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Kesawat MS, Satheesh N, Kherawat BS, Kumar A, Kim HU, Chung SM, Kumar M. Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species during Salt Stress in Plants and Their Crosstalk with Other Signaling Molecules-Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Plants (Basel) 2023; 12:plants12040864. [PMID: 36840211 PMCID: PMC9964777 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a severe type of environmental stress. It adversely affects agricultural production worldwide. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most frequent phenomenon during salt stress. ROS are extremely reactive and, in high amounts, noxious, leading to destructive processes and causing cellular damage. However, at lower concentrations, ROS function as secondary messengers, playing a critical role as signaling molecules, ensuring regulation of growth and adjustment to multifactorial stresses. Plants contain several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that can detoxify ROS. The production of ROS and their scavenging are important aspects of the plant's normal response to adverse conditions. Recently, this field has attracted immense attention from plant scientists; however, ROS-induced signaling pathways during salt stress remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the critical role of different antioxidants in salt stress tolerance. We also summarize the recent advances on the detrimental effects of ROS, on the antioxidant machinery scavenging ROS under salt stress, and on the crosstalk between ROS and other various signaling molecules, including nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, calcium, and phytohormones. Moreover, the utilization of "-omic" approaches to improve the ROS-regulating antioxidant system during the adaptation process to salt stress is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, India
| | - Neela Satheesh
- Department of Food Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754006, India
| | - Bhagwat Singh Kherawat
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bikaner II, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner 334603, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Hyun-Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Chung
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Kim WN, Kim HJ, Chung YS, Kim HU. Construction of Multiple Guide RNAs in CRISPR/Cas9 Vector Using Stepwise or Simultaneous Golden Gate Cloning: Case Study for Targeting the FAD2 and FATB Multigene in Soybean. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10112542. [PMID: 34834905 PMCID: PMC8622832 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 is a commonly used technique in reverse-genetics research to knock out a gene of interest. However, when targeting a multigene family or multiple genes, it is necessary to construct a vector with multiple single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that can navigate the Cas9 protein to the target site. In this protocol, the Golden Gate cloning method was used to generate multiple sgRNAs in the Cas9 vector. The vectors used were pHEE401E_UBQ_Bar and pBAtC_tRNA, which employ a one-promoter/one-sgRNA and a polycistronic-tRNA-gRNA strategy, respectively. Golden Gate cloning was performed with type IIS restriction enzymes to generate gRNA polymers for vector inserts. Four sgRNAs containing the pHEE401E_UBQ_Bar vector and four to six sgRNAs containing the pBAtC_tRNA vector were constructed. In practice, we constructed multiple sgRNAs targeting multiple genes of FAD2 and FATB in soybean using this protocol. These three vectors were transformed into soybeans using the Agrobacterium-mediated method. Using deep sequencing, we confirmed that the T0 generation transgenic soybean was edited at various indel ratios in the predicted target regions of the FAD2 and FATB multigenes. This protocol is a specific guide that allows researchers to easily follow the cloning of multiple sgRNAs into commonly used CRISPR/Cas9 vectors for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Nyeong Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Hye-Jeong Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Young-Soo Chung
- Department of Molecular Genetics, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (Y.-S.C.)
