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Yoo A, Ahn J, Seo HD, Hahm JH, Jung CH, Ly SY, Ha TY. Fuzhuan brick tea extract ameliorates obesity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2024; 125:109532. [PMID: 37977405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Fuzhuan brick tea (FBT) is a post-fermented tea fermented by the fungus Eurotium cristatum and is mainly produced in Hunan Province, China. Our previous study revealed that FBT extract prevents obesity by increasing energy expenditure and mitochondrial content in mice. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that FBT extract could be effective in alleviating obesity-induced muscle atrophy by addressing mitochondrial dysfunction, and aimed to explore the underlying molecular mechanism of FBT extract in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. FBT extract increased skeletal muscle weight and size, myosin heavy chain isoforms, and muscle performance in obese mice. Additionally, FBT extract reduced obesity-induced intramuscular lipids, skeletal muscle inflammation, and the expression of skeletal muscle atrophy markers, and increased the expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 in skeletal muscles. Obesity-induced skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction was improved by FBT extract as analyzed through mitochondrial morphology, fatty acid oxidation, respiratory chain complexes, and mitochondrial dynamics and biogenesis. Epigallocatechin, a major bioactive compound in FBT extract, attenuated palmitic acid-induced muscle atrophy by regulating mitochondrial functions in C2C12 cells. In conclusion, FBT extract may prevent obesity-induced muscle atrophy by alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Yoo
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Yung Ly
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Yoo A, Kim JI, Lee H, Nirmala FS, Hahm JH, Seo HD, Jung CH, Ha TY, Ahn J. Gromwell ameliorates glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy through the regulation of Akt/mTOR pathway. Chin Med 2024; 19:20. [PMID: 38287373 PMCID: PMC10826094 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle atrophy is characterized by decreased muscle mass, function, and strength. Synthetic glucocorticoids, including dexamethasone (Dexa), are commonly used to treat autoimmune diseases. However, prolonged exposure of Dexa with high dose exerts severe side effects, including muscle atrophy. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Gromwell root extract (GW) can prevent Dexa-induced muscle atrophy in C2C12 cells and mice and to characterize the composition of GW to identify bioactive compounds. METHODS For in vitro experiments, GW (0.5 and 1 µg/mL) or lithospermic acid (LA, 5 and 10 µM) was added to C2C12 myotubes on day 4 of differentiation and incubated for 24 h, along with 50 µM Dexa. For in vivo experiment, four-week-old male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the four following groups (n = 7/group): Con group, Dexa group, GW0.1 group, and GW0.2 group. Mice were fed experimental diets of AIN-93 M with or without 0.1 or 0.2% GW for 4 weeks. Subsequently, muscle atrophy was induced by administering an intraperitoneal injection of Dexa at a dose of 15 mg/kg/day for 38 days, in conjunction with dietary intake. RESULTS In Dexa-induced myotube atrophy, treatment with GW increased myotube diameter, reduced the expression of muscle atrophy markers, and enhanced the expression of myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms in C2C12 cells. Supplementation with the GW improved muscle function and performance in mice with Dexa-induced muscle atrophy, evidenced in the grip strength and running tests. The GW group showed increased lean body mass, skeletal muscle mass, size, and myosin heavy chain isoform expression, along with reduced skeletal muscle atrophy markers in Dexa-injected mice. Supplementation with GW increased protein synthesis and decreased protein degradation through the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin and glucocorticoid receptor/forkhead box O3 signaling pathways, respectively. We identified LA as a potential bioactive component of the GW. LA treatment increased myotube diameter and decreased the expression of muscle atrophy markers in Dexa-induced C2C12 cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the potential of the GW in preventing Dexa-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and highlight the contribution of LA to its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Yoo
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
| | - Jung-In Kim
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
| | - Farida S Nirmala
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, 55365, Korea.
