesive was rarely exposed, they were (50.67±7.51) μm and (65.67±17.90) μm. There were all significant differences between two groups, except Group C and Group D.

CONCLUSION

After trimming and polishing in accordance with clinical procedures, the expected knife-like edge can be obtained in all groups. The width of the exposed resin adhesive of each group is different, the order: Mark II/Suprinity < Noritake < E.max Press < Enamic. The edge morphology of partial veneers in different processing technic and materials are different.

[Evaluation of the fabrication deviation of a kind of milling digital implant surgical guides]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the deviation of digital implant surgical guides during fabrication process in the Organical Dental Implant (ODI) system.

METHODS

This study included two parts. The first part was the in vitro study. A resin block with a diagnostic template was used for the planning. After cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning, a surgical guide with eight implants was virtually designed using the ODI system. The guide was milled by a 5-axial numerical controlled milling machine, and an optical scanning was taken to digitalize the guide to a standard tessellation language (STL) form. The STL data were then imported into an ODI software and registered with the original design. The deviation of the sleeves between the design and the STL was measured in the ODI software and set as the golden standard. Then the ODI examination table was used to measure the deviation of the guide during fabrication. Examiners A and B measured 10 times separately. The reliability and the validity of the examination table was calculated. The second part was the in vivo study: The deviation during fabrication of 12 guides designed and fabricated by the ODI system were measured using the examination table.

RESULTS

The standard deviation of the deviation measured using the examination table by examiners A and B were all below 0.40 mm (for the shell reference points) and 0.71 degree (for the angles). No significant difference was found between the two examiners for any implant sites. The result of the examination table was larger than that of the software for the shell reference point (t-test, P<0.05), but no significant difference was found for the angle deviation (t-test, P>0.05). The 45 implants positions in the 12 guides for the in vivo study were examined using the examination table. The deviations at the shell reference points were (1.06±0.29) mm (0.42-1.75 mm), and at the implant tip were (1.12±0.48) mm (0.41-2.44 mm). The angle deviations were (1.42±0.70) degree (0.29-2.96 degree).

CONCLUSION

Deviation is unavoidable during the fabrication process of the guides. The examination table of the ODI system is a reliable and valid tool to measure the deviation during fabrication of the ODI guides. More studies should be designed to research the relationship between the fabrication deviation and the implant insertion deviation.

[Establishment of Cas9 stably expressed human hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma cell lines]

Objective: To facilitate using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system in human liver and gallbladder cancer cells, we established Cas9 stably expressed human liver and gallbladder cancer cell lines, and validated the gene editing activity of Cas9. Methods: Human liver cancer cell lines (Huh7, PLC/PRF/5, HepG2, Hep3b, SK-HEP-1 and Li-7), human cholangiocarcinoma cells (RBE) and human gallbladder cancer cells (GBC-SD) were infected with 3 Cas9-expressing lentivirus vectors (pLv-EF1α-Cas9-Flag-Neo, pLv-EF1α-Cas9-Flag-Puro, Cas9m1.1), respectively, and Cas9 stably expressed colonies were screened and selected. We extracted the genomic DNA and protein, validated the stable expression of Cas9 by using genomic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. Three of cell lines were further infected with Lv-EF1α-mCherry. Then mCherry positive cells were sorted by flow cytometry and infected with designed guide RNA (gRNA) vectors which targeted mCherry gene. Subsequently the gene editing activity of Cas9 was detected by genomic PCR, fluorescence microscopic observation and flow cytometry analysis. Results: One hundred Cas9-expressing human liver and gallbladder cancer cell lines were selected. Among them, 35 cell lines expressed Cas9-Neo, 25 expressed Cas9-puro, and 40 expressed mutant Cas9 (mCas9). We also established 3 cell lines with stable expression of mCherry (Huh7-mCas9-M, PLC/PRF/5-Cas9-M and SK-HEP-1-Cas9-M). The results of genomic PCR and sequencing showed that by lentiviral infection with 2 types of designed gRNA, the long fragment deletion of mCherry gene was found in these 3 cell lines. Moreover, mCherry(-)EGFP(+) cells infected with 2 types of gRNA were observed by fluorescence microscope. The results of flow cytometry showed that mCherry(-)EGFP(+) cells accounted from 0.3% to 93.6%. Conclusion: We successfully establish 100 human liver and gallbladder cancer cell lines with stable expression of Cas9 protein and validate their activities of gene editing.

[Genetic variants analysis and histological observation of teeth in a patient with hereditary opalescent dentin]

OBJECTIVE

To analyze the clinical characteristics and the genetic cause of a Chinese patient with hereditary opalescent dentin, and to make an observation of the histologic and elemental features of the affected teeth.

METHODS

We enrolled a patient affected with hereditary opalescent dentin. The medical history was collected and clinical examinations were performed for the phenotypic analyses. The blood sample was collected for DNA extraction and PCRs of the coding sequence of DSPP were done for sanger sequencing. The teeth samples were collected for histological evaluation and elemental analysis.

RESULTS

The patient showed typical clinical manifestations of opalescent dentin and had enamel dysplasia and skeletal class III malocclusion. Several polymorphisms (c.727G>A, c.897A>G, c.2053_2054ins18bp, c.2548G>A, c.2645_2646ins9bp, c.2706T>C, c.2878A>G, c.3004A>G, c.3069_3086del18bp, c.3249A>C, c.3264T>C, c.3266_3400del135bp, c.3418A>G, c.3454G>A, c.3461_3462ins18bp, c.3606C>T) but no pathogenic mutations were identified in DSPP. The histological analyses of the patient's teeth showed characteristic abnormalities that were significantly different from normal teeth. The dentin tubules of the affected teeth were decreased in number and sparsed in arrangement, while in the control teeth, they were more regular. The enamel-dentin junction of the affected teeth was abnormal in its less scallopped outline compared with the control teeth under the scanning electronic microscopy. The Mg proportion of the patient's teeth (0.615 0%±0.261 6%) was lower than that of the control teeth (1.283 3%±0.322 1%), the P value was 0.040. The Ca proportion was the higher compared with the control teeth (34.865 0%±0.388 9% vs. 29.221 7%±2.248 4%), the P value was 0.015. The Ca/P ration of the patient's teeth was 1.981 2±0.019 3, which was higher than that of control teeth (1.775 9±0.111 6), the P value was 0.049. The differences of Mg, Ca proportion and Ca/P ration between the affected teeth and the control teeth were significant. The C and O proportion of the patient's teeth were lower and the P proportion was higher compared with the control teeth, however, the differences were not significant.