| | - Hyun-Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
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Kesawat MS, Kherawat BS, Singh A, Dey P, Kabi M, Debnath D, Saha D, Khandual A, Rout S, Manorama, Ali A, Palem RR, Gupta R, Kadam AA, Kim HU, Chung SM, Kumar M. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of the Brassinazole-resistant ( BZR) Gene Family and Its Expression in the Various Developmental Stage and Stress Conditions in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8743. [PMID: 34445448 PMCID: PMC8395832 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) play crucial roles in various biological processes, including plant developmental processes and response to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses. However, no information is currently available about this gene family in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In the present investigation, we identified the BZR gene family in wheat to understand the evolution and their role in diverse developmental processes and under different stress conditions. In this study, we performed the genome-wide analysis of the BZR gene family in the bread wheat and identified 20 TaBZR genes through a homology search and further characterized them to understand their structure, function, and distribution across various tissues. Phylogenetic analyses lead to the classification of TaBZR genes into five different groups or subfamilies, providing evidence of evolutionary relationship with Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, Glycine max, and Oryza sativa. A gene exon/intron structure analysis showed a distinct evolutionary path and predicted the possible gene duplication events. Further, the physical and biochemical properties, conserved motifs, chromosomal, subcellular localization, and cis-acting regulatory elements were also examined using various computational approaches. In addition, an analysis of public RNA-seq data also shows that TaBZR genes may be involved in diverse developmental processes and stress tolerance mechanisms. Moreover, qRT-PCR results also showed similar expression with slight variation. Collectively, these results suggest that TaBZR genes might play an important role in plant developmental processes and various stress conditions. Therefore, this work provides valuable information for further elucidate the precise role of BZR family members in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahipal Singh Kesawat
- Institute for Molecular Biology and Genetics, School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Bhagwat Singh Kherawat
- Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bikaner II, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner 334603, India;
| | - Anupama Singh
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Prajjal Dey
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Mandakini Kabi
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Debanjana Debnath
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Debanjana Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Bhubaneshwar 752050, India;
| | - Ansuman Khandual
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Sandeep Rout
- Faculty of Agriculture, Sri Sri University, Cuttack 754-006, India; (A.S.); (P.D.); (M.K.); (D.D.); (A.K.); (S.R.)
| | - Manorama
- Department of Dairy Microbiology, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Raipur 49200, India;
| | - Asjad Ali
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Mareeba, QLD 4880, Australia;
| | - Ramasubba Reddy Palem
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Biomedical Campus, Dongguk University, Seoul 10326, Korea;
| | - Ravi Gupta
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Avinash Ashok Kadam
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Hyun-Uk Kim
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea;
| | - Sang-Min Chung
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea;
| | - Manu Kumar
- Department of Life Science, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang 10326, Korea;
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Abstract
Flow lithography (FL) is a microfluidic technique distinguished for its ability to produce hydrogel microparticles of various geometrical and chemical designs. While FL is typically performed in room temperature, this paper reports a new technique called low temperature flow lithography that uses low synthesis temperature to increase the degree of polymerization of microparticles without compromising other aspects of flow lithography. We suggest that decreased oxygen diffusivity in low temperature is responsible for the increase in polymerization. Microparticles that exhibit a higher degree of polymerization display a more developed polymer network, ultimately resulting in a more defined morphology, higher incorporation of materials of interest, and improved functional performance. This work demonstrates the increase in the degree of polymerization by examining the temperature effect on both the physical and chemical structures of particles. We show applications of this technique in synthesizing thin microparticles and enhancing microparticle-based detection of microRNA. Low temperature FL offers a simple and easy method of improving the degree of polymerization, which can be implemented in a wide range of FL applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lee
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Y H Roh
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - H U Kim
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - K W Bong
