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Biernacki K, Ciupak O, Daśko M, Rachon J, Flis D, Budka J, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Czaja A, Rak J, Demkowicz S. Development of potent and effective SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors based on maleimide analogs for the potential treatment of COVID-19. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2024; 39:2290910. [PMID: 38093611 PMCID: PMC10732195 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2023.2290910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, we report a new series of potent SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (Mpro) inhibitors based on maleimide derivatives. The inhibitory activities were tested in an enzymatic assay using recombinant Mpro (3CL Protease from coronavirus SARS-CoV-2). Within the set of new Mpro inhibitors, 6e demonstrated the highest activity in the enzymatic assay with an IC50 value of 8.52 ± 0.44 µM. The IC50 value for Nirmatrelvir (PF-07321332, used as a reference) was 0.84 ± 0.37 µM. The cytotoxic properties were determined in the MTT assay using MRC-5 and HEK-293 cell lines. In the course of the investigation, we found that the newly obtained maleimide derivatives are not substantially cytotoxic (IC50 values for most compounds were above 200 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Biernacki
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Olga Ciupak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Daśko
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Rachon
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Damian Flis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Budka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Anna Czaja
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz Rak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Demkowicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Gdańsk, Poland
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Kowalski S, Tesmar A, Sikorski A, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I. Oxidovanadium(IV) Complex Disrupts Mitochondrial Membrane Potential and Induces Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:71-83. [PMID: 32579508 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200624145217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND At the present time, there is a growing interest in metal-based anticancer agents. Metal complexes exhibit many valuable clinical properties, however, due to toxicity, only a few clinically useful complexes have been discovered. It has been demonstrated that synthetic vanadium complexes exhibit many biological activities, including anti-cancer properties, however, cellular and molecular mechanisms still are not fully understood. OBJECTIVE This investigation examined the potential effects of three newly synthesized oxidovanadium(IV) complexes with 2-amino-3-hydroxypyridine against pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS We measured cytotoxicity by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, antiproliferative activity by bromodeoxyuridine assay and necrosis as well as late apoptosis by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Reactive oxygen species generation, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential were determined by a flow cytometry technique. Cell morphology was evaluated by using a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS The results showed that oxidovanadium(IV) complexes were cytotoxic on pancreatic cancer cells (PANC-1 and MIA PaCa2) over the concentration range of 12.5-200μM, following 48h incubation. Additionally, the cellular mechanism of cytotoxic activity of [2-NH2-3-OH(py)H]4[V2O2(pmida)2]·6H2O (V3) complex was dependent on ROS generation, induction apoptosis with simultaneous disruption of mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSION We have proven that oxidovanadium (IV) complexes show therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer therapy. The results of our research will help to understand the cellular mechanisms of the cytotoxic activity of the vanadium complexes and will allow a more effective design structure of new vanadium-based compounds in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tesmar
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Artur Sikorski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Chmielewska K, Dzierzbicka K, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Przybyłowska M. Therapeutic Potential of Carnosine and Its Derivatives in the Treatment of Human Diseases. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1561-1578. [PMID: 32202758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, their occurrence and mortality are still high around the world. The resistance of cancer cells to the drugs remains a significant problem in oncology today, while in the case of neuro-degenerative diseases, therapies reversing the process are still yet to be found. Furthermore, it is important to seek new chemotherapeutics reversing side effects of currently used drugs or helping them perform their function to inhibit progression of the disease. Carnosine, a dipeptide constisting of β-alanine and l-histidine, has a variety of functions to mention: antioxidant, antiglycation, and reducing the toxicity of metal ions. It has therefore been proposed to act as a therapeutic agent for many pathological states. The aim of this paper was to find if carnosine and its derivatives can be helpful in treating various diseases. Literature search presented in this review includes review and original papers found in SciFinder, PubMed, and Google Scholar. Searches were based on substantial keywords concerning therapeutic usage of carnosine and its derivatives in several diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. In this paper, we review articles and find that carnosine and its derivatives are potential therapeutic agents in many diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and schizophrenia. Carnosine and its derivatives can be used in treating neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, diabetes, or schizophrenia, although their usage is limited. Therefore, there's an urge to synthesize and analyze new substances, overcoming the limitation of carnosine itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Chmielewska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dzierzbicka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
