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Dahlberg AK, Wiberg K, Snowball I, Lehoux AP. Capping fiberbank sediments to reduce persistent organic pollutants (POPs) fluxes: A large-scale laboratory column experiment. Environ Pollut 2023; 333:122019. [PMID: 37315886 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Deposits of contaminated wood fiber waste (fiberbanks), originating from sawmills and pulp and paper industries, have been found in the aquatic environment in boreal countries. In-situ isolation capping has been proposed as a remediation solution because it has the potential to prevent dispersal of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) from this type of sediment. However, knowledge about the performance of such caps when placed on very soft (unconsolidated), gaseous organic rich sediment is scarce. We investigated the effectiveness of conventional in-situ capping to limit POPs fluxes to the water column from contaminated fibrous sediments that produce gas. A controlled, large-scale laboratory column (40 cm diameter, 2 m height) experiment was performed over 8 months to study changes in sediment-to-water fluxes of POPs and particle resuspension before and after capping the sediment with crushed stones (≥4 mm grain size). Two different cap thicknesses were tested (20 and 45 cm) on two types of fiberbank sediment with different fiber type composition. Results showed that capping fiberbank sediment with a 45 cm gravel cap reduced the sediment-to-water flux by 91-95% for p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDD, by 39-82% for CB-101, CB-118, CB-138, CB-153, CB-180 and by 12-18% for HCB, whereas for less hydrophobic PCBs, capping was largely ineffective (i.e. CB-28 and CB-52). Although cap application caused particle resuspension, the long-term effect of the cap was reduced particle resuspension. On the other hand, substantial sediment consolidation released large volumes of contaminated pore water into the overlying water body. Importantly, both sediment types produced large amount of gas, observed as gas voids forming inside the sediment and gas ebullition events, which increased pore water advection and affected the structural integrity of the cap. This may limit the practical applicability of this method on fiberbank sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Karin Dahlberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Box 7050, SE-750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 256, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alizée P Lehoux
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Box 256, SE-751 05, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Kjær KH, Winther Pedersen M, De Sanctis B, De Cahsan B, Korneliussen TS, Michelsen CS, Sand KK, Jelavić S, Ruter AH, Schmidt AMA, Kjeldsen KK, Tesakov AS, Snowball I, Gosse JC, Alsos IG, Wang Y, Dockter C, Rasmussen M, Jørgensen ME, Skadhauge B, Prohaska A, Kristensen JÅ, Bjerager M, Allentoft ME, Coissac E, Rouillard A, Simakova A, Fernandez-Guerra A, Bowler C, Macias-Fauria M, Vinner L, Welch JJ, Hidy AJ, Sikora M, Collins MJ, Durbin R, Larsen NK, Willerslev E. A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA. Nature 2022; 612:283-291. [PMID: 36477129 PMCID: PMC9729109 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs 3.6 to 0.8 million years ago1 had climates resembling those forecasted under future warming2. Palaeoclimatic records show strong polar amplification with mean annual temperatures of 11-19 °C above contemporary values3,4. The biological communities inhabiting the Arctic during this time remain poorly known because fossils are rare5. Here we report an ancient environmental DNA6 (eDNA) record describing the rich plant and animal assemblages of the Kap København Formation in North Greenland, dated to around two million years ago. The record shows an open boreal forest ecosystem with mixed vegetation of poplar, birch and thuja trees, as well as a variety of Arctic and boreal shrubs and herbs, many of which had not previously been detected at the site from macrofossil and pollen records. The DNA record confirms the presence of hare and mitochondrial DNA from animals including mastodons, reindeer, rodents and geese, all ancestral to their present-day and late Pleistocene relatives. The presence of marine species including horseshoe crab and green algae support a warmer climate than today. The reconstructed ecosystem has no modern analogue. The survival of such ancient eDNA probably relates to its binding to mineral surfaces. Our findings open new areas of genetic research, demonstrating that it is possible to track the ecology and evolution of biological communities from two million years ago using ancient eDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt H Kjær
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mikkel Winther Pedersen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bianca De Sanctis
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Binia De Cahsan
- Section for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, The Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thorfinn S Korneliussen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian S Michelsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina K Sand
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stanislav Jelavić
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, Université Gustave Eiffel, ISTerre, Grenoble, France
| | - Anthony H Ruter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid M A Schmidt
- Nordic Foundation for Development and Ecology (NORDECO), Copenhagen, Denmark
- DIS Study Abroad in Scandinavia, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian K Kjeldsen
- Department of Glaciology and Climate, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexey S Tesakov
- Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John C Gosse
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Inger G Alsos
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Yucheng Wang
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Prohaska
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeppe Å Kristensen
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, (GEUS), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Bjerager