CONCLUSION

Our study of clinical manifestation analysis, genetic variants sequencing and histological observation has enlarged the phenotypic spectrum of hereditary opalescent dentin, and the genetic and histological results would contribute to further studies.

Fisetin Exerts Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects in Multiple Mutant hSOD1 Models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis by Activating ERK

Oxidative stress exhibits a central role in the course of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disease commonly found to include a copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene mutation. Fisetin, a natural antioxidant, has shown benefits in varied neurodegenerative diseases. The possible effect of fisetin in ALS has not been clarified as of yet. We investigated whether fisetin affected mutant hSOD1 ALS models. Three different hSOD1-related mutant models were used: Drosophila expressing mutant hSOD1^G85R, hSOD1^G93A NSC34 cells, and transgenic mice. Fisetin treatment provided neuroprotection as demonstrated by an improved survival rate, attenuated motor impairment, reduced ROS damage and regulated redox homeostasis compared with those in controls. Furthermore, fisetin increased the expression of phosphorylated ERK and upregulated antioxidant factors, which were reversed by MEK/ERK inhibition. Finally, fisetin reduced the levels of both mutant and wild-type hSOD1 in vivo and in vitro, as well as the levels of detergent-insoluble hSOD1 proteins. The results indicate that fisetin protects cells from ROS damage and improves the pathological behaviors caused by oxidative stress in disease models related to SOD1 gene mutations probably by activating ERK, thereby providing a potential treatment for ALS.

[Research advances in dentin biomimetic remineralization]

With similar characteristic as nature dentin in structure and function, regenerated dentin is considered to be the ideal material for detected dentin restoration. Accordingly, dentin regeneration is a key issue in oral medicine and biomaterial science. Biomimetic mineralizatioin and remineralization are thus considered as strategies in dentin regeneration. This review is about the research advances of dentin biomimetic remineralization.

[Influence of implants prepared by selective laser melting on early bone healing]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the influence of the rough surface of dental implants prepared by selective laser melting (SLM) on early bone healing around titanium implants.

METHODS

A total of sixteen titanium implants were involved in our research, of which eight implants were prepared by SLM (TIXOS Cylindrical, Leader-Novaxa, Milan, Italy; 3.3 mm×10 mm, internal hex) and the other eight were sandblasted, large-grit and acid-etched (SLA) implants (IMPLUS Cylindrical, Leader-Novaxa, Milan, Italy; 3.3 mm×10 mm, internal hex). All of the dental implants were inserted into the healed extraction sockets of the mandible of two adult male Beagle dogs. Half of the dental implants were designed to be healed beneath the mucosa and the other half were intended to be healed transgingivally and were immediately loaded by acrylic resin bridge restoration. Three types of tetracycline fluorescent labels, namely calcein blue, alizarin complexone and calcein, were administered into the veins of the Beagle dogs 2, 4, and 8 weeks after implant placement respectively for fluorescent evaluation of newly formed bone peri-implant. Both Beagle dogs were euthanized 12 weeks after implant insertion and the mandible block specimens containing the titanium implants and surrounding bone and soft tissue of each dog were carefully sectioned and dissected. A total of 16 hard tissue slices were obtained and stained with toluidine blue for microscopic examination and histomorphometric measurements. Histological observation was made for each slice under light microscope and laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). Comparison on new bone formation around titanium implants of each group was made and mineral apposition rate (MAR) was calculated for each group.

RESULTS

Dental implants prepared by selective laser melting had achieved satisfying osseointegration to surrounding bone tissue after the healing period of 12 weeks. Newly formed bone tissue was observed creeping on the highly porous surface of the SLM implant and growing into the pores of surface structure. Higher MAR values were shown for SLM implants compared with SLA implants (P<0.01).

CONCLUSION

Dental implants prepared by selective laser melting could promote early bone healing and improve mineral apposition rate.

[Specific cytotoxicity of a novel HER2-based chimeric antigen receptor modified T lymphocytes against HER2-positive tumor cells]

Objective: To construct the third generation chimeric antigen receptor based on a novel humanized anti-HER2 H1-2 scFv, and to investigate the specific cytotoxicity of H1-2 CAR modified T lymphocytes(CAR-T) against HER2(+) tumor cells. Method: The expression cassette of the third generation CAR gene and anti-HER2 H1-2 scFv were constructed and cloned into lentivirus transfer plasmid, and then the third generation H1-2 CAR was transduced into human T lymphocytes using lentivirus.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the expression of cytokines IL2, and LDH release assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of the H1-2 CAR-T.Finally, NOD/SCID mice and HER2(+) breast cancer cell line SKBR3 were used to detect the anti-tumor effect of H1-2 CAR-T in vivo. Results: The third generation H1-2 CAR was successfully constructed.H1-2 CAR-T secreted high dose of IL2 after confrontation with HER2(+) breast cancer cells.In vitro, the cytolytic rate of H1-2 CAR-T on high expression HER2(+) tumor cells was significantly higher than that in low expression HER2 or non-expression HER2 tumor cells. At the efficacy to target ratio of 20, the cytolytic rate of H1-2 CAR-T against breast cancer cell SK-BR-3 could reach (90.1±2.8)%, while the cytolytic rate of H1-2 CAR-T against HER2(-) breast cancer cell MDA-MB-231 was only (13.5±4.7)%. In the mouse xenograft tumor model, H1-2 CAR-T cells inhibited breast cancer growth in vivo.At the end of the experiments, the average tumor weight in the H1-2 CAR-T cell treatment group was (0.7±0.1) g, the non-transfected T cell therapeutic group was (1.2±0.2) g, and the PBS group was (1.2±0.2) g. There was significant difference between the H1-2 CAR-T therapeutic group and the non-transfected T cell therapeutic group (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the non-transfected T cell therapeutic group and the PBS treatment group (P>0.05). Conclusion: The HER2-sepcific H1-2 CAR-T cells specifically kill HER2 positive cells, and further studies on CAR-T cells for the treatment of HER2(+) cancers are useful.