| | - Iwona Inkielewicz-Stępniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-211, Poland
| | - Maja Przybyłowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk 80-233, Poland
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Szczepańska E, Bielicka-Giełdoń A, Niska K, Strankowska J, Żebrowska J, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Łubkowska B, Swebocki T, Skowron P, Grobelna B. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in context of their cytotoxicity, antibacterial activities, skin penetration and application in skincare products. Supramol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2020.1726917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karolina Niska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Justyna Strankowska
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | | | - Beata Łubkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
- Department of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The High College of Health, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Skowron
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Grobelna
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Kowalski S, Hać S, Wyrzykowski D, Zauszkiewicz-Pawlak A, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I. Selective cytotoxicity of vanadium complexes on human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line by inducing necroptosis, apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe process. Oncotarget 2017; 8:60324-60341. [PMID: 28947974 PMCID: PMC5601142 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death and characterized by one of the lowest five-year survival rate. The current therapeutic options are demonstrating minimal effectiveness, therefore studies on new potential anticancer compounds, with non-significant side effects are highly desirable. Recently, it was demonstrated that vanadium compounds, in particular organic derivatives, exhibit anticancer properties against different type of tumor as well as favorable biodistribution from a pancreatic cancer treatment perspective. In this research, we showed selective cytotoxic effect of vanadium complexes, containing phenanthroline and quinoline as an organic ligands, against human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line (PANC-1), compared to non-tumor human immortalized pancreas duct epithelial cells (hTERT-HPNE). Results exhibited that vanadium complexes inhibited autophagy process in selective cytotoxic concentration as well as caused the cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase associated with mitotic catastrophe and increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, in higher concentration, vanadium derivatives induced a mix type of cell death in PANC-1 cells, including apoptotic and necroptotic process. Our investigation emphasizes the anticancer potential of vanadium complexes by indicating their selective cytotoxic activity, through different process posed by alternative type of cell deaths to apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. Further studies supporting the therapeutic potential of vanadium in pancreatic cancer treatment is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stanisław Hać
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplantation Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D, Wyrzykowski D, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Sikorski A, Tesmar A, Chmurzyński L. Structures, physicochemical and cytoprotective properties of new oxidovanadium(IV) complexes -[VO(mIDA)(dmbipy)]·1.5H 2 O and [VO(IDA)(dmbipy)]·2H 2 O. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Tesmar A, Wyrzykowski D, Kruszyński R, Niska K, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D, Chmurzyński L. Characterization and cytotoxic effect of aqua-(2,2',2''-nitrilotriacetato)-oxo-vanadium salts on human osteosarcoma cells. Biometals 2017; 30:261-275. [PMID: 28204978 PMCID: PMC5352783 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-017-0001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The use of protonated N-heterocyclic compound, i.e. 2,2'-bipyridinium cation, [bpyH+], enabled to obtain the new nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) salt of the stoichiometry [bpyH][VO(nta)(H2O)]H2O. The X-ray measurements have revealed that the compound comprises the discrete mononuclear [VO(nta)(H2O)]- coordination ion that can be rarely found among other known compounds containing nitrilotriacetate oxidovanadium(IV) moieties. The antitumor activity of [bpyH][VO(nta)(H2O)]H2O and its phenanthroline analogue, [phenH][VO(nta)(H2O)](H2O)0.5, towards human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63 and HOS) has been assessed (the LDH and BrdU tests) and referred to cis-Pt(NH3)2Cl2 (used as a positive control). The compounds exert a stronger cytotoxic effect on MG-63 and HOS cells than in untransformed human osteoblast cell line. Thus, the [VO(nta)(H2O)]- containing coordination compounds can be considered as possible antitumor agents in the osteosarcoma model of bone-related cells in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Tesmar
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kruszyński
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Technical University of Łódź, Żwirki 36, 90-924, Łódź, Poland
| | - Karolina Niska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Drzeżdżon
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lech Chmurzyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Tesmar A, Wyrzykowski D, Kazimierczuk K, Kłak J, Kowalski S, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Drzeżdżon J, Jacewicz D, Chmurzyński L. Structure, Physicochemical and Biological Properties of an Aqua (2,2′,2′′-Nitrilotriacetato)-oxidovanadium(IV) Salt with 4-Methylpyridinium Cation. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Katarzyna Kazimierczuk
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Narutowicza 11/12 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Julia Kłak
- Faculty of Chemistry; Wrocław University; 14 F. Joliot-Curie St. 50-383 Wroclaw Poland
| | - Szymon Kowalski
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Medical University of Gdańsk; Dębinki 1 80-211 Gdańsk Poland