- Department of Geophysics and Sedimentary Basins, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Eric Coissac
- The Arctic University Museum of Norway, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- University of Grenoble-Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, LECA, Grenoble, France
| | - Alexandra Rouillard
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Geosciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Antonio Fernandez-Guerra
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chris Bowler
- Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM Université PSL, Paris, France
| | - Marc Macias-Fauria
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John J Welch
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alan J Hidy
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthew J Collins
- Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Section for GeoBiology, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Richard Durbin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicolaj K Larsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- MARUM, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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Apler A, Snowball I, Josefsson S. Dispersal of cellulose fibers and metals from contaminated sediments of industrial origin in an estuary. Environ Pollut 2020; 266:115182. [PMID: 32673976 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The boreal forest's pulp and paper industry plays a major role in economic prosperity but, historically, caused an environmental burden. Remnants of discharges of contaminated suspended solids (fiberbanks) are continuously being discovered on the beds of shallow seas, rivers and lakes in the northern hemisphere. We investigated the dispersion of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn from deeper to surficial layers in fiberbanks in a Swedish estuary and the larger-scale transport of the same metals to distal areas of sediment accumulation. We also tested the C:N ratio as a common denominator for these anthropogenic, cellulose-rich deposits. Sampling and analyses of three fiberbanks located in the inner part of the estuary and from sediment accumulation sites outside and along the estuary reveals that metal concentrations are regressing to background levels towards the surface at the accumulation sites. The fiberbanks show a higher degree of contamination and C:N ratios demonstrate inclusion of cellulose fibers. C:N ratios also indicate that there is currently no significant transport of fiberbank material into the distal areas. A ∼10 cm natural cap of recently settled fine-grained sediment covering one of the fiberbanks seems to prevent metals dispersing into overlying water whereas the other two fiberbanks show signs of metal enrichment and potential mercury methylation in surficial layers. Although the estuarine system seems to recover from the impact of industrial waste, there is no evidence that the fiberbanks will be remediated naturally but instead will continue to threaten the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Apler
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 751 28, Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 751 36, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 751 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 751 28, Uppsala, Sweden
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Frogner-Kockum P, Kononets M, Apler A, Hall POJ, Snowball I. Less metal fluxes than expected from fibrous marine sediments. Mar Pollut Bull 2020; 150:110750. [PMID: 31780085 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Deposits of fibrous sediment, which include fiberbanks and fiber-rich sediments, are known to exist on the Swedish seafloor adjacent to coastally located former pulp and paper industries. These deposits contain concentrations of hazardous substances that exceed national background levels and contravene national environmental quality objectives (EQOs). In this study of metal fluxes from fibrous sediments using benthic flux chamber measurements (BFC) in situ we obtained detected fluxes of Co, Mo, Ni and Zn, but no fluxes of Pb, Hg and Cr. The absence of fluxes of some of the analyzed metals indicates particle bound transport of Pb, Cr and Hg from fiberbanks even though Hg might become methylated under anoxic conditions and, in that case, may enter the food chain. We found less metal fluxes than expected and thus emphasize the importance of in-situ flux measurements as a compliment to sediment metal concentrations within risk assessments of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mikhail Kononets
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Apler
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Department of marine environment & planning, Box 670, SE-751 28 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per O J Hall
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Apler A, Snowball I, Frogner-Kockum P, Josefsson S. Distribution and dispersal of metals in contaminated fibrous sediments of industrial origin. Chemosphere 2019; 215:470-481. [PMID: 30340155 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial emissions can impact aquatic environments and unregulated discharges from pulp and paper factories have resulted in deposits of cellulose fiber along the Swedish coast. These deposits are contaminated by metals, but due to their unique fibrous character the extent of sorption and dispersal of the metals is unclear. Fibrous sediments were sampled at two sites in the Ångermanälven river estuary, Sweden. The partitioning of metals between the sediment, pore water and bottom water was investigated and the degree of bioavailability was evaluated. The levels of metals in the sediment were high in fibrous or offshore samples, depending on the metal, whereas the levels of dissolved metals in pore water were low or below the limit of quantification. Partition coefficients (KD) showed that sorption to the sediment was stronger at one of the fibrous sites, possibly related to the type and size of organic matter. Undisturbed bottom water samples contained low levels of both dissolved and particle bound metals, but when comparing measured metal concentrations to threshold values of ecological status and ecotoxicological assessment criteria, both sediments and bottom water may be detrimental to living organisms. In-situ re-suspension experiments showed that the concentrations of particle bound metals increased whereas the dissolved concentrations decreased. The analyzed metals are probably retained by the solid phases of the fibrous sediment or adsorbed to particles in the water, reducing their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Apler