[Influence of the interforaminal arch form of edentulous mandibles on design of "All-on-4": preliminary research based on conebeam computed tomography]

OBJECTIVE

To classify the interforaminal arch form of edentulous mandibles by measuring the anterior-posterior distance (A-P distance) of implants planned to be inserted in "All-on-4" protocol using conebeam computed tomography (CBCT) data, and to investigate the influence of the arch form on the "All-on-4" distally tilted implants.

METHODS

Seventy-four CBCT images of edentulous mandibles were collected, including 35 males and 39 females respectively. "All-on-4"implant supported fixed prostheses were designed for these patients based on the CBCT data. The A-P distance was measured in the plane which crossed bilateral mental foramens and was parallel to the occlusal plane. The interforaminal arch form of edentulous mandibles were classified according to the A-P distance. The radian of the jaw arch 7.5 mm mesially to the mental foramen was measured bilaterally, and its correlation with the A-P distance was studied.

RESULTS

The average A-P distance of implant supported fixed prostheses planned in the interforaminal region was (8.5±1.5) mm (minimum 4.5 mm, maximum 11.8 mm). In the study, 12.2% of the subjects' mandibles were classified as square arch form with A-P distances ≤7 mm, 54.0% were classified as ovoid with A-P distances >7 mm and ≤9 mm, 33.8% were classified as tapered with A-P distances >9 mm. Bilaterally, 148 results of the radian of the jaw arch 7.5 mm mesially to the mental foramen were obtained, and the average radian was 15.9°±5.5° (minimum 5.6°, maximum 35.2°). The radian and the A-P distance showed a negative correlation with statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

In this research, the ovoid arch form was the most common type in edentulous mandibles, followed by tapered arch form. The square arch form showed the lowest percentage. As the arch form went squarer, the A-P distance became shorter, the radian of the jaw arch mesially to the mental foramen went greater, and the bone width that distally tilted implants need became bigger. The interforaminal arch form of the edentulous mandible should be analyzed before an implant supported fixed restoration is designed in the interforaminal region. The angle of inclination of distal implants should be reasonable. The bone width of the distal implant site must be adequate. The square arch form contributes negatively to the structure of implant supported fixed prostheses with distal cantilever design.

[Association of the expression of leptin and leptin receptor with bone metastasis in pulmonary adenocarcinoma]

Objective: To explore the association of expression of leptin and leptin receptor (LR) with bone metastasis of pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Methods: One hundred and sixteen pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients who had complete clinicopathological data and definite pathological diagnosis in our hospital from January 2008 to January 2010 were selected. They were divided into the metastasis (n= 58) and non-metastasis (control, n=58) groups. The expressions of leptin and LR were identified by immunohistochemistry. The differences between expressions of leptin and LR in primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues and metastasis, and between the groups with and without bone metastasis were analyzed. We also analyzed the correlation of leptin and LR expressed in primary adenocarcinoma and bone metastatic tissues, and the relationship between their expression levels and bone metastasis free survival (BMFS). Results: Among 58 patients of the metastasis group, the cases of high, moderate and low expressions of leptin were 36, 15 and 7, respectively, and the cases of high, moderate and low expressions of LR were 32, 17 and 9, respectively. Among the 58 patients of control group, the cases of high, moderate and low expressions of leptin were 19, 24 and 15, respectively, and those of LR were 17, 16 and 25, respectively. The expressions of leptin and LR in primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues of metastasis group were significantly different from those of the control group (P=0.006, P=0.002, respectively). The expressions of leptin and LR in primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues of the bone metastasis group were also significantly different from those of the non-bone metastasis group (P=0.029, P=0.032, respectively). The high/moderate expression rates of leptin and LR in the bone-metastatic tissues reached 91.4% (32/35) and 88.6% (31/35), respectively. The results showed that the expressions of leptin and LR in primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues were positively related with their expressions in bone metastatic tissue (r = 0.612). The median bone metastasis free survival (BMFS) of the bone metastasis groups with high, moderate and low expressions of leptin were 14, 21 and 47 months, respectively, and the median BMFS of high, moderate and low expressions of LR in the bone metastasis group were 13, 19 and 27 months, respectively. The expressions of leptin and LR in pulmonary adenocarcinoma were significantly associated with BMFS (P<0.001, P=0.006, respectively). Conclusions: The expressions of leptin and LR are significantly up-regulated in primary pulmonary adenocarcinoma tissues and bone metastatic tissues, and are negatively correlated with BMFS. These two molecules may be used as effective predictors of bone metastasis in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Spin-Orbit Coupling Controlled J=3/2 Electronic Ground State in 5d^{3} Oxides

Entanglement of spin and orbital degrees of freedom drives the formation of novel quantum and topological physical states. Here we report resonant inelastic x-ray scattering measurements of the transition metal oxides Ca_{3}LiOsO_{6} and Ba_{2}YOsO_{6}, which reveals a dramatic spitting of the t_{2g} manifold. We invoke an intermediate coupling approach that incorporates both spin-orbit coupling and electron-electron interactions on an even footing and reveal that the ground state of 5d^{3}-based compounds, which has remained elusive in previously applied models, is a novel spin-orbit entangled J=3/2 electronic ground state. This work reveals the hidden diversity of spin-orbit controlled ground states in 5d systems and introduces a new arena in the search for spin-orbit controlled phases of matter.

