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Bovea MD, Powell JC. Developments in life cycle assessment applied to evaluate the environmental performance of construction and demolition wastes. Waste Manag 2016; 50:151-172. [PMID: 26919970 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a review of the literature that applies the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to the assessment of the environmental performance of the life cycle of construction and demolition waste (CDW) management systems. This article is focused on generating a general mapping of the literature and on identifying the best practices in compliance with LCA framework and proposing directions for future LCA studies in this field. The temporal evolution of the research in this field and the aim of the studies have grown in parallel with the legal framework related to waste and energy efficiency of buildings. Most studies have been published in Europe, followed by USA. Asia and Australia, being at an incipient application stage to the rest of the world. Topics related to "LCA of buildings, including their EoL" and "LCA of general CDW management strategies" are the most frequently analysed, followed by "LCA of EoL of construction elements" and "LCA of natural material vs recycled material". Regarding the strategies, recycling off-site and incineration, both combined with landfill for the rejected fractions, are the most commonly applied. Re-use or recycling on-site is the strategy least applied. The key aspect when LCA is applied to evaluate CDW management systems is the need to normalise which processes to include in the system boundary and the functional unit, the use of inventory data adapted to the context of the case study and the definition of a common set of appropriate impact assessment categories. Also, it is important to obtain results disaggregated by unit processes. This will allow the comparison between case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Bovea
- Departament of Mechanical Engineering & Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain.
| | - J C Powell
- CSERGE, School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7 TJ, UK
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Cheng M, Galbally IE, Molloy SB, Selleck PW, Keywood MD, Lawson SJ, Powell JC, Gillett RW, Dunne E. Factors controlling volatile organic compounds in dwellings in Melbourne, Australia. Indoor Air 2016; 26:219-230. [PMID: 25788118 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study characterized indoor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and investigated the effects of the dwelling characteristics, building materials, occupant activities, and environmental conditions on indoor VOC concentrations in 40 dwellings located in Melbourne, Australia, in 2008 and 2009. A total of 97 VOCs were identified. Nine VOCs, n-butane, 2-methylbutane, toluene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, d-limonene, ethanol, 2-propanol, and acetic acid, accounted for 68% of the sum of all VOCs. The median indoor concentrations of all VOCs were greater than those measured outdoors. The occupant density was positively associated with indoor VOC concentrations via occupant activities, including respiration and combustion. Terpenes were associated with the use of household cleaning and laundry products. A petroleum-like indoor VOC signature of alkanes and aromatics was associated with the proximity of major roads. The indoor VOC concentrations were negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with ventilation. Levels of VOCs in these Australian dwellings were lower than those from previous studies in North America and Europe, probably due to a combination of an ongoing temporal decrease in indoor VOC concentrations and the leakier nature of Australian dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Cheng
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - I E Galbally
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - S B Molloy
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - P W Selleck
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - M D Keywood
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - S J Lawson
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - J C Powell
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - R W Gillett
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - E Dunne
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere Flagship, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
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Bovea MD, Powell JC, Gallardo A, Capuz-Rizo SF. The role played by environmental factors in the integration of a transfer station in a municipal solid waste management system. Waste Manag 2007; 27:545-53. [PMID: 16765037 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2006.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 01/11/2006] [Accepted: 03/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Transfer stations are an integral part of present-day municipal solid waste management systems. The main criteria used to decide on the location of a transfer station has traditionally been the minimization of transport costs, since it is cheaper to transport great amounts of waste over long distances in large loads than in small ones. In this study, we are going to consider the environmental factor in order to compare the feasibility of using a transfer station integrated within a waste management system. Applying the Life Cycle Assessment technique will enable us to obtain an objective parameter that quantifies the environmental impact of transportation and of operating a transfer station. Taking the current rates of solid wastes generation in the Plana region of Castellón (Spain) as our starting point, in this study we compare the environmental costs involved in the process of taking municipal wastes directly to the nearest waste treatment facility, with those involved in a waste management system integrating a transfer station. Comparing these two cases, an average reduction of 16.8% in the environmental impact can be obtained when a transfer station is incorporated in the waste management system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Bovea
- Departament of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Bovea MD, Powell JC. Alternative scenarios to meet the demands of sustainable waste management. J Environ Manage 2006; 79:115-32. [PMID: 16202507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper analyses different alternatives for solid waste management that can be implemented to enable the targets required by the European Landfill and Packaging and Packaging Waste Directives to be achieved in the Valencian Community, on the east coast of Spain. The methodology applied to evaluate the environmental performance of each alternative is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The analysis has been performed at two levels; first, the emissions accounted for in the inventory stage have been arranged into impact categories to obtain an indicator for each category; and secondly, the weighting of environmental data to a single unit has been applied. Despite quantitative differences between the results obtained with four alternative impact assessment methods, the same preference ranking has been established: scenarios with energy recovery (1v and 2v) achieve major improvements compared to baseline, with scenario 1v being better than 2v for all impact assessment methods except for the EPS'00 method, which obtains better results for scenario 2v. Sensitivity analysis has been used to test some of the assumptions used in the initial life cycle inventory model but none have a significant effect on the overall results. As a result, the best alternative to the existing waste management system can be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Bovea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Construction, Universitat Jaume I, Av. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain.