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 751 28 Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Sarah Josefsson
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 751 28 Uppsala, Sweden
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6
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Andersson M, Almqvist BSG, Burchardt S, Troll VR, Malehmir A, Snowball I, Kübler L. Magma transport in sheet intrusions of the Alnö carbonatite complex, central Sweden. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27635. [PMID: 27282420 PMCID: PMC4901264 DOI: 10.1038/srep27635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Magma transport through the Earth’s crust occurs dominantly via sheet intrusions, such as dykes and cone-sheets, and is fundamental to crustal evolution, volcanic eruptions and geochemical element cycling. However, reliable methods to reconstruct flow direction in solidified sheet intrusions have proved elusive. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) in magmatic sheets is often interpreted as primary magma flow, but magnetic fabrics can be modified by post-emplacement processes, making interpretation of AMS data ambiguous. Here we present AMS data from cone-sheets in the Alnö carbonatite complex, central Sweden. We discuss six scenarios of syn- and post-emplacement processes that can modify AMS fabrics and offer a conceptual framework for systematic interpretation of magma movements in sheet intrusions. The AMS fabrics in the Alnö cone-sheets are dominantly oblate with magnetic foliations parallel to sheet orientations. These fabrics may result from primary lateral flow or from sheet closure at the terminal stage of magma transport. As the cone-sheets are discontinuous along their strike direction, sheet closure is the most probable process to explain the observed AMS fabrics. We argue that these fabrics may be common to cone-sheets and an integrated geology, petrology and AMS approach can be used to distinguish them from primary flow fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Andersson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Steffi Burchardt
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Valentin R Troll
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alireza Malehmir
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Kübler
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Uppsala, Sweden
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Andrén T, Jørgensen B, Cotterill C, Green S, Andrén E, Ash J, Bauersachs T, Cragg B, Fanget AS, Fehr A, Granoszewski W, Groeneveld J, Hardisty D, Herrero-Bervera E, Hyttinen O, Jensen J, Johnson S, Kenzler M, Kotilainen A, Kotthoff U, Marshall I, Martin E, Obrochta S, Passchier S, Quintana Krupinski N, Riedinger N, Slomp C, Snowball I, Stepanova A, Strano S, Torti A, Warnock J, Xiao N, Zhang R. Methods. Proceedings of the IODP 2015. [DOI: 10.2204/iodp.proc.347.102.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Kotilainen AT, Arppe L, Dobosz S, Jansen E, Kabel K, Karhu J, Kotilainen MM, Kuijpers A, Lougheed BC, Meier HEM, Moros M, Neumann T, Porsche C, Poulsen N, Rasmussen P, Ribeiro S, Risebrobakken B, Ryabchuk D, Schimanke S, Snowball I, Spiridonov M, Virtasalo JJ, Weckström K, Witkowski A, Zhamoida V. Echoes from the past: a healthy Baltic Sea requires more effort. Ambio 2014; 43:60-8. [PMID: 24414805 PMCID: PMC3888658 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-013-0477-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Integrated sediment multiproxy studies and modeling were used to reconstruct past changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem. Results of natural changes over the past 6000 years in the Baltic Sea ecosystem suggest that forecasted climate warming might enhance environmental problems of the Baltic Sea. Integrated modeling and sediment proxy studies reveal increased sea surface temperatures and expanded seafloor anoxia (in deep basins) during earlier natural warm climate phases, such as the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Under future IPCC scenarios of global warming, there is likely no improvement of bottom water conditions in the Baltic Sea. Thus, the measures already designed to produce a healthier Baltic Sea are insufficient in the long term. The interactions between climate change and anthropogenic impacts on the Baltic Sea should be considered in management, implementation of policy strategies in the Baltic Sea environmental issues, and adaptation to future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Arppe
- Finnish Museum of Natural History – LUOMUS, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Slawomir Dobosz
- Palaeoceanography Unit, Faculty of Geosciences, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of Szczecin, ul Mickiewicza 18, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Eystein Jansen
- Uni Climate, Uni Research AS, Allégaten 55, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Karoline Kabel
- The Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Juha Karhu
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia M. Kotilainen
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antoon Kuijpers
- Department of Stratigraphy, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bryan C. Lougheed
- Department of Geology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - H. E. Markus Meier
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Matthias Moros
- The Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Neumann
- The Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Porsche
- The Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Niels Poulsen