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Seo BH, Kim HU, Lwin CS, Kim HS, Kim KR. Application of Practical Immobilizing Agents for Declining Heavy Metal (loid)s Accumulation by Agricultural Crop (Allium wakegi Araki). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.7745/kjssf.2017.50.4.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Park J, Yun SK, Kim HU. Image Gallery: Heel-line band of infancy: postinflammatory skin change associated with tight socks. Br J Dermatol 2017; 176:e15. [PMID: 28244072 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 20 Geonji-ro (Geumam-dong), Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54907, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - S K Yun
- Department of Dermatology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 20 Geonji-ro (Geumam-dong), Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54907, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
| | - H U Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, 20 Geonji-ro (Geumam-dong), Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, 54907, South Korea.,Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Chonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute of Chonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju, Korea
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Cha HJ, Lee KW, Song MJ, Hyeon YJ, Hwang JY, Jang CG, Ahn JI, Jeon SH, Kim HU, Kim YH, Seong WK, Kang H, Yoo HS, Jeong HS. Dependence Potential of the Synthetic Cannabinoids JWH-073, JWH-081, and JWH-210: In Vivo and In Vitro Approaches. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 22:363-9. [PMID: 25143817 PMCID: PMC4131522 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2014.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (CBs) such as the JWH series have caused social problems concerning their abuse liability. Because the JWH series produces euphoric and hallucinogenic effects, they have been distributed illegally under street names such as “Spice” and “Smoke”. Many countries including Korea have started to schedule some of the JWH series compounds as controlled substances, but there are a number of JWH series chemicals that remain uncontrolled by law. In this study, three synthetic CBs with different binding affinities to the CB1 receptor (JWH-073, 081, and 210) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) were evaluated for their potential for psychological dependence. The conditioned place preference test (unbiased method) and self-administration test (fixed ratio of 1) using rodents were conducted. Ki values of the three synthetic cannabinoids were calculated as supplementary data using a receptor binding assay and overexpressed CB1 protein membranes to compare dependence potential with CB1 receptor binding affinity. All mice administered JWH-073, 081, or 210 showed significantly increased time spent at unpreferred space in a dose-dependence manner in the conditioned place preference test. In contrast, all tested substances except Δ9-THC showed aversion phenomenon at high doses in the conditioned place preference test. The order of affinity to the CB1 receptor in the receptor binding assay was JWH-210 > JWH-081 >> JWH-073, which was in agreement with the results from the conditioned place preference test. However, no change in self-administration was observed. These findings suggest the possibility to predict dependence potential of synthetic CBs through a receptor binding assay at the screening level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Cha
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700 ; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Lee
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Min-Ji Song
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Yang-Jin Hyeon
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Ji-Young Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746
| | - Joon-Ik Ahn
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Seol-Hee Jeon
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Hyun-Uk Kim
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Young-Hoon Kim
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Won-Keun Seong
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Hoil Kang
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Jeong
- Pharmacological Research Division, Toxicological Evaluation and Research Department, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 363-700
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Moon ME, Park JY, Jeong EH, Vajpayee V, Kim HU, Chi KW. Regio- and Diastereoselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition between Perfluoro-2-methyl-2-pentene and Nitrones: A Facile Approach to Partially-Fluorinated Isoxazolidines. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.6.1515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee CW, Park JY, Kim HU, Chi KW. Regioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition and 1,2-Addition between Benzaldoxime NH-nitrone and Perfluoro-2-methyl-2-pentene. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2010. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2010.31.5.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee SB, Jung SJ, Go YS, Kim HU, Kim JK, Cho HJ, Park OK, Suh MC. Two Arabidopsis 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase genes, KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY, are functionally redundant in cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis, but differentially controlled by osmotic stress. Plant J 2009; 60:462-75. [PMID: 19619160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.03973.