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Sun T, Rojas OL, Li C, Ward LA, Philpott DJ, Gommerman JL. Intestinal Batf3-dependent dendritic cells are required for optimal antiviral T-cell responses in adult and neonatal mice. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:775-788. [PMID: 27600308 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although we know a great deal about which types of dendritic cells (DCs) promote T-cell priming in the periphery, less is known about which DC subset(s) provoke antiviral responses within the gut. Here we report that conventional Zbtb46-dependent DCs were critically required for antiviral CD8+ T-cell responses against rotavirus (RV), the major cause of childhood gastroenteritis worldwide. Furthermore, we found that in adult mice, Batf3-dependent DCs were required for generating optimal RV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. However, in contrast to mice that lack Zbtb46-dependent DCs, a significant amount of interferon gamma-producing RV-specific CD8+ T cells were still detected in the small intestine of RV-infected adult Batf3-/- mice, suggesting the existence of compensatory cross-presentation mechanisms in the absence of Batf3-dependent DCs. In contrast to adult mice, we found that Batf3-dependent DCs were absolutely required for generating RV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in neonates. Loss of Batf3-dependent DCs also resulted in a skewed polyclonal CD4+ T-cell response in both adult and neonatal mice upon RV infection, although local and systemic RV-specific immunoglobulin A production kinetics and titers were unimpaired. Our results provide insights that inform early-life vaccination strategies against RV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sun
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O L Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L A Ward
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D J Philpott
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Allan DSJ, Kirkham CL, Aguilar OA, Qu LC, Chen P, Fine JH, Serra P, Awong G, Gommerman JL, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Carlyle JR. An in vitro model of innate lymphoid cell function and differentiation. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:340-51. [PMID: 25138665 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILC) are RAG-independent lymphocytes with important roles in innate immunity, and include group-1 (natural killer (NK) cell, ILC1), group-2 (ILC2), and group-3 (lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi), NCR(+) ILC3) subsets. Group-3 ILC express Rorγt, produce interleukin (IL)-22, and are critically important in the normal function of mucosal tissues. Here, we describe a novel model cell line for the study of ILC function and differentiation. The parental MNK cell line, derived from NKR-P1B(+) fetal thymocytes, shows a capacity to differentiate in γc cytokines. One IL-7-responsive subline, designated MNK-3, expresses Rorγt and produces high levels of IL-22 in response to IL-23 and IL-1β stimulation. MNK-3 cells display surface markers and transcript expression characteristic of group-3 ILC, including IL-7Rα (CD127), c-kit (CD117), CCR6, Thy1 (CD90), RANK, RANKL, and lymphotoxin (LTα1β2). Using an in vitro assay of LTi cell activity, MNK-3 cells induce ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression on stromal cells in a manner dependent upon LTα1β2 expression. A second IL-2-responsive subline, MNK-1, expresses several NK cell receptors, perforin and granzymes, and shows some cytotoxic activity. Thus, MNK-1 cells serve as a model of ILC1/NK development and differentiation, whereas MNK-3 cells provide an attractive in vitro system to study the function of ILC3/LTi cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S J Allan
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C L Kirkham
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - O A Aguilar
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L C Qu
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Chen
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J H Fine
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - P Serra
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Awong
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J L Gommerman
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J C Zúñiga-Pflücker
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J R Carlyle
- 1] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada [2] Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kim CJ, Nazli A, Rojas OL, Chege D, Alidina Z, Huibner S, Mujib S, Benko E, Kovacs C, Shin LYY, Grin A, Kandel G, Loutfy M, Ostrowski M, Gommerman JL, Kaushic C, Kaul R. A role for mucosal IL-22 production and Th22 cells in HIV-associated mucosal immunopathogenesis. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:670-80. [PMID: 22854709 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine with epithelial reparative and regenerative properties that is produced by Th22 cells and by other immune cell subsets. Therefore, we explored the hypothesis that disruption of the gut barrier during HIV infection involves dysregulation of these cells in the gastrointestinal mucosa. Sigmoid IL-22-producing T cell and Th22 cells were dramatically depleted during chronic HIV infection, epithelial integrity was compromised, and microbial translocation was increased. These alterations were reversed after long-term antiretroviral therapy. While all mucosal IL-22-producing T-cell subsets were also depleted very early during HIV infection, at these early stages IL-22 production by non-T-cell populations (including NKp44+ cells) was increased and gut epithelial integrity was maintained. Circulating Th22 cells expressed a higher level of the HIV co-receptor/binding molecules CCR5 and α4β7 than CD4+ T-cell subsets in HIV-uninfected participants, but this was not the case after HIV infection. Finally, recombinant IL-22 was protective against HIV and tumor necrosis factor-α-induced gut epithelial damage in a validated in vitro gut epithelial system. We conclude that reduced IL-22 production and Th22 depletion in the gut mucosa are important factors in HIV mucosal immunopathogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-HIV Agents/pharmacology
- Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use
- Cell Lineage
- Colon, Sigmoid/immunology
- Colon, Sigmoid/pathology
- Colon, Sigmoid/virology
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- Humans
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Interleukins/deficiency
- Interleukins/immunology
- Interleukins/pharmacology
- Intestinal Mucosa/drug effects
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/virology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Receptors, CCR5/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/virology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Interleukin-22
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Gommerman JL, Oh DY, Zhou X, Tedder TF, Maurer M, Galli SJ, Carroll MC. A role for CD21/CD35 and CD19 in responses to acute septic peritonitis: a potential mechanism for mast cell activation. J Immunol 2000; 165:6915-21. [PMID: 11120817 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.12.6915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although it is now appreciated that mast cell-mediated release of TNF-alpha is critical for resolution of acute septic peritonitis, questions remain as to how mast cells are activated upon peritoneal bacterial infection. Clues to how this may occur have been derived from earlier studies by Prodeus et al. in which complement proteins C3 and C4 were shown to be required for survival following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), a model for acute septic peritonitis. To evaluate the mechanism for mast cell activation in the CLP model, complement receptor CD21/CD35-deficient mice (Cr2(null)) were examined in the present study. Along with CD19-deficient (CD19(null)) mice, these animals exhibit decreased survival following CLP compared with wild-type littermates. Injection of IgM before CLP does not change survival rates for Cr2(null) mice and only partially improves survival of CD19(null) mice, implicating CD21/CD35 and CD19 in mast cell activation. Interestingly, early TNF-alpha release is also impaired in Cr2(null) and CD19(null) animals, suggesting that these molecules directly affect mast cell activation. Cr2(null) and CD19(null) mice demonstrate an impairment in neutrophil recruitment and a corresponding increase in bacterial load. Examination of peritoneal mast cells by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy reveals the expression and colocalization of CD21/CD35 and CD19. Taken together, these findings suggest that the engagement of complement receptors CD21/CD35 along with CD19 on the mast cell surface by C3 fragments may be necessary for the full expression of mast cell activation in the CLP model.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens, CD19/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/metabolism
- Antigens, CD19/physiology
- Ascitic Fluid/immunology
- Ascitic Fluid/metabolism
- Ascitic Fluid/pathology
- Cecum/surgery
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Leukocyte Count
- Ligation
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Peritoneal Lavage
- Peritonitis/genetics
- Peritonitis/immunology
- Peritonitis/mortality
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-kit/biosynthesis
- Punctures
- Receptors, Complement 3b/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Complement 3b/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement 3b/physiology
- Receptors, Complement 3d/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Complement 3d/genetics
- Receptors, Complement 3d/metabolism
- Receptors, Complement 3d/physiology
- Sepsis/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gommerman
- Department of Pathology, Center for Blood Research and Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gommerman JL, Sittaro D, Klebasz NZ, Williams DA, Berger SA. Differential stimulation of c-Kit mutants by membrane-bound and soluble Steel Factor correlates with leukemic potential. Blood 2000; 96:3734-42. [PMID: 11090054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors investigated the roles of PI3-kinase and PLC-gamma in stimulation by Steel Factor (SLF) through c-Kit. c-Kit mutants YF719, YF728, and a YF719/YF728 double mutant were expressed in 32D myelomonocytic cells. KitYF719 fails to recruit PI3-kinase after stimulation with SLF, whereas KitYF728 fails to stimulate PLC-gamma phosphorylation or mobilize Ca(++). Both single mutants responded mitogenically to soluble SLF (sSLF) in a manner indistinguishable from wild type (WT), although sSLF failed to stimulate or promote the survival of cells expressing the double mutant. In contrast, although cells expressing WT or YF719 were mitogenically stimulated by membrane-bound SLF (mSLF), stimulation of cells expressing KitYF728 was impaired. Similarly, cells expressing WT or YF719 receptors were stimulated by plate-bound anti-Kit