- Department of Stratigraphy, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Rasmussen
- Department of Stratigraphy, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofia Ribeiro
- Department of Stratigraphy, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Daria Ryabchuk
- A. P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny Prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Semjon Schimanke
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 601 76 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences – Geophysics, Uppsala University, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikhail Spiridonov
- A. P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny Prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Kaarina Weckström
- Department of Stratigraphy, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, Øster Voldgade 10, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andrzej Witkowski
- Palaeoceanography Unit, Faculty of Geosciences, Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences, University of Szczecin, ul Mickiewicza 18, 70-383 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Vladimir Zhamoida
- A. P. Karpinsky Russian Geological Research Institute (VSEGEI), Sredny Prospect 74, 199106 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Abstract
AbstractGeomagnetic and mineral magnetic data provide geological indices that are both independent of human impact (i.e. geomagnetic) and respond to human-induced environmental impact (i.e. mineral magnetic). We provide the first discussion of such magnetic events for help in defining the Anthropocene. Within the Holocene, a potential geomagnetic marker for the Anthropocene is the low dipole latitude at c. 2700 cal a BP, which is associated with distinct palaeosecular variation features in northerly mid- to high-latitude sites. Mineral magnetic records from lake and marine sediments identify major deforestation and soil delivery events from catchment systems in many parts of the world during the last 4000 years. In Europe, clusters of these events occur around both 2600 cal a BP and AD 1100, the former coinciding with a low in geomagnetic field dipole latitude and peak intensity. Mineral magnetic records in peats and lake sediments can reflect particulate pollution from fossil fuel burning. The expansion of major coal burning began c. AD 1800 in western Europe and eastern North America, but around AD 1900 this expanded due to more widely distributed coal use, and this event is the most clear mineral magnetic marker for the base of the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Snowball
- Department of Earth Sciences, Geophysics, Uppsala University, Villavägen 16, SE-753 26 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mark W. Hounslow
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism and Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Farrer Avenue, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Andreas Nilsson
- Geomagnetism Laboratory, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Oliver Lodge Laboratories, Oxford Street, Liverpool L69 72E, UK
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Kempe M, Kempe H, Snowball I, Wallén R, Arza CR, Götberg M, Olsson T. The use of magnetite nanoparticles for implant-assisted magnetic drug targeting in thrombolytic therapy. Biomaterials 2010; 31:9499-510. [PMID: 20732712 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.07.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Implant-assisted targeting of magnetic particles under the influence of an external magnetic field has previously been verified through mathematical modeling, in vitro studies, and in vivo studies on rat carotid arteries as a feasible method for localized drug delivery. The present study focuses on the development of nanoparticles for the treatment of in-stent thrombosis. Magnetic nanoparticles in the size-range 10-30 nm were synthesized in a one-pot procedure by precipitation of ferrous hydroxide followed by oxidation to magnetite. The nanoparticles were silanized with tetraethyl orthosilicate in the presence of triethylene glycol and/or polyethylene glycol. The surface coated magnetite nanoparticles were activated with either N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide or tresyl chloride for covalent immobilization of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Hysteresis loops showed saturation magnetizations of 55.8, 44.1, and 43.0 emu/g for the naked nanoparticles, the surface coated nanoparticles, and the tPA-nanoparticle conjugates, respectively. The hemolytic activity of the nanoparticles in blood was negligible. An initial in vivo biocompatibility test in pig, carried out by intravascular injection of the nanoparticles in a stented brachial artery, showed no short-term adverse effects. In vitro evaluation in a flow-through model proved that the nanoparticles were captured efficiently to the surface of a ferromagnetic coiled wire at the fluid velocities typical for human arteries. A preliminary test of the tPA-nanoparticle conjugates in a pig model suggested that the conjugates may be used for treatment of in-stent thrombosis in coronary arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kempe
- Biomedical Polymer Technology, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC D11, SE-22184 Lund, Sweden
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11
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Abstract
To put global warming into context requires knowledge about past changes in solar activity and the role of the Sun in climate change. Solanki et al. propose that solar activity during recent decades was exceptionally high compared with that over the preceding 8,000 years. However, our extended analysis of the radiocarbon record reveals several periods during past centuries in which the strength of the magnetic field in the solar wind was similar to, or even higher than, that of today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimund Muscheler
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, Paleoclimatology, Boulder, Colorado 80305-3000, USA.
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12
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