[Establishment and validation of human cancer cell lines with stable Cas9 expression]

Objective: To establish human cancer cell strains with stable Cas9 expression, and to validate the gene editing activity of Cas9 for simple gene editing in future study. Methods: Fifteen cancer cell lines of different tissue origins were infected with pLv-EF1α-Cas9-Flag-Neo or pLv-EF1α-Cas9-Flag-Puro by lentivirus and clone selection was employed to screen Cas9 stably expressed cancer cell lines. Afterward designed guide RNA vectors targeting TSC22 gene were transiently transfected into 3 of cell lines, and subsequently the gene editing activity of Cas9 was evaluated by genomic PCR, sequencing and Western blot. Results: Sixty-nine human cancer cell strains with stable Cas9 expression from different cancers were established, and by transient transfection with designed guide RNA, long fragment deletion was detected in TSC22 gene. Conclusions: Sixty-nine human cancer cell strains are successfully established with stable expression of Cas9 protein and gene editing activity. These cell strains may be employed in large-scale drug screening, screening of new drug targets and gene function investigation.

[Distribution and content of transforming growth factor-β1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in each layer of concentrated growth factors]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the distribution and content of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in concentrated growth factors (CGF) gel, and to clarify the difference among different layers of CGF.

METHODS

Venous blood samples were collected from 6 healthy volunteers to prepare CGF. The distribution, integrated optical density (IOD) and average optical density (AOD) of TGF-β1 and VEGF in CGF gel and red blood cell (RBC) layer were measured using immunohistochemistry. The concentrations of TGF-β1 and VEGF in the supernatant serum at baseline and the CGF releasate after 1 day were evaluated with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

RESULTS

Abundant TGF-β1 and VEGF were concentrated in CGF gel. However, only a little could be found in polykaryocytes and sporadic platelets in RBC layer. Platelets and leukocytes were concentrated in between the two layers with high expression of TGF-β1. The concentrations of TGF-β1 and VEGF in the CGF releasate(55 236.78±3 686.34), (610.99±148.81) ng/L were significantly higher than those in the supernatant serum (20 710.20±4 523.14), (335.20±51.69) ng/L (P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

CGF contains high quantities of TGF-β1 that can promote new bone formation and tissue healing. We suggest that CGF gel should be used right after being prepared. Supernatant serum and the area between CGF gel and RBC layer could also be mixed with bone substitute materials.

[EDA mutation screening and phenotype analysis in patients with tooth agenesis]

OBJECTIVE

To screen the ectodysplasin A (EDA) gene mutation in the patients with non-syndromic tooth agenesis and ectodermal dysplasia, and to analyze the phenotype of missing teeth pattern in these two groups of patients.

METHODS

In the study, 174 patients with tooth agenesis (143: non-syndromic, 31: ectodermal dysplasia) and 451 health control volunteers were enrolled from the clinic, and the genome DNA was extracted from either peripheral blood or oral mucosal swab. The coding region of EDA gene was then amplified by PCR, sequenced and blasted to online NCBI database. The missing teeth were recorded for all patients, and the missing teeth from patients with EDA mutation were compared among the different dentition sites.

RESULTS

33 patients were identified with EDA mutation. In the non-syndromic patients, 13/143(9.09%) were identified with EDA mutation, while in patients with ectodermal dysplasia, 20/31(64.52%) were found with EDA mutation. Ten novel EDA mutations were identified (c.769G>C[p.G257R ],c.936C>G[p.I312M],c.223G>A[p.E75K], .1166C>T[p.P389L],c.133G>C[p.G45R],c.1109G>A[p.E370K],c.914G>T[p.S305I], c.916C>T[p.Q306X],c.602G>T[p.G201V],c.88-89insG[p.A30GfsX69]). For each dentition site there was no statistic difference in the number of missing teeth between the left and right sides, so the number from both sides were combined later in the analysis. In the patients with EDA mutation, the non-syndromic patients had fewer missing teeth (15.9±6.4 missing teeth for each, 207/364 in total) than the patients with ectodermal dysplasia (23.9±4.3, 478/560). In the non-syndromic patients with EDA mutation, the maxillay central incisors and first molars were less affected, with the same missing rate as 19.2% (5/26). While the mandibular central incisors (with a missing rate of 76.9%, 20/26), the maxillary lateral incisors (the missing rate: 88.5%, 23/26), the mandibular lateral incisors (the missing rate: 80.8%, 21/26), and the maxillary first premolars (the missing rate: 80.8%, 21/26) were more likely to be missing. In the ectodermal dysplasia patients with EDA mutation, only maxillary central incisors (the missing rate: 60%, 24/40), maxillary canines (the missing rate: 70%, 28/40), mandibular canines (the missing rate: 67.5%, 27/40), maxillary first molars (the missing rate: 65%, 26/40) and mandibular first molars (the missing rate: 72.5%, 29/40) had higher possibility of persistence. Teeth at other dentition sites were more likely to be affected (the minimum missing rate: 87.5%, 35/40).

CONCLUSION

The findings would help to reveal the EDA gene and its function in ectodermal organogenesis.

[EDA mutation screening and phenotype analysis in patients with tooth agenesis]

OBJECTIVE

To screen the ectodysplasin A (EDA) gene mutation in the patients with non-syndromic tooth agenesis and ectodermal dysplasia, and to analyze the phenotype of missing teeth pattern in these two groups of patients.

METHODS

In the study, 174 patients with tooth agenesis (143: non-syndromic, 31: ectodermal dysplasia) and 451 health control volunteers were enrolled from the clinic, and the genome DNA was extracted from either peripheral blood or oral mucosal swab. The coding region of EDA gene was then amplified by PCR, sequenced and blasted to online NCBI database. The missing teeth were recorded for all patients, and the missing teeth from patients with EDA mutation were compared among the different dentition sites.