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Abstract
Free chlorine decay rates in water distribution systems for bulk and wall demands should be modelled separately as they have different functional dependencies. Few good quality determinations of in situ wall demand have been made due to the difficulty of monitoring live systems and due to their complexity. Wall demands have been calculated from field measurements at 11 locations in a distribution system fed from a single source. A methodology for the laboratory determination has been evolved and shown to give results that are similar to the in situ results. Pipe materials were classified as either having high reactivity (unlined iron mains) or low reactivity (PVC, MDPE and cement-lined ductile iron). The results indicate that wall decay rates for the former are limited by chlorine transport and for the latter by pipe material characteristics. The wall decay rate is inversely related to initial chlorine concentration for low reactivity pipes. In general, water velocity increases wall decay rates though the statistical confidence is low for low reactivity pipes. A moderate biofilm coating did not influence the wall decay rate for low reactivity pipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Hallam
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Scott
- Fairfield Centre, Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle, UK
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Moorthy SS, Haselby KA, Caldwell RL, West KW, Albrecht GT, France LW, Powell JC. Transient right-left interatrial shunt during emergence from anesthesia: demonstration by color flow Doppler mapping. Anesth Analg 1989; 68:820-2. [PMID: 2735550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S S Moorthy
- Department of Anesthesia, Riley Children's Hospital, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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Abstract
A case of childhood affective disorder with episodes of depressive stupor in a 13-year-old pre-pubertal boy is described. Changes in the patient's clinical state were accompanied by changes in the dexamethasone suppression test. A family history of affective illness on the maternal side, with phenomenological similarities, is noted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Powell
- Adolescent Unit, Crichton Royal Hospital, Dumfries
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Powell JC, Moore AR, Gow JA. Comparison of EC broth and medium A-1 for the recovery of Escherichia coli from frozen shucked snow crab. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 37:836-40. [PMID: 384899 PMCID: PMC243310 DOI: 10.1128/aem.37.5.836-840.1979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two variations of the multiple-tube fermentation technique were used to enumerate fecal coliforms in commercially processed, frozen crab meat. These were the EC confirmation test and a more rapid method that requires medium A-1. The method with medium A-1 was more specific than the EC confirmation test for detecting Escherichia coli type 1. E. coli was isolated from 84% of the positive medium A-1 tubes, whereas it was isolated from only 64% of the positive tubes of EC broth. When samples of crab meat were inoculated with known amounts of E. coli, better estimates of the known numbers were obtained by the medium A-1 method. Several species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from cultures in EC broth. These belonged to the genera Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, and Serratia. Apparently these strains were naturally adapted to growth at an elevated temperature because the majority were able to grow at 44.5 degrees C when retested in EC broth. Fewer species of nonfecal coliforms were isolated from medium A-1. Those that were isolated belonged to the genera Citrobacter and Enterobacter.
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Lever M, Powell JC, Killip M, Small CW. A comparison of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PAHBAH) with other reagents for the determination of glucose. J Lab Clin Med 1973; 82:649-55. [PMID: 4201981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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