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Pranczk J, Tesmar A, Wyrzykowski D, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Jacewicz D, Chmurzyński L. Influence of Primary Ligands (ODA, TDA) on Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Oxidovanadium (IV) Complexes with Bipy and Phen as Auxiliary Ligands. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 174:251-258. [PMID: 27048276 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-016-0687-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the oxydiacetate (ODA) and thiodiacetate (TDA) ligands on the physicochemical and biological properties of the oxidovanadium(IV) ternary complexes of the VO(L)(B) type, where L denotes ODA or TDA and B denotes 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) or 1,10-phenanthroline (phen), has been investigated. The stability of the complexes in aqueous solutions, assessed based on the potentiometric titration method, increases in the following direction: VO(TDA)(bipy) < VO(ODA)(bipy) < VO(TDA)(phen) < VO(ODA)(phen). Furthermore, the influence of the TDA and ODA ligands on the antioxidant activity of the oxidovanadium(IV) complexes toward superoxide free radical (O2•-), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS+•) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) has been examined and discussed. The reactivity of the complexes toward O2•- increases in the following direction: VO(TDA)(phen) < VO(TDA)(bipy) ≈ VO(ODA)(bipy) < VO(ODA)(phen). The antioxidant activity against ABTS+• and DPPH• free radicals is higher for phen complexes, whereas the thiodiacetate complexes are more reactive than are the corresponding oxydiacetate ones. Finally, herein, the cytoprotective activity of the complexes against the oxidative damage generated exogenously by hydrogen peroxide in the hippocampal neuronal HT22 cell line (the MTT and LDH tests) is reported. In a low concentration (1 μM), the cytoprotective action of thiodiacetate complexes is much higher than that of the corresponding oxydiacetate complexes. However, in the higher concentration range (10 and 100 μM), the antioxidant activity of the complexes is overcompensated by their cytotoxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Pranczk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Tesmar
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | | | - Dagmara Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Lech Chmurzyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
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Tesmar A, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Sikorski A, Wyrzykowski D, Jacewicz D, Zięba P, Pranczk J, Ossowski T, Chmurzyński L. Structure, physicochemical and biological properties of new complex salt of aqua-(nitrilotriacetato-N,O,O',O")-oxidovanadium(IV) anion with 1,10-phenanthrolinium cation. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:53-61. [PMID: 26349013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of new 1,10-phenathrolin-1-ium aqua-(nitrilotriacetato-N,O,O',O")-oxidovanadium(IV) semihydrate of molecular formula (phenH)[VO(NTA)(H2O)]∙1/2H2O was determined. This is the first example of structurally characterized compound that comprises a distinctly separated, monomeric [VO(NTA)(H2O)](-) coordination entity. The crystallographic measurements have subsequently been complemented by the IR spectroscopic characterization and thermal analysis. Furthermore, the electrochemical (cyclic voltammetry) as well as spectrophotometric (UV-vis) studies revealed that the compound is capable of scavenging the superoxide free radicals (O2(-)) as well as stable organic radicals i.e. 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid) cation radical (ABTS(+)) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), but its reactivity towards radicals is lower than that of VOSO4. Finally, biological properties of the complex in the range of 1-100 μM were investigated in relation to its cytoprotective activity against the oxidative damage generated exogenously by using hydrogen peroxide in the hippocampal neuronal HT22 cell line (the MTT and LDH tests). It has been established that in contrast to VOSO4 the title compound protects the HT22 from the oxidative damage. The paper presents a new perspective for oxidovanadium(IV) complexes as candidates for novel, low-molecular mass cytoprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tesmar
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - I Inkielewicz-Stępniak
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - A Sikorski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - D Wyrzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - D Jacewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - P Zięba
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J Pranczk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - T Ossowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - L Chmurzyński
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Wyrzykowski D, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Pranczk J, Żamojć K, Zięba P, Tesmar A, Jacewicz D, Ossowski T, Chmurzyński L. Physicochemical properties of ternary oxovanadium(IV) complexes with oxydiacetate and 1,10-phenanthroline or 2,2'-bipyridine. Cytoprotective activity in hippocampal neuronal HT22 cells. Biometals 2015; 28:307-20. [PMID: 25656562 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-015-9828-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to find a relationship between physicochemical properties of the oxovanadium(IV) complexes, namely [VO(ODA)(H2O)2], [VO(ODA)(phen)]·1.5H2O and [VO(ODA)(bipy)]·2H2O (ODA = oxydiacetate) as well as [VO(H2O)5](2+), and their biological activity. A potentiometric titration method has been used to characterize the stability of the complexes in aqueous solutions. Furthermore, the reactivity of the complexes towards superoxide free radicals was assessed by employing the NBT assay as well as a cyclic voltammetry (CV) technique. Additionally, the investigations of the antioxidant properties of the complexes were complemented by studying their reactivity towards organic radicals (the ABTS and DPPH tests). Finally, the biological properties of the complexes were investigated in relation to their cytoprotective activity against the oxidative damage generated exogenously by using hydrogen peroxide in the Hippocampal neuronal cell line HT22 (the MTT and LDH tests). The obtained results showed that all the compounds under study display antioxidant properties but a concentration-depended protective effect against the oxidative damage was found for [VO(ODA)(bipy)]·2H2O only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Wyrzykowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland,