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Very-long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) are essential precursors of cuticular waxes and aliphatic suberins in roots. The first committed step in VLCFA biosynthesis is condensation of C(2) units to an acyl CoA by 3-ketoacyl CoA synthase (KCS). In this study, two KCS genes, KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY, that showed higher expression in stem epidermal peels than in stems were isolated. The relative expression of KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY transcripts was compared among various Arabidopsis organs or tissues and under various stress conditions, including osmotic stress. Although the cuticular waxes were not significantly altered in the kcs20 and kcs2/daisy-1 single mutants, the kcs20 kcs2/daisy-1 double mutant had a glossy green appearance due to a significant reduction of the amount of epicuticular wax crystals on the stems and siliques. Complete loss of KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY decreased the total wax content in stems and leaves by 20% and 15%, respectively, and an increase of 10-34% was observed in transgenic leaves that over-expressed KCS20 or KCS2/DAISY. The stem wax phenotype of the double mutant was rescued by expression of KSC20. In addition, the kcs20 kcs2/daisy-1 roots exhibited growth retardation and abnormal lamellation of the suberin layer in the endodermis. When compared with the single mutants, the roots of kcs20 kcs2/daisy-1 double mutantss exhibited significant reduction of C(22) and C(24) VLCFA derivatives but accumulation of C(20) VLCFA derivatives in aliphatic suberin. Taken together, these findings indicate that KCS20 and KCS2/DAISY are functionally redundant in the two-carbon elongation to C(22) VLCFA that is required for cuticular wax and root suberin biosynthesis. However, their expression is differentially controlled under osmotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saet-Buyl Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Agricultural Plant Stress Research Center, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, Korea
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Kim HU, Lee WH, Dias HVR, Priya S. Piezoelectric microgenerators--current status and challenges. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2009; 56:1555-1568. [PMID: 19686971 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2009.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reviews the developments made in design and fabrication of piezoelectric microgenerators and presents a method for making a comparative study within various vibration energy harvesting mechanisms. Current generation vibration energy harvesters have power density in the range of 0.8 microW/mm3. The manuscript also reports our results on synthesis of barium titanate (BT) thin films for MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) based energy harvester. BT sol-gel was synthesized by aqueous process using barium acetate and titanium bis (ammonium lacto) dihydroxide with PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone). After optimizing the annealing temperature and time, textured BT films with 600 nm thickness were obtained on (111) Pt/Ti/SiO2 wafer. A MEMS fabrication process flow was designed to produce microcantilever chips from BT films constituting 6 cantilevers connected in series with an interdigital electrode pattern. We also present some concepts for further improvement of the power density of vibration energy harvesters by incorporating 3-D structure, magnetoelectric material, and a multimodal scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Uk Kim
- Center for Energy Harvesting Materials and Systems (CEHMS), Materials Science and Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Kim KK, Eom SJ, Im JH, Lee KM, Yoo SJ, Kim HU, Kim GB. A Study on the Effects of Probiotic Yogurt on the Microbial Quality of Fresh Chicken Meat during Cold Storage. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2009. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2009.29.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Ham JS, Shin JH, Jang AR, Jeong SG, Park KW, Kim HU, Kang SY, Hwang HJ, Lee WK. Effects of Goat Milk Yogurt Supplemented with Citrus Concentrate on Blood Glucose and Serum Lipids in Diabetic Rats. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2008. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2008.28.4.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Kim H, Bedekar V, Islam RA, Lee WH, Leo D, Priya S. Laser-machined piezoelectric cantilevers for mechanical energy harvesting. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control 2008; 55:1900-1905. [PMID: 18986886 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report results on a piezoelectric- material-based mechanical energy-harvesting device that was fabricated by combining laser machining with microelectronics packaging technology. It was found that the laser-machining process did not have significant effect on the electrical properties of piezoelectric material. The fabricated device was tested in the low-frequency regime of 50 to 1000 Hz at constant force of 8 g (where g = 9.8 m/s(2)). The device was found to generate continuous power of 1.13 microW at 870 Hz across a 288.5 kOmega load with a power density of 301.3 microW/cm(3).
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Affiliation(s)
