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Segura LE, Arozarena I, Koon W, Gutiérrez A. Coastal drowning in Costa Rica: incident analysis and comparisons between Costa Rican nationals and foreigners. Nat Hazards (Dordr) 2021; 110:1083-1095. [PMID: 34456506 PMCID: PMC8385694 DOI: 10.1007/s11069-021-04980-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
International and domestic tourism is a growing industry in Costa Rica, with the most attractive places located along the coast. Despite their beauty, Costa Rican beaches can pose a high risk for foreign visitors: Drowning is the primary cause of unintentional death among international visitors. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of demographics, spatial and temporal trends of national and foreigner fatal drowning occurring at Costa Rican beaches during 2001-2019. For national beachgoers, teens and young male adults, ages 15-30 years are at greatest risk of drowning, while for foreigners, older adults ages 45-60 years exhibit higher risk. Temporal trends in drowning appear to be correlated with the number of beach visitors, which seem to be driven mainly by a combination of socioeconomical and climatic/weather factors. For instance, strong economic indicators for the Costa Rican population combined with good weather fostered during warm phases of El Niño Southern Oscillation attract more national beachgoers, which may increase the number of drowning deaths. These results will help authorities better understand the complex and dynamic drowning situation to develop better prevention strategies and policies that improve beach safety and raise awareness about coastal hazards and risk. Such actions will bolster the reputation of Costa Rica as a safe touristic destination.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Segura
- Departamento de Física, Campus Omar Dengo, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Avenida 1, Calle 9, Heredia, 86-3000 Costa Rica
| | - I. Arozarena
- Departamento de Física, Campus Omar Dengo, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Avenida 1, Calle 9, Heredia, 86-3000 Costa Rica
| | - W. Koon
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A. Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Física, Campus Omar Dengo, Universidad Nacional de Costa Rica, Avenida 1, Calle 9, Heredia, 86-3000 Costa Rica
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De Jesus-Acosta A, Crespo Herrero G, Gómez-Dorronsoro M, Alonso V, Riesco Martinez M, Custodio A, Lopez C, Benavent M, Carmona Bayonas A, Jimenez-Fonseca P, Llanos M, López De San Vicente B, Arrazubi Arrula V, Grandez R, González-Borja I, Goñi S, Arozarena I, Baretti M, Viudez A. SILVELUL project: Immunohistochemical panel analyses as potential predictive and prognostic factors in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PanNET) treated with CAPTEM or everolimus. Ann Oncol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz245.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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3
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Davidov-Pardo G, Moreno M, Arozarena I, Marín-Arroyo M, Bleibaum R, Bruhn CM. Sensory and Consumer Perception of the Addition of Grape Seed Extracts in Cookies. J Food Sci 2012; 77:S430-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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4
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Ferguson J, Arozarena I, Ehrhardt M, Wellbrock C. 461 MEK and SRC Inhibitors as a Combinatorial Approach to Melanoma Therapy. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71134-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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5
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Wellbrock C, Smith M, Ferguson J, Arozarena I, Hayward R, Marais R, Chapmann A, Hurlstone A. 653 Activating TGF-beta Signalling Enhances the Efficacy of MAP-kinase Pathway Inhibitors in Melanoma. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Cell-type specific signalling determines cell fate under physiological conditions, but it is increasingly apparent that also in cancer development the impact of any given oncogenic pathway on the individual cancer pathology is dependent on cell-lineage specific molecular traits. For instance in colon and liver cancer canonical Wnt signalling produces increased cytoplasmic and nuclear localised beta-catenin, which correlates with invasion and poor prognosis. In contrast, in melanoma increased cytoplasmic and nuclear beta-catenin is currently emerging as a marker for good prognosis and thus appears to have a different function compared to other cancer types; however this function is unknown. We discovered that in contrast to its function in other cancers, in melanoma, beta-catenin blocks invasion. We demonstrate that this opposing role of nuclear beta-catenin in melanoma is mediated through MITF, a melanoma-specific protein that defines the lineage background of this cancer type. Downstream of beta-catenin MITF not only suppresses the Rho-GTPase regulated cell-morphology of invading melanoma cells, but also interferes with beta-catenin induced expression of the essential collagenase MT1-MMP, thus affecting all aspects of an invasive phenotype. Importantly, overexpression of MITF in invasive colon cancer cells modifies beta-catenin directed signalling and induces a ‘melanoma-phenotype’. In summary, the cell type specific presence of MITF in melanoma affects beta-catenin’s pro-invasive properties otherwise active in colon or liver cancer. Thus our study reveals the general importance of considering cell-type specific signalling for the accurate interpretation of tumour markers and ultimately for the design of rational therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arozarena
- Molecular Cancer Studies, Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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7