RESULTS

33 patients were identified with EDA mutation. In the non-syndromic patients, 13/143(9.09%) were identified with EDA mutation, while in patients with ectodermal dysplasia, 20/31(64.52%) were found with EDA mutation. Ten novel EDA mutations were identified (c.769G>C[p.G257R ],c.936C>G[p.I312M],c.223G>A[p.E75K], .1166C>T[p.P389L],c.133G>C[p.G45R],c.1109G>A[p.E370K],c.914G>T[p.S305I], c.916C>T[p.Q306X],c.602G>T[p.G201V],c.88-89insG[p.A30GfsX69]). For each dentition site there was no statistic difference in the number of missing teeth between the left and right sides, so the number from both sides were combined later in the analysis. In the patients with EDA mutation, the non-syndromic patients had fewer missing teeth (15.9±6.4 missing teeth for each, 207/364 in total) than the patients with ectodermal dysplasia (23.9±4.3, 478/560). In the non-syndromic patients with EDA mutation, the maxillay central incisors and first molars were less affected, with the same missing rate as 19.2% (5/26). While the mandibular central incisors (with a missing rate of 76.9%, 20/26), the maxillary lateral incisors (the missing rate: 88.5%, 23/26), the mandibular lateral incisors (the missing rate: 80.8%, 21/26), and the maxillary first premolars (the missing rate: 80.8%, 21/26) were more likely to be missing. In the ectodermal dysplasia patients with EDA mutation, only maxillary central incisors (the missing rate: 60%, 24/40), maxillary canines (the missing rate: 70%, 28/40), mandibular canines (the missing rate: 67.5%, 27/40), maxillary first molars (the missing rate: 65%, 26/40) and mandibular first molars (the missing rate: 72.5%, 29/40) had higher possibility of persistence. Teeth at other dentition sites were more likely to be affected (the minimum missing rate: 87.5%, 35/40).

CONCLUSION

The findings would help to reveal the EDA gene and its function in ectodermal organogenesis.

Association between rs11001553 of DKK1 and non-syndromic tooth agenesis in the Chinese Han population

Tooth agenesis is one of the most common anomalies of human dentition. Recent genetic studies have provided information regarding a number of genes related to both syndromic and non-syndromic forms of hypodontia. In a previous study, we found that polymorphism in rs11001553 of DKK1 was associated with hypodontia in the Chinese Han population. In this study, we extended this investigation to 89 individuals diagnosed with sporadic non-syndromic oligodontia (40 males and 49 females). These individuals were analyzed with 268 subjects (123 males and 145 females) diagnosed with non-syndromic hypodontia and 190 healthy control subjects (99 males and 91 females). DNA was obtained from whole blood or saliva samples and genotyping was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Significant differences were observed in the allele and genotype frequencies of rs11001553 of DKK1. These data demonstrated an association between rs11001553 of DKK1, a tooth development-associated gene, and non-syndromic tooth agenesis in Chinese Han individuals. This information may provide further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of tooth agenesis. Furthermore, DKK1 can be regarded as a marker gene for the risk of tooth agenesis.

NEW HOPE FOR INFERTILITY THERAPY: FABRICATING GAMETES FROM STEM CELLS

The field of reproductive and developmental biology has been revolutionized by recent advanced studies. These studies indicate that stem cells are capable of forming gametes in vivo and in vitro in both mouse and human. This has provided powerful tools for undertaking new types of reproductive studies, and particularly might provide new technology and novel approaches in assisted reproductive medicine.

Expression of IGF receptors and its ligands in bovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos

The objectives of this study were to assess the mRNA expression and protein location of IGF receptors and its ligands in bovine oocytes and different stages of preimplantation embryos, and then evaluate the effect of different concentrations of IGF-II when added to either the maturation or culture medium on in vitro embryo development. For the assessment of mRNA expression by RT-PCR three replicates each of 100 oocytes, and 60 embryos at each of the 2-cell, 8-cell, morula and blastocyst stages of development were used. Immunocytochemical techniques were used to study the location of IGFs and their receptors for COC, oocytes, and embryos at the same stages of development (n=25). The effect of supplementing maturation medium with IGF-II was examined using groups of 20 oocytes exposed to 0 (control), 10, 20, 50 or 100 ng IGF-II/ml medium. Each treatment was replicated five times. To study the effect of IGF-II added to culture medium, groups of 10 zygotes were cultured in the presence of 0 (control), 50, 100 or 150 ng IGF-II/ml medium and the treatments replicated four times. The results showed that IGF-I mRNA could not be detected but IGF-II, IGF-IR and IGF-IIR mRNA existed in bovine preimplantation embryos. Proteins for IGF-II, IGF-IR and IGF-IIR were detected on the cell plasma membrane of cumulus cells of COC, immature and mature oocytes, and 2-cell stage embryos. They were observed in blastomere cytoplasm of 8-cell and morula stage embryos. In blastocysts, the IGF proteins were distributed in the trophectoderm but not in the inner cell mass. Adding 20 ng/ml IGF-II to maturation medium resulted in higher rates of post-fertilization development than control at 8-cell (58.2% versus 44.5%; p<0.05) and blastocyst (37.0% versus 25.0%; p<0.05) stages of development; and the number of viable cells per blastocyst were significantly higher (126+/-6 versus 103+/-5; p<0.05). When IGF-II was added to the culture medium, no significant treatment differences were observed at 8-cell embryo stage but the development rate of zygotes cultured in the presence of 100 ng IGF-II/ml medium to blastocysts was significantly higher than that of control (30.0% versus 19.2%; p<0.05). It was concluded that supplementation of in vitro maturation or culture media with IGF-II affects the development of bovine embryos and could be used to improve in vitro embryo production.

Characterization of human sperm antigens reacting with anti-sperm antibodies from an infertile female patient's serum

Identification of sperm antigens that elicit immunoglobulin (Ig) production and knowledge of their roles in sperm transport and fertilization may enhance diagnosis and treatment of immunologic infertility. Sperm antigens recognized by a female patient's serum anti-sperm antibodies were characterized using an indirect immunobead-binding test, immunoblot analysis, and immunochemical labeling. The anti-sperm antibodies' effect on sperm function was evaluated by acrosome induction by calcium ionophore. Immunobeads specific for IgG were bound to the head of 79% of motile donor sperm. Immunochemical labeling of antibody-binding sites was restricted to the plasma membrane over the acrosomal crescent. No labeling was observed on the inner acrosomal membrane of acrosome-reacted sperm. The antibodies reacted with 35-, 40-, 47-, and 65-kd proteins extracted from acrosome-intact donor sperm. Sperm incubated in 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, and 1:32 dilutions of anti-sperm antibody-positive serum had similar rates of spontaneous acrosome reaction and significantly lower rates of ionophore-induced acrosome reaction compared with sperm incubated in control serum. These results suggest that sperm antigens recognized by the patient's serum anti-sperm antibodies are restricted to the acrosomal region of the plasma membrane. The antibodies may impair fertility by compromising the sperm's ability to undergo capacitation and/or acrosome reaction.