- HyunUk Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, TX, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was undertaken to measure the distance and the angle between the anterior part of nasal cavity and the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus. The anatomical location of the natural ostium according to the direction of surgeon's operating view toward the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus was also analyzed. STUDY DESIGN This study used careful cadaver dissection under a surgical microscope. METHODS One hundred sagittally sectioned adult cadaveric heads were used. We measured the distances and angles for identifying the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus using several reference points such as the limen nasi, the sill, and the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate. In addition, we tried to identify whether the location of the natural ostium is medial or lateral to the posterior end of the superior turbinate. RESULTS The natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus was located at an angle of 35.9 degrees with a distance of 56.5 mm from limen nasi and at an angle of 34.3 degrees with a distance of 62.7 mm from nasal sill. It was located approximately 1 cm above the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate and at a medial aspect to the posterior end of the superior turbinate in 83% of specimens. CONCLUSIONS We speculate that the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate is the best landmark for identifying the natural ostium of the sphenoid sinus. Furthermore, the natural ostium should ideally be searched from a superior and medial aspect in relation to the posteroinferior end of the superior turbinate.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although complete anatomical knowledge of the nasofrontal duct has been of great importance, little is known about it. The aim of this study is to examine the drainage site of the nasofrontal duct and to investigate the anatomical boundaries of the nasofrontal duct according to the drainage site. STUDY DESIGN One hundred sagittally divided adult head specimens were analyzed by computed tomography and dissection under the surgical microscope. METHODS Computed tomography scans of 50 adult cadaver heads were taken sagittally at 1-mm intervals and coronally at 3-mm intervals to find the nasofrontal duct. One hundred specimens, made up of sagittally divided adult cadaver heads, were dissected under the microscope to study the structure of the nasofrontal duct. RESULTS We identified the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral boundaries of the nasofrontal duct. In the most common type, the superior portion of the uncinate process formed the anterior border and the superior portion of the bulla ethmoidalis formed the posterior border of the nasofrontal duct. The conchal plate formed the medial border and the suprainfundibular plate formed the lateral border of the nasofrontal duct. Other variations are described in detail. CONCLUSIONS To widen the nasofrontal communication, removing the upper portion of the ground lamella of the ethmoid bulla, which is the posterior boundary of the nasofrontal duct, with cutting forceps seems to be a safe and easy method.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS This study was undertaken to examine three main relationships. First, the distance and angle from the anterior ethmoidal canal to the limen nasi and the sill were measured. Second, the location of the anterior ethmoidal canal was examined in relation to the lamellas and the skull base. Third, the existence of bony defects in the canal and the course of the canal through the anterior cranial fossa were studied. STUDY DESIGN This study employed both sagittal computed tomography and cadaver dissection. METHODS Seventy sagittally divided heads from randomly chosen Korean adult cadavers were used. Sagittal computed tomography was performed on all specimens. Then they were meticulously dissected under a surgical microscope. RESULTS The mean distance and angle between the limen nasi and the anterior ethmoidal canal were 49.0 mm and 54.5 degrees, respectively. The anterior ethmoidal canal was located between the second and third lamella in 61 of 70 cases. In 60 of 70 cases it was attached to the base of the skull, and in the remaining 10 cases it ran 2 to 3 mm below the skull base. When viewed from the superior side, the course of the anterior ethmoidal canal formed a diagonal line from the lateral to the medial side. Partial bony defects of the anterior ethmoidal canal were observed in eight cases, and complete bony defects in none. CONCLUSION This study provides surgeons with a better understanding of the anatomy of the anterior ethmoidal canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Moon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ilsan Hospital, National Health Insurance Corporation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 120-752, Korea
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Kim HU, Wu SS, Ratnayake C, Huang AH. Brassica rapa has three genes that encode proteins associated with different neutral lipids in plastids of specific tissues. Plant Physiol 2001; 126:330-41. [PMID: 11351096 PMCID: PMC102307 DOI: 10.1104/pp.126.1.330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2000] [Accepted: 01/29/2001] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plastid lipid-associated protein (PAP), a predominant structural protein associated with carotenoids and other non-green neutral lipids in plastids, was shown to be encoded by a single nuclear gene in several species. Here we report three PAP genes in the diploid Brassica rapa; the three PAPs are associated with different lipids in specific tissues. Pap1 and Pap2 are more similar to each other (84% amino acid sequence identity) than to Pap3 (46% and 44%, respectively) in the encoded mature proteins. Pap1 transcript was most abundant in the maturing anthers (tapetum) and in lesser amounts in leaves, fruit coats, seeds, and sepals; Pap2 transcript was abundant only in the petals; and Pap3 transcript had a wide distribution, but at minimal levels in numerous organs. Immunoblotting after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that most organs had several nanograms of PAP1 or PAP2 per milligram of total protein, the highest amounts being in the anthers (10.9 microg x mg(-1) PAP1) and