antibodies, whereas cells expressing the YF728 receptor were not stimulated. Neomycin sulfate, a PLC antagonist, inhibited cells expressing YF719 receptors stimulated by sSLF. Neomycin also inhibited cells expressing the WT receptor that were stimulated by mSLF or immobilized anti-Kit antibodies but did not inhibit stimulation of cells expressing WT or YF719 receptors by sSLF. 32D cells expressing KitWT, KitYF719, or KitYF728 were injected into mice and the presence of cells was evaluated by colony assays 6 to 7 weeks later. Although both KitWT and KitYF719 expressing cells could be recovered from the spleen and bone marrow, recovery of KitYF728 cells from these organs was severely reduced. These results indicate that Kit tyrosine 728 is of particular importance for mitogenic stimulation by mSLF or immobilized ligand and is required for full maintenance of cells in vivo, likely through activation of PLC-gamma. (Blood. 2000;96:3734-3742)
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gommerman
- The Arthritis and Immune Disorder Research Centre, The Toronto Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Evidence has accumulated that strongly supports a role for innate immunity in B-cell tolerance. Specific recognition proteins, such as natural antibody and collectins, are present in serum that identify highly conserved self-antigens such as nuclear proteins and activate the classical pathway of complement. The direct localization of these types of antigens to the lymphoid compartment in a complement-receptor-dependent manner provides a mechanism to deal with immature, self-reactive B cells developing daily in the bone marrow. Since it would be disadvantageous for the organism to maintain self-reactive B cells, which cross-react with microbial antigens, the innate immune system provides an efficient pathway for their removal or silencing. A possible outcome of a breakdown in this pathway, as found in individuals bearing natural deficiencies in complement C1q or C4, is autoimmunity such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gommerman
- Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Gommerman JL, Berger SA. Protection from apoptosis by steel factor but not interleukin-3 is reversed through blockade of calcium influx. Blood 1998; 91:1891-900. [PMID: 9490671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Steel factor (SLF), the ligand for the c-Kit receptor, protects hemopoietic progenitors and mast cells from apoptosis. We show here that protection of 32D-Kit cells or mast cells from apoptosis by SLF is abrogated through concurrent inhibition of Ca2+ influx. In contrast, cell survival promoted by interleukin-3 is not affected by Ca2+ influx blockers. In the presence of blockers, increasing stimulation by SLF leads to greater levels of cell death in the population, indicating that it is the combination of activation by SLF with concurrent blockade of Ca2+ influx that results in apoptosis. The p815 mastocytoma, which expresses a mutated, constitutively active c-kit receptor, dies apoptotically in the presence of Ca2+ influx blockers alone. Ionomycin protects cells from SLF plus blocker-induced apoptosis, confirming specificity for Ca2+ ion blockade in cell death induction. Overexpression of bcl-2, which protects 32D-Kit cells from factor withdrawal, does not protect cells from apoptosis by SLF plus blocker. In contrast, caspase inhibitors YVAD-CHO, DEVD-FMK, and Boc-Asp-FMK protect cells from SLF plus blocker-induced death. These observations highlight the importance of SLF-stimulated Ca2+ influx in the protection of cells from apoptosis and demonstrate a new mechanism for inducing bcl-2 insensitive, caspase-dependent apoptosis through the combination of SLF stimulation with Ca2+ influx blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gommerman
- Wellesley Hospital Research Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Gommerman JL, Rottapel R, Berger SA. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and Ca2+ influx dependence for ligand-stimulated internalization of the c-Kit receptor. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30519-25. [PMID: 9374546 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated the role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase) and Ca2+ influx in ligand-stimulated internalization of the c-Kit receptor. The wild type (wt) c-Kit receptor and YF719, a mutant receptor in which the SH2-mediated binding site for the p85 subunit of PI3-kinase is disrupted, were expressed in DA-1 cells. YF719 internalized with similar kinetics as wt c-Kit although the receptor remained localized close to the plasma membrane. However, in the absence of extracellular Ca2+, or in the presence of the competitive Ca2+ influx blocker Ni2+, the YF719 mutant failed to internalize. Failure to internalize in the absence of Ca2+ was also observed for the wt c-Kit receptor in cells that were pretreated with the PI3-kinase inhibitor, wortmannin. Following stimulation with ligand, clathrin heavy chains were found to co-immunoprecipitate with c-Kit. However, under conditions in which PI3-kinase activity is inhibited and Ca2+ influx is blocked, clathrin failed to co-immunoprecipitate with c-Kit. Our results demonstrate that both Ca2+ influx and PI3-kinase activity influence c-Kit endocytosis, and inhibition of these two signals disrupts the earliest stages of ligand-mediated internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Gommerman
- Wellesley Hospital Research Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4Y 1J3.
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