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Bennis A, Jacobs JG, Catsburg LAE, Ten