petals (6.6 microg x mg(-1) PAP2), and that they had much less PAP3 (<0.02 microg x mg(-1)). In these organs PAP was localized in isolated plastid fractions. Plants were subjected to abiotic stresses; drought and ozone reduced the levels of the three Pap transcripts, whereas mechanical wounding and altering the light intensity enhanced their levels. We conclude that the PAP gene family consists of several members whose proteins are associated with different lipids and whose expressions are controlled by distinct mechanisms. Earlier reports of the expression of one Pap gene in various organs in a species need to be re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the exact anatomical structure of the lamellas in the ethmoid sinus by computed tomography (CT) and anatomical analysis. STUDY DESIGN Cadaver dissections and CT scans were used to compare lamellar structures and their radiological images. METHODS Anatomical microdissection of 100 midsagittal sections from adult cadaver head specimens were examined and compared with those of sagittal CT scans at 1-mm intervals. RESULTS The posteroinferior end of the uncinate process attaching to the inferior turbinate divided the fontanelle into the anterior and posterior portions in the majority of cases. The basal lamellas of the bulla ethmoidalis were subdivided into three major types. The posteroinferior portion of its basal lamella was connected to the lower horizontal portion of the third basal lamella in all cases. The anterior indentation of the third lamella was identified in nine cases, but there was no indentation in the posterior direction. The basal lamella of the superior turbinate was attached to the skull base superiorly either separately or fused to the third lamella, and its posteroinferior portion was attached to the lowest portion of the anterior wall of the sphenoid sinus. The supreme turbinate existed in 50 cases; however, its basal lamella was identified in only 15 cases. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the lamellas of the ethmoid sinus have relatively uniform patterns, although there is variability in shape. It is hoped that this study will provide surgeons with a more detailed structure of the basal lamellas for better surgical results and lower complication rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Mucus hypersecretion is a common feature in chronic sinusitis with polyps. Because mucus hypersecretion is commonly accompanied by goblet cell hyperplasia, it is important to identify which mucin gene mRNAs are expressed in the goblet cells of the surface epithelium in the human airway. This study aims to investigate the pattern of expression of MUC5AC messenger RNA (mRNA) in the goblet cells of human nasal mucosa. METHODS Six nasal polyps, five inferior turbinate mucosa specimens, and three normal-appearing mucosa specimens of the posterior ethmoid sinus were obtained. Each of the specimens was cut into 10-microm-thick serial frozen sections, and in situ hybridization of MUC5AC mRNA was performed with an oligonucleotide probe. Alcian blue (pH 2.5)-periodic acid-Schiff (AB-PAS) staining was performed on the serial sections. RESULTS In human nasal polyps, MUC5AC mRNA was expressed in the cytoplasm of most of the goblet cells. However, in the inferior turbinate, MUC5AC mRNA was expressed in only some of the goblet cells. On the contrary, in the normal-appearing mucosa of the posterior ethmoid sinus, MUC5AC mRNA was barely expressed in the goblet cells. Furthermore, MUC5AC mRNA was mainly expressed in some of the PAS-positive goblet cells. CONCLUSIONS Only a portion of the goblet cells in the human nasal mucosa expressed MUC5AC mRNA. This result suggests that surface goblet cells might have other mucin genes, in addition to MUC2 and MUC5AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Research Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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21
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Lim JY, Shin CS, Chung EJ, Kim JS, Kim HU, Oh SJ, Choi WB, Ryou CS, Kim JB, Kwon MS, Chung TY, Song SI, Kim JK, Nahm BH, Hwang YS, Eun MY, Lee JS, Cheong JJ, Choi YD. Analysis of expressed sequence tags from Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis. Mol Cells 2000; 10:399-404. [PMID: 10987136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-redundant expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were generated from six different organs at various developmental stages of Chinese cabbage, Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis. Of the 1,295 ESTs, 915 (71%) showed significantly high homology in nucleotide or deduced amino acid sequences with other sequences deposited in databases, while 380 did not show similarity to any sequences. Briefly, 598 ESTs matched with proteins of identified biological function, 177 with hypothetical proteins or non-annotated Arabidopsis genome sequences, and 140 with other ESTs. About 82% of the top-scored matching sequences were from Arabidopsis or Brassica, but overall 558 (43%) ESTs matched with Arabidopsis ESTs at the nucleotide sequence level. This observation strongly supports the idea that gene-expression profiles of Chinese cabbage differ from that of Arabidopsis, despite their genome structures being similar to each other. Moreover, sequence analyses of 21 Brassica ESTs revealed that their primary structure is different from those of corresponding annotated sequences of Arabidopsis genes. Our data suggest that direct prediction of Brassica gene expression pattern based on the information from Arabidopsis genome research has some limitations. Thus, information obtained from the Brassica EST study is useful not only for understanding of unique developmental processes of the plant, but also for the study of Arabidopsis genome structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Lim
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon, Korea
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Suction devices for epidermal grafting need a suction pump to provide a negative pressure. The authors have developed a suction device in which a syringe and a manometer are employed to provide a negative pressure. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of our suction device in vitiligo patients. METHODS The suction device was used to obtain epidermal blisters from the donor site. A CO2 laser was employed to remove the depigmented epidermis. The blister roofs of the donor site were harvested and were placed onto the recipient area. Ten patients with stable vitiligo were treated by epidermal grafting. RESULTS Epidermal blisters were produced by suction in all patients. Also, all 10 patients regained repigmentation. CONCLUSION Our suction blister device is simple and inexpensive to make, and it may become an alternative to the other suction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonbuk National University Medical School and Institute for Medical Sciences,Chonju, Korea
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Yoon JH, Kim KS, Kim HU, Linton JA, Lee JG. Effects of TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta on mucin, lysozyme, IL-6 and IL-8 in passage-2 normal human nasal epithelial cells. Acta Otolaryngol 2000; 119:905-10. [PMID: 10728932 DOI: 10.1080/00016489950180261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the regulatory effects of cytokines on various nasal secretions in normal human nasal epithelial cells. The aim of this study was to examine whether TNF-alpha, IL-1beta or their combination can increase the secretion of mucin as an indicator of mucous secretion, the secretion of lysozyme as an indicator of serous secretion and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 as important cytokines. In addition, we wanted to examine their message levels in normal human nasal epithelium. On day 12 of culture, passage-2 normal human nasal epithelial cells were treated with 10 ng/ml TNF-alpha, 10 ng/ml IL-1beta and combinations of both. Twenty-four hours later, the apical secretions were collected. A mixture of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta synergistically increased secretion of mucin, IL-6 and IL-8, but did not increase secretion of lysozyme. A combination of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta showed a questionable increase of MUC2 mRNA levels. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and a combination of both all significantly increased MUC8 mRNA levels. Neither TNF-alpha, IL-1beta nor a combination of both increased MUC5AC, MUC5B and lysozyme mRNA levels. IL-1beta alone or a combination of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta comparably increased IL-6 and IL-8 mRNA levels slightly. In conclusion, a mixture of inflammatory mediators can synergistically increase secretion of mucin, IL-6 and IL-8 in human nasal epithelium. Accordingly, nasal secretions may be under the control of an inflammatory mediator network.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Yoon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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25
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Abstract
We report a case of subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to Exophiala jeanselmei in an 84-year-old Korean farmer suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis. He presented with six subcutaneous, fluctuant abscesses on the left distal forearm and wrist. Subcutaneous infections by E. jeanselmei mostly present as a solitary cyst or abscess on an extremity. The present case showed localized multiple abscesses suggesting metastatic tuberculous abscesses or other pyogenic bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Seoul, Korea
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26
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Kim HU, Park BS, Jin YM, Chung TY. Promoter sequences of two homologous pectin esterase genes from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) and pollen-specific expression of the GUS gene driven by a promoter in tobacco plants. Mol Cells 1997; 7:21-7. [PMID: 9085260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The promoter regions of two genomic clones, GBAN215-6 and GBAN215-12 from Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis), were sequenced. The nucleotide sequences of their promoter regions were compared with that of the Bp19 pollen-specific gene of Brassca napus. High nucleotide sequence homologies were observed among these three genes in the region between 210 bp upstream and the putative transcription start site. A sequence motif TGTGGTG, which is similar to that of the PB core motif (TGTGGTT) of two tomato pollen-specific genes, LAT52 and LAT56, was present in these two cloned genes. To determine regulatory sequences responsible for the anther-specific expression of the gene BAN215-6, two recombinant plasmids, pBPE3 (-274- + 109) and pBPE4 (-816- + 109) containing different lengths of the promoter fused with the GUS gene, were constructed and introduced into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The result showed that the 383 bp (-274- + 109) of the BAN215-6 promoter region was sufficient for the anther-specific expression of the GUS gene. The GUS expression in a tobacco plants transformed with these constructs was first detected in uninucleate microspores and persisted at in vitro germinated pollen tubes. The expression level was increased during anther development, reaching the highest level in mature pollens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Cytogenetics Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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27