TGFα and EGFR in ovine preimplantation embryos and effects on development

The present study aimed to assess location and relative amounts of transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) and its receptor (EGFR) in ovine oocytes and preimplantation embryos by using immunohistochemical technique that was graded on a relative scale of 0-3, with 0 representing absence of staining, and 3 exhibiting prominent staining, and to evaluate the effects of TGFalpha/EGF on in vitro development of preimplantation embryos by adding different concentrations of EGF and TGFalpha to culture medium. The results showed that EGFR was abundant in cell plasma membranes in immature and mature oocytes, cumulus cells of immature cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC), fertilized oocytes and at different stages of embryo development. However, the relative amounts in inner cell mass (ICM) (1+) was less than that in trophectoderm (TE) cells (2+) at the blastocysts stage. The staining pattern for TGFalpha was a similar to EGFR. However, the staining for TGFalpha slightly increased in the fertilized oocytes (1-2+) as compared to immature and mature oocytes (1+). TGFalpha was mainly detected in the cytoplasm close to the membrane in both ICM and trophectoderm (TE) cells. The developmental rate of 8-cell stage embryos cultured with 5 ng/ml TGFalpha was increased as compared to other treatments (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the rate of development of blastocysts cultured with 5 ng/ml TGFalpha, 20 ng/ml EGF, 20 ng/ml EGF+5 ng/ml TGFalpha or the control treatment (P>0.05). In addition, there was no significant difference in the number of cells in blastocyst stage as compared with different treatments (P>0.05). However, TGFalpha alone enhanced cell survival rated (P<0.01) and reduced apoptosis. We concluded that TGFalpha can improve development of ovine preimplantation embryos at the 8-cell and blastocyst stages in vitro.

Expression of a novel T-complex testis expressed 5 (Tctex5) in mouse testis, epididymis, and spermatozoa

Expression of T-complex testis expressed 5 (Tctex5), an orthologue of protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor-3 (PPP1R11), was enhanced in mouse testis and was also expressed in epididymis and spermatozoa. There were three transcripts of Tctex5 including one brain specific and two common transcripts dominant in mouse testis. Tctex5 protein isoforms (75, 52, 32, 25, and 14.3 kDa) were identified. Isoforms of 75 and 52 kDa were spermatogenic-specific and were found in protein fraction containing nuclei, mitochondria, and flagellum accessory, and also in protein fraction containing mainly membranes. Tctex5 was localized in nuclei of pachytene spermatocytes, round spermatocytes, cytoplasm of Sertoli cells in testis; cilia, secretion bodies and nuclei of epithelial cells and interstitium smooth muscle cells in epididymis; and head and principal piece of tail in epididymal spermatozoa. The results suggested that Tctex5 might be a specific protein phosphatase-1 inhibitor in sperm; various Tctex5 transcripts and isoforms and cellular locations imply its different roles in spermatogenesis. Nuclei-type isoforms (75 and 52 kDa) might take part in nucleus remodeling during spermatogenesis whilst membrane-type isoform (52 kDa) might be responsible for dephosphorylation of proteins during capacitation. The other isoforms might play general roles for all kinds of cell types.

Localizations of intracellular calcium and Ca2+-ATPase in hamster spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa

Calcium plays a predominant role regulating many functional processes of spermatogenesis and fertilization. The purpose of the present study is to define the exact location of calcium as well as examine the role it plays during spermatogenesis and sperm capacitation. Testes and epididymides were obtained from adult healthy male hamsters. Spermatozoa were incubated with modified Tyrode's medium up to 4 h at 37 degrees Celsius for sperm capacitation in vitro. Samples of the testes and sperm cells were analyzed by cytochemical techniques to determine the location of calcium and Ca(2+)-ATPase and the percentage of acrosome reactions under light and electron microscopy. The data showed that (1) Sertoli cells exhibited numerous calcium precipitates as large, round, electron-dense bodies distributed throughout the cytoplasm and the mitochondrial matrix. Fine calcium precipitates existed in fewer numbers in the intracellular storage sites of spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, in sharp distinction to secondary spermatocyte and spermatids, which showed an abundance of large and round calcium precipitates, especially in the mitochondrial matrix of spermatids. More calcium deposits were distributed in the plasma membrane (PM), acrosome membrane, and matrices of the acrosome and mitochondria following capacitation; (2) Ca(2+)-ATPase was found in the endoplasmic reticulum system and PM of noncapacitated spermatozoa as well as Sertoli cells. Capacitated spermatozoa showed a weak signal. These results suggest that the presence of calcium in spermatogenic cells might play a role in cell growth and differentiation during spermatogenesis. The Ca(2+)-ATPase function may be inhibited during capacitation, leading to an increase in acrosomal calcium level and triggering of acrosomal exocytosis.

Property variations in the prism and the organic sheath within enamel by nanoindentation

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with nanoindentation technique was used to definitely, site-specifically, test the nanomechanical properties, including nanohardness and elastic modulus, of the isolated domains within single enamel, the prisms and the surrounding sheaths, of mature human maxillary third molars. In this way, it is for the first time that evident differences of nanomechanical properties were revealed between these domains. The nanohardness and elastic modulus of the sheaths were about 73.6% and 52.7% lower than those of the prisms, respectively. Measuring the residual impressions with AFM supported the similar conclusion. The variations of mechanical properties in these domains are considered to be mainly relative to their different component and fibrils arrangement.

Effects of sucrose concentration on the developmental potential of human frozen–thawed oocytes at different stages of maturity

BACKGROUND

Success of human oocyte cryopreservation depends on multiple cryobiological factors that could influence the developmental potential of the oocytes. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different sucrose concentrations on the developmental potential of human frozen-thawed oocytes at different maturity stages.