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Arozarena I, Matallanas D, Crespo P. Maintenance of CDC42 GDP-bound state by Rho-GDI inhibits MAP kinase activation by the exchange factor Ras-GRF. evidence for Ras-GRF function being inhibited by Cdc42-GDP but unaffected by CDC42-GTP. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21878-84. [PMID: 11285260 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011383200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor Ras-GRF/cdc25(Mn) is subject to tight regulatory processes. We have recently shown that the activation of the Ras/MAPK pathway by Ras-GRF is controlled by the Rho family GTPase Cdc42 through still unknown mechanisms. Here, we report that retaining Cdc42 in its GDP-bound state by overexpressing Rho-GDI inhibits Ras-GRF-mediated MAPK activation. Conversely, Ras-GRF basal and LPA- or ionomycin-stimulated activities were unaffected by a constitutively active GTP-bound Cdc42. Moreover, the Cdc42 downstream effectors MLK3, ACK1, PAK1, and WASP had no detectable influence on Ras-GRF-mediated MAPK activation. In contrast, promoting GDP release from Cdc42 with the Rho family GEF Dbl or with ionomycin suppressed the restraint exerted by Cdc42 on Ras-GRF activity. We conclude that Cdc42-GDP inhibits Ras-GRF-induced MAPK activation, but neither Cdc42-GTP nor the Cdc42 downstream effectors affect Ras-GRF performance. Interestingly, the loss of the GDP-bound state by Cdc42 abolishes its inhibitory effects on Ras-GRF function. These results suggest that the Cdc42 mechanism of action may not be solely restricted to activation of downstream signaling cascades when GTP-loaded. Furthermore, the GDP-bound form may be acting as an inhibitory molecule down-modulating parallel signaling routes such as the Ras/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arozarena
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Madrid, Spain 28029
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8
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Arozarena I, Casp A, Marín R, Navarro M. Differentiation of some Spanish wines according to variety and region based on their anthocyanin composition. Eur Food Res Technol 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/s002170000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Arozarena I, Aaronson DS, Matallanas D, Sanz V, Ajenjo N, Tenbaum SP, Teramoto H, Ighishi T, Zabala JC, Gutkind JS, Crespo P. The Rho family GTPase Cdc42 regulates the activation of Ras/MAP kinase by the exchange factor Ras-GRF. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:26441-8. [PMID: 10840034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m002992200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor Ras-GRF/Cdc25(Mn) harbors a complex array of structural motifs that include a Dbl-homology (DH) domain, usually found in proteins that interact functionally with the Rho family GTPases, and the role of which is not yet fully understood. Here, we present evidence that Ras-GRF requires its DH domain to translocate to the membrane, to stimulate exchange on Ras, and to activate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). In an unprecedented fashion, we have found that these processes are regulated by the Rho family GTPase Cdc42. We show that GDP- but not GTP-bound Cdc42 prevents Ras-GRF recruitment to the membrane and activation of Ras/MAPK, although no direct association of Ras-GRF with Cdc42 was detected. We also demonstrate that catalyzing GDP/GTP exchange on Cdc42 facilitates Ras-GRF-induced MAPK activation. Moreover, we show that the potentiating effect of ionomycin on Ras-GRF-mediated MAPK stimulation is also regulated by Cdc42. These results provide the first evidence for the involvement of a Rho family G protein in the control of the activity of a Ras exchange factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Arozarena
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander 39011, Spain
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Sanz V, Arozarena I, Crespo P. Distinct carboxy-termini confer divergent characteristics to the mitogen-activated protein kinase p38alpha and its splice isoform Mxi2. FEBS Lett 2000; 474:169-74. [PMID: 10838079 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(00)01598-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The p38 family of mitogen-activated protein kinases is composed of several isoforms. Mxi2 is a splicing variant of p38alpha that harbors a unique carboxy-terminus. Here we show that this sole divergence results in remarkable differences between Mxi2 and p38alpha. Mxi2 is distinctively activated by stress stimuli and potently activated by mitogens. Mxi2 affinity for bona fide p38 substrates is remarkably diminished and Mxi2 activity is largely unaffected by the phosphatase CL100. Also, Mxi2 sensitivity to inhibition by SB203580 is greatly reduced. Interestingly, we show that the p38 C-terminus is involved in conferring sensitivity to this compound. Overall, our results point to the p38 carboxy-terminus as a key determinant of the biochemical properties of this family of kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sanz
- Unidad de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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Delgado MD, Vaqué JP, Arozarena I, López-Ilasaca MA, Martínez C, Crespo P, León J. H-, K- and N-Ras inhibit myeloid leukemia cell proliferation by a p21WAF1-dependent mechanism. Oncogene 2000; 19:783-90. [PMID: 10698496 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutated ras genes are frequently found in human cancer. However, it has been shown that oncogenic ras inhibits growth of primary cells, through pathways involving p53 and the cell cycle inhibitors p16INK4a and p19ARF. We have analysed the effect of the ectopic expression of the three mammalian ras genes on the proliferation of K562 leukemia cells, which are deficient for p53, p16INK4a, p15INK4b and p19ARF genes. We have found that high expression levels of both wild-type and oncogenic H-, K- and N-ras inhibit the clonogenic growth of K562 cells. Induction of H-rasV12 expression in K562 transfectants retards growth and this effect is accompanied with an increase of p21WAF1 mRNA and protein levels. Furthermore, p21WAF1 promoter is activated potently by oncogenic ras and less pronounced by wild-type ras. This induction is p53-independent since a p21WAF1 promoter devoid of the p53 responsive elements is still activated by Ras. Finally, inhibition of p21WAF1 expression by an antisense construct partially overcomes the growth inhibitory action of oncogenic H-ras. Altogether, these results indicate that the antiproliferative effect of ras in myeloid leukemia cells is associated to the induction of p21WAF1 expression and suggest the existence of p19ARF and p16INK4a-independent pathways for ras-mediated growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Delgado
- Grupo de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Unidad Asociada al Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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