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Abstract
Two cDNA libraries were constructed from poly(A)+ RNAs isolated from each of immature flowers (less than 2.0 mm long buds) and anthers (2.0-5.0 mm long buds) of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis). Using dot-differential hybridization, three cDNA clones, designated BIF38, BAN54, and BAN237, have been isolated from the constructed cDNA libraries and sequenced completely in both directions. Northern blot analyses indicate that all three cDNA clones are abundantly expressed in anther, but not in leaf or other floral organs. The deduced amino acid sequences of BIF38, BAN54, and BAN237 showed high identity with those of known anther-specific genes. Especially the deduced amino acid sequence of BIF38 has 98% identity with that of a phospholipid protein gene (E2) from Brassica napus. Also, the deduced amino acid sequences of BAN54 and BAN237 are similar to the sequences of microspore-specific genes (Bp4A and Bp4C) and pollen oleosins (13, pol3 and C98), respectively. Southern blot analyses revealed that all three genes belong to multiple gene families in the Chinese cabbage genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Cytogenetics Division, National Agricultural Science and Technology Institute, Suwon, Korea
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Abstract
A selective medium, blood-glucose-liver agar containing oxgall (.2 mg/ml) and gentamicin (30 micrograms/ml), was formulated for the selective enumeration of bifidobacteria in fermented dairy products containing both lactobacilli and streptococci. Recovery rates of bifidobacteria on this selective medium were around 90% of recovery on blood-glucose-liver agar. Strains of lactobacilli and streptococci were mostly inhibited with higher dilutions on this selective medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Lim
- Research and Development Center, Hankuk Yakult Milk Products Co., Ltd., Kyunggi-do, Korea
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Kim HU, Yun CH, Park BS, Ryu JC, Chung TY. Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the complete precursor for the "10-kilodalton" polypeptide of photosystem II from Chinese cabbage. Plant Physiol 1995; 108:867. [PMID: 7610192 PMCID: PMC157428 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.2.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Genetics Division, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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Kim HU, Yun CH, Cho WS, Kang SK, Chung TY. Nucleotide sequence of rice cDNA that encodes a ubiquitin protein and a 79-amino acid protein. Plant Physiol 1995; 108:865. [PMID: 7610191 PMCID: PMC157427 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.2.865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Genetics Division, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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Kim HU, Kim JB, Yun CH, Kang SK, Chung TY. Nucleotide sequence of cDNA clone encoding a metallothionein-like protein from Chinese cabbage. Plant Physiol 1995; 108:863. [PMID: 7610190 PMCID: PMC157426 DOI: 10.1104/pp.108.2.863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Genetics Division, Rural Development Administration, Suwon, Korea
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32
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Abstract
A 56-year-old woman suffering from cutaneous sporotrichosis on the right cheek and right knee is described. The sporotrichotic nodule of the knee was thought to have been caused by distant autoinoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H U Kim
- Chonbuk National University Medical School, Chonju, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
One hundred and seventeen strains of Bacillus were examined by the fluorescent-antibody technique by using the globulin fraction of serum prepared against spores of B. cereus T. All but one strain of the 59 B. cereus tested fluoresced at the exosporium surface. Fluorescent staining of B. anthracis, B. thuringiensis, and B. mycoides was also observed. Absorption of the globulin fraction with B. anthracis and B. mycoides resulted in the elimination of staining of these organisms. Absorption with B. thuringiensis ATCC 10792 removed antibodies reacting with 6 of the strains of B. thuringiensis tested. Absorption with B. thuringiensis var. galleriae removed antibodies against B. cereus to such a degree that the globulin fraction was unusable.
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Abstract
An egg yolk-polymyxin medium (KG) for rapid enumeration of Bacillus cereus is described. The test is presumptive in that differentiation of B. cereus (and closely related organisms) from other species is based on the formation of turbidity in the agar surrounding the colonies of the cereus group organisms. The medium is formulated to encourage sporulation and release of free spores for serological confirmatory tests within the 24-hr incubation period. The production of turbidity in egg yolk and free-spore production by 25 strains of B. cereus on KG agar were measured. The recovery of food poisoning strains of B. cereus inoculated into nonsterile food slurries was assessed. A comparison of KG agar and mannitol-egg yolk-polymyxin-agar indicated that the two media were comparable in their abilities to recover low levels of B. cereus from naturally contaminated foods. Since KG agar enhances spore formation by B. cereus, thus permitting early serological testing, its use in screening food products is advocated.
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