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Wyrzykowski D, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Czupryniak J, Jacewicz D, Ossowski T, Woźniak M, Chmurzyński L. Electrochemical and Biological Studies on Reactivity of [VO(oda)(H2O)2], [Co(oda)(H2O)2]·H2O, and [Ni(oda)(H2O)3]·1.5H2O Towards Superoxide Free Radicals. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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McCarthy J, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Corbalan JJ, Radomski MW. Mechanisms of toxicity of amorphous silica nanoparticles on human lung submucosal cells in vitro: protective effects of fisetin. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2227-35. [PMID: 22931364 DOI: 10.1021/tx3002884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO₂-NP) can cause an inflammatory response in the lung. We studied in vitro the effects of exposing human lung submucosal cells to SiO₂-NP of various sizes (10, 150, and 500 nm) for 2-24 h. Cell survival, reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, cytokine production, inflammatory gene expression, and genotoxicity were measured after exposure of Calu-3 cells to 10SiO₂-NP in the presence or absence of the flavanoid fisetin and an antioxidant enzyme catalase. The exposure of Calu-3 cells to 10SiO₂-NP resulted in (1) increased cytotoxicity and cell death in a time- and concentration-dependent manner, with a lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of 9.7 μg/mL after 24 h; (2) enhanced gene expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and matrix metalloproteinase-9; (3) a significant correlation between increases in MDA and cytotoxicity at 18 h; (4) ROS production; (5) IL-6 and IL-8 release; and (6) up-regulation of the pro-apoptotic genes, p53 and caspase-3. Cell death and inflammatory reactions were attenuated by fisetin and catalase. We observed that 150- and 500SiO₂-NP exerted no toxic effects on Calu-3 cells. In conclusion, the nanotoxicity of amorphous 10SiO₂-NP on submucosal cells is associated with inflammation, the release of ROS leading to apoptosis, and decreased cell survival. The nanotoxic effects of 10SiO₂-NP can be decreased by fisetin and catalase treatment, implicating oxidative stress in this injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
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Umerska A, Paluch KJ, Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Santos-Martinez MJ, Corrigan OI, Medina C, Tajber L. Exploring the assembly process and properties of novel crosslinker-free hyaluronate-based polyelectrolyte complex nanocarriers. Int J Pharm 2012; 436:75-87. [PMID: 22814226 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the formulation of pharmaceutically relevant polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles (NPs) composed of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chitosan (CS) containing no crosslinkers. The influence of polymer mixing ratio, concentration and molecular weight as well as the type of counterion in chitosan salt on properties of the resulting NPs was examined. Formulations and their components were studied by laser light scattering, viscosity, infrared spectroscopy and microscopy. Physical stability, isoelectric points and cytotoxicity of selected NPs were determined. By appropriate modification of HA molecular weight, stable and non-sedimenting NPs were successfully formed. Sonication was found to be an effective method to reduce the molecular weight of HA from 2882±25 to 176±4 kDa with no chemical changes in the HA structure observed. High molecular weight CS formed micron-sized entities at all compositions investigated. Positively and negatively charged NPs were obtained depending on the mixing ratio of the polymers, with CS glutamate NPs yielding more negatively charged particles compared to CS chloride NPs. The smallest NPs (149±11 nm) were formed using HA with molecular weight of 176 kDa. Cytotoxicity of NPs was dependent on environmental pH but HA was found to exert cytoprotective effects on Caco-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Umerska
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Inkielewicz-Stępniak I, Knap N. Effect of exposure to fluoride and acetaminophen on oxidative/nitrosative status of liver and kidney in male and female rats. Pharmacol Rep 2012; 64:902-11. [DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
Fluoxetine (Flux) is a fluorine-containing drug that selectively inhibits serotonin reuptake. It is widely prescribed as a treatment for depression disorders. Hepatic side effects have been reported during Flux therapy. These reports led us to investigate the involvement of oxidative stress mechanisms in liver injury caused by Flux. It has been shown that exposure to fluoride (F(-)) induces excessive production of free radicals and affects the antioxidant defense system. Based on this knowledge, we examined the F(-) concentration in serum and urine during administration of Flux. In our study, the effects of one month of Flux treatment on lipid and protein peroxidation, the concentration of uric acid in the liver and the activity of transaminases and transferases in the serum were investigated in rats. Eighteen adult male Wistar rats were divided into three equal groups of six animals each: (I) controls who drank tap water and received 1 ml of tap water intragastrically; (II) animals that received 8 mg Flux/kg bw/day intragastrically; and (III) animals that received 24 mg Flux/kg bw/day intragastrically. Flux treatment increased of the levels of carbonyl groups, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and the uric acid content in the liver. The activities of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) increased in the serum of the treated groups. The Flux levels in the plasma of the treated rats increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner. We observed no changes in the concentration of fluoride in either the serum or the urine of treated rats compared to the control group. In conclusion, our study indicates that Flux induces liver damage and mediates free radical reactions. Our data also indicate that Flux does not release F(-) during metabolism and does not affect physiological levels of F(-) in the serum or urine.
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