METHODS

A total of 355 oocytes collected from small follicles were randomly divided into three groups and two groups (B and C) were cryopreserved using slow-freezing method. Group A included 131 oocytes at different maturity stages without freezing. Another 119 oocytes in Group B were cryopreserved with 0.1 M sucrose and 105 oocytes in Group C with 0.2 M sucrose concentration.

RESULTS

The post-thaw survival rate of the oocytes and the cleavage rate in Group C were significantly higher than that of Group B (P<0.05). For immature metaphase I (MI) stage oocytes, a significant difference was found in the maturation rate between Group C and Group B (P<0.05). The maturation rate for the GV oocytes in Groups A and C was significantly higher than Group B (P<0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggested that sucrose concentration of 0.2 M in the cryoprotectant solution is more suitable for human oocyte cryopreservation.

Molecular biology of male infertility

About 15% of couples have reduced fertility and in approximately one-half of all cases the reason is male infertility, usually of genetic origin. Thus, in the context of research in genes involved in reproduction and sex determination, genetic anomalies in gametogenesis are being extensively studied. The most frequent pathogenic causes of male infertility are Y-chromosomal microdeletions (8-15%) in the long arm of the Y chromosome, which, by loss of specific DNA segments, leads to loss of vital genes for sperm production. Infertile men, who attend infertility clinics, rise to 15% among those with azoospermia or spermatogenesis problem. The new technique of intracytoplasmic sperm injection has allowed many infertile men to achieve their dreams of fatherhood. However, the spermatogenic defect is genetic anomalies, which might be a potential risk of transmitting this defect to future offspring. Therefore, genetic counseling of all couples with the diagnosis of male infertility is recommended before their enrolment in intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The important role of genetic abnormalities in the causation of human male infertility is increasingly recognized. While much remains to be learned in this fast-moving field, considerable progress has been made in the clinical delineation of genetic forms of male infertility and in the characterization of the responsible genes and their mutations or deletions. This review should provide insight into the understanding of parthenogenesis of male infertility in the human.

Decreased expression of the heat shock protein hsp70-2 is associated with the pathogenesis of male infertility

OBJECTIVE

To examine the expression of the heat shock protein hsp70-2, and the possible relationship with the pathogenesis of male infertility.

DESIGN

Prospective study.

SETTING

Reproductive testing laboratory in a university hospital.

PATIENT(S)

Men undergoing testicular biopsy during an investigation of subfertility.

INTERVENTION(S)

Testicular tissues were obtained from biopsies of men undergoing infertility evaluation and subdivided into three groups: normal testes, maturational arrest and Sertoli cell-only syndrome. Immunostaining and Western blotting techniques determined expression of the heat shock protein hsp70-2

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Expression of the heat shock protein hsp70-2 in the testes.

RESULT(S)

The experimental data demonstrated that the heat shock protein hsp70-2 was expressed in the normal and maturation arrest testicular specimens. The heat shock protein hsp70-2 was strongly present in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes and spermatides in the adluminal compartment of the seminiferous epithelium in normal testis. However, maturation arrest testis tissue demonstrated light staining in spermatocytes and spermatides, and Sertoli-only specimens demonstrated no staining for the heat shock protein hsp70-2. The Western blotting data showed a 70-kDa heat shock protein in the normal and maturation arrest testicular tissues, but not in the Sertoli-only tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the heat shock protein hsp70-2 is expressed in spermatocytes and spermatides in normal and maturation arrest tissues. However, the expression of the heat shock protein hsp70-2 was low in maturation arrest, and no heat shock protein hsp70-2 was demonstrated in Sertoli-only specimens. Therefore the decreased expression of the heat shock protein hsp70-2 is associated with the pathogenesis of male infertility.

Migration and ultrastructural localization of the c-kit receptor protein in spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa of the mouse

PURPOSE

The c-kit receptor is a proto-oncogene important in germ cell migration and maturation and has also been demonstrated on the acrosomal region of mature sperm. The purpose of the present study was to examine the ultrastructural location of the c-kit receptor in mouse testis and sperm.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Testis and sperm from mature male mice were examined for the c-kit receptor utilizing electron microscopy and Western blot analysis techniques. Thin sections of mouse testis and sperm were stained with immunogold-labeled anti-c-kit antibodies. The protein from these testes and sperm was also utilized for Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

The c-kit protein was localized within the mouse testes to the type A spermatogonia, the round spermatids, and the mature testicular spermatozoa. The c-kit receptor was noted to migrate from the lumen of the acrosomal vesicles in the early spermatids to the plasma membrane of the late spermatids. It was also noted in the acrosomal region of the testicular spermatozoa, as well as the sperm from the epididymis. Sperm undergoing the acrosome reaction demonstrated association of the c-kit receptor with the plasma membrane of the acrosome, but not on the acrosomal membrane itself. Western blot analysis demonstrated protein bands of 150 kDa in testis and intact sperm.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study confirms the presence of the c-kit receptor in mouse testis and sperm. It also demonstrates that this receptor is localized to the region of the developing acrosome.

Decreased expression of the c-kit receptor is associated with increased apoptosis in subfertile human testes

OBJECTIVE

To examine the expression of the c-kit receptor and its ligand, stem cell factor, and their possible relation with apoptosis in infertile men.

DESIGN

Prospective laboratory study.

SETTING

Urology laboratory in a university hospital.

PATIENT(S)

Men undergoing testicular biopsy during an investigation of subfertility.

INTERVENTION(S)

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Expression of the c-kit receptor protein, stem cell factor, and apoptosis in the testes.

RESULT(S)

The c-kit receptor was strongly present in Leydig cells and type A spermatogonia of normal testes, with decreased staining in Leydig cells and type A spermatogonia of testes with maturational arrest, and staining in only Leydig cells of Sertoli cell-only specimens. Stem cell factor was demonstrated in Leydig cells and Sertoli cells in all specimens. Western blotting demonstrated the 150-kd c-kit protein in the normal testes and the testes with maturational arrest, but not in the testes with the Sertoli cell-only pattern. Stem cell factor was expressed in all specimens, with a protein size of 45 kd. Increased apoptosis was demonstrated in type A spermatogonia and spermatocytes of tissue with maturational arrest compared with normal testicular tissue.