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
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Lee H, Kim YI, Kim MJ, Hahm JH, Seo HD, Ha TY, Jung CH, Ahn J. Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis L.) Leaves Improve Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy via Nrf2 Activation. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:891762. [PMID: 35865958 PMCID: PMC9294160 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.891762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is characterized by reduced muscle function and size. Oxidative stress contributes to muscle atrophy but can be treated with antioxidants. This study investigated the antioxidant activity of a castor oil plant leaf (Ricinus communis L.) extract (RC) and its effects on muscle atrophy. Rutin was identified as the major compound among the thirty compounds identified in RC via LC-MS/MS and was found to inhibit dexamethasone (DEX)-induced muscle atrophy and mitochondrial oxidative stress. Rutin-rich RC showed DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and efficiently reduced the DEX-induced myotube atrophy and mitochondrial oxidative damage in C2C12 cells. RC supplementation prevented the loss of muscle function and muscle mass in DEX-administered mice and ameliorated DEX-induced oxidative stress via Nrf2 signaling. Taken together, both RC and rutin ameliorated muscle atrophy and helped in maintaining redox homeostasis; hence, rutin-rich RC could be a promising functional food that is beneficial for muscle health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Lee
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Young In Kim
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Healthcare Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Hahm
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Aging and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, South Korea
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Ahn,
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Ahn J, Kim MJ, Yoo A, Ahn J, Ha TY, Jung CH, Seo HD, Jang YJ. Identifying Codium fragile extract components and their effects on muscle weight and exercise endurance. Food Chem 2021; 353:129463. [PMID: 33743428 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Codium fragile (CF) is a type of green algae consumed as kimchi in Asia. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis showed that CF contain lysophosphatidyl choline, canthaxanthin, retinoic acid, α-tocopherol, and unsaturated fatty acids, which reportedly improve skeletal muscle health. However, the effect of CF on skeletal muscle mass and function remains to be elucidated. In mice fed with CF extracts, exercise endurance and muscle weight increased. CF extracts enhanced protein synthesis and myogenic differentiation through the mTORC1 pathway. CF extracts also promoted oxidative muscle fiber formation and mitochondrial biogenesis through the PGC-1α-related signaling pathway. Upregulation of PGC-1α by CF extracts was abolished by EX527 SIRT1 inhibitor treatment. Changed signaling molecules in the CF extracts were partially regulated by canthaxanthin, a new compound in CF extracts, suggesting that canthaxanthin contribute synergistically to the effect of CF extracts. Therefore, CF is a potential food source for sport nutrition or prevention of sarcopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Healthcare Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahyoung Yoo
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea; Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Republic of Korea.
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Ahn J, Son HJ, Seo HD, Ha TY, Ahn J, Lee H, Shin SH, Jung CH, Jang YJ. γ-Oryzanol Improves Exercise Endurance and Muscle Strength by Upregulating PPARδ and ERRγ Activity in Aged Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000652. [PMID: 33932312 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE γ-Oryzanol, a well-known antioxidant, has been used by body builders and athletes to boost strength and increase muscle gain, without major side effects. However, the effect of γ-Oryzanol on sarcopenia and the underlying molecular mechanism is poorly understood. RESULTS Aged mice fed with the γ-Oryzanol diet do not show significant changes in muscle weight, but show increased running endurance as well as improved grip strength. The expression and activity of PPARδ and ERRγ are increased in skeletal muscle of γ-Oryzanol supplemented mice. γ-Oryzanol upregulates oxidative muscle fibers by MEF2 transcription factor, and PGC-1α and ERRα expressions. Fatty acid oxidation related genes and mitochondria biogenesis are upregulated by γ-Oryzanol. In addition, γ-Oryzanol inhibits TGF-β-Smad-NADPH oxidase 4 pathway and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and p65 NF-κB subunit, which cause skeletal muscle weakness. Collectively, γ-Oryzanol attenuates muscle weakness pathway and increases oxidative capacity by increasing PPARδ and ERRγ activity, which contributes to enhance strength and improve oxidative capacity in muscles, consequently enhancing exercise capacity in aged mice. Particularly, γ-Oryzanol directly binds to PPARδ. CONCLUSIONS These are the first findings showing that γ-Oryzanol enhances skeletal muscle function in aged mice by regulating PPARδ and ERRγ activity without muscle gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Son
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ho Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, 55912, USA
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
- Major of Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul, 01797, Republic of Korea
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Ahn J, Ha TY, Ahn J, Jung CH, Seo HD, Kim MJ, Kim YS, Jang YJ. Undaria pinnatifida extract feeding increases exercise endurance and skeletal muscle mass by promoting oxidative muscle remodeling in mice. FASEB J 2020; 34:8068-8081. [PMID: 32293073 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902399rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Dietary habits can alter the skeletal muscle performance and mass, and Undaria pinnatifida extracts are considered a potent candidate for improving the muscle mass and function. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to assess the effect of U pinnatifida extracts on exercise endurance and skeletal muscle mass. C57BL/6 mice were fed a 0.25% U pinnatifida extract-containing diet for 8 weeks. U pinnatifida extract-fed mice showed increased running distance, total running time, and extensor digitorum longus and gastrocnemius muscle weights. U pinnatifida extract supplementation upregulated the expression of myocyte enhancer factor 2C, oxidative muscle fiber markers such as myosin heavy chain 1 (MHC1), and oxidative biomarkers in the gastrocnemius muscles. Compared to the controls, U pinnatifida extract-fed mice showed larger mitochondria and increased gene and protein expression of molecules involved in mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative phosphorylation, including nuclear respiratory factor 2 and mitochondrial transcription factor A. U pinnatifida extract supplementation also increased the mRNA expression of angiogenesis markers, including VEGFa, VEGFb, FGF1, angiopoietin 1, and angiopoietin 2, in the gastrocnemius muscles. Importantly, U pinnatifida extracts upregulated the estrogen-related receptor γ and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1-alpha (PGC-1α)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) networks, which are partially increased by fucoxanthin, hesperetin, and caffeic acid treatments. Collectively, U pinnatifida extracts enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, increase oxidative muscle fiber, and promote angiogenesis in skeletal muscles, resulting in improved exercise capacity and skeletal muscle mass. These effects are attributable to fucoxanthin, hesperetin, and caffeic acid, bioactive components of U pinnatifida extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisong Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Healthcare Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Natural Materials and Metabolism Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Republic of Korea
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Yoo A, Jang YJ, Ahn J, Jung CH, Seo HD, Ha TY. Chrysanthemi Zawadskii var. Latilobum Attenuates Obesity-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy via Regulation of PRMTs in Skeletal Muscle of Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082811. [PMID: 32316567 PMCID: PMC7215836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As obesity promotes ectopic fat accumulation in skeletal muscle, resulting in impaired skeletal muscle and mitochondria function, it is associated with skeletal muscle loss and dysfunction. This study investigated whether Chrysanthemi zawadskii var. latilobum (CZH) protected mice against obesity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy and the underlying molecular mechanisms. High-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were orally administered either distilled water, low-dose CZH (125 mg/kg), or high-dose CZH (250 mg/kg) for 8 w. CZH reduced obesity-induced increases in inflammatory cytokines levels and skeletal muscle atrophy, which is induced by expression of atrophic genes such as muscle RING-finger protein 1 and muscle atrophy F-box. CZH also improved muscle function according to treadmill running results and increased the muscle fiber size in skeletal muscle. Furthermore, CZH upregulated mRNA and protein levels of protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMT)1 and PRMT7, which subsequently attenuated mitochondrial dysfunction in the skeletal muscle of obese mice. We also observed that CZH significantly decreased PRMT6 mRNA and protein expression, which resulted in decreased muscle atrophy. These results suggest that CZH ameliorated obesity-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice via regulation of PRMTs in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahyoung Yoo
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (A.Y.); (Y.J.J.); (J.A.); (C.H.J.); (H.D.S.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Young Jin Jang
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (A.Y.); (Y.J.J.); (J.A.); (C.H.J.); (H.D.S.)
| | - Jiyun Ahn
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (A.Y.); (Y.J.J.); (J.A.); (C.H.J.); (H.D.S.)
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Chang Hwa Jung
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (A.Y.); (Y.J.J.); (J.A.); (C.H.J.); (H.D.S.)
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyo Deok Seo
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (A.Y.); (Y.J.J.); (J.A.); (C.H.J.); (H.D.S.)
| | - Tae Youl Ha
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Korea; (A.Y.); (Y.J.J.); (J.A.); (C.H.J.); (H.D.S.)
- Division of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9054
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Seo HD, Esashi M, Matsuo T. [Fabrication of CMOS custom LSI for an implantable telemetry system]. Iyodenshi To Seitai Kogaku 1987; 25:128-34. [PMID: 3682287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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