CONCLUSION(S)

C-kit receptor expression is decreased in subfertile testicular tissue compared with normal testicular tissue. Stem cell factor expression is present in Leydig cells and Sertoli cells. Increased apoptosis is seen in tissue with maturational arrest compared with normal tissue.

Localization and expression of the c-kit receptor protein in human and rodent testis and sperm

OBJECTIVES

To examine the localization and expression of the c-kit receptor protein in the testes of the mouse, rat, and human, and then compare these among the three species.

METHODS

Testis tissue from all three species was obtained through biopsy or orchiectomy. Immunohistochemistry was used for the localization, using a monoclonal antibody to the c-kit receptor. The expression of the c-kit receptor protein was examined in the testes and sperm with Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Localization was noted in the early spermatogenic cells, most likely type A spermatogonia, as well as in the acrosomal region of more mature germ cells, such as the round spermatids. The c-kit receptor was localized in analogous sites in all three species. The Western blot data revealed testicular expression of the c-kit receptor protein in all three species as well. Similar bands were recognized on the Western blots of all three species in testes at approximately 75 kDa and approximately 90 kDa, and sperm at approximately 90 kDa only.

CONCLUSIONS

The c-kit receptor protein is expressed in the early spermatogenic cells, as well as the later stages of spermatogenesis, specifically, the acrosomal granules of the round spermatids, and the acrosomal region of testicular spermatozoa, in the mouse, rat, and human. All three species exhibit similar expression of the c-kit receptor protein in both testis and sperm, although to a varying degree. We believe that these observations allow direct valid comparisons concerning the expression of the c-kit receptor to be made cautiously to the human condition from experimental data obtained from rodents.

Effect of different co-culture systems in early human embryo development

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different culture systems on the development of early human embryos in vitro. A total of 460 fertilized oocytes from 82 cycles of patients was transferred into one of four systems: (1) into droplets of Ham's F10 medium + 12% normal human serum (NHS); (2) co-cultured on a human granulosa monolayer; (3) co-cultured with bovine oviductal epithelial cells (BOEC); or (4) co-cultured with bovine uterine epithelial cells (BUEC). The percentage of cleavage and the morphological appearance of embryos were recorded daily for 72 h in each system using an inverted phase-contrast microscope. The results showed that the proportions of the fertilized oocytes which developed to the four-cell stage 48 h after retrieval were, by culture system: (1) 70% (84/120); (2) 74% (85/115); (3) 78% (91/117); and (4) 76% (82/108). At 72 h after retrieval, the proportions of the eight-cell stage were, by culture system: (1) 45% (38/84); (2) 62% (53/85); (3) 75% (68/91); and (4) 70% (57/82). We concluded that a higher proportion of fertilized oocytes developed to embryos at the eight-cell stage in systems 2, 3 and 4 than in system 1. This indicates the beneficial effect of co-culture of human embryos with granulosa cell, BOEC and BUEC monolayers, which may be due to various factors.

Expression of c-KIT and its ligand, stem cell factor, in normal and subfertile human testicular tissue

The c-KIT proto-oncogene encodes for a transmembrane receptor and is associated with maturation of several cell types, including germ cells. The ligand of the receptor has been identified as stem cell factor (SCF). Loss or alteration of the expression of either of these factors leads to anemia, albinism, and/or sterility in mice. We examined the expression of c-KIT and SCF by immunohistochemistry in specimens from normal and infertile human testis. All specimens were obtained in the evaluation of male subfertility. We were able to demonstrate staining for c-KIT in Leydig cells in all specimens. Normal testis stained for c-KIT in the cytoplasm of early spermatogenic cells, as well as the acrosomal granules of the round spermatids and the acrosome of testicular spermatozoa. However, staining in testis demonstrating maturation arrest failed to demonstrate acrosomal staining, and Sertoli-only specimens demonstrated staining for c-KIT in Leydig cells only. The results for SCF demonstrated an overall uniform staining of Leydig cells in all specimens. The intensity of staining of Sertoli cells increased from normal to maturation arrest to Sertoli-only specimens. Germ cell staining was consistently negative. We hypothesize that these staining patterns for SCF are due to either lack of staining of the receptor-ligand complex or overexpression of the kit ligand in tissue that does not express the kit receptor. It appears that the c-kit receptor is expressed in the acrosome of developing germ cells, as well as in Leydig cells and early spermatogenic cells, suggesting a role in the acrosome reaction, as well as germ cell maturation and differentiation.

Development of early bovine embryos in different culture systems

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of different culture systems on the development of early bovine embryos in vitro. A total of 1089 oocytes were aspirated from 2 to 5 mm follicles of ovaries collected at a local abattoir; a high proportion of the oocytes matured in vitro were fertilised by spermatozoa capacitated with caffeine and heparin. Seven to eight hours after insemination, the oocytes were transferred into three in vitro systems: A, TCM 199 + 10 per cent fetal calf serum culture medium, B, coculture with a monolayer of granulosa cells and C, coculture with bovine oviductal epithelial cells. The results showed that the proportion of the early bovine embryos which overcame the block at eight to 16 cells and developed to the morula and blastocyst stages in system C was significantly higher than in systems A or B.

[The relationship between protrusive condylar and incisal path]

The protrusive condylar and incisal sagittal paths from 70 normal subjects were studied with MT1602. The results showed that the correlation rate between the inclination of condylar and incisal guidance was 0.49 (P < 0.01). But the results from multivariate analysis showed the primary affecting factor on condylar guidance was the face angle, whilst the incisal guidance was mainly influenced by the upper and lower front teeth relationship.

[Computer processing corrected the geometric divergence of the mandibular kinesiograph (MKG)]

The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of the data supported by MKG by testing the accuracy of both the raw data and corrected data of it by means of precise measurements throughout the entire range of functional mandibular movements. This paper also presents a computer processing which can correct the geometric divergence and has the same effect of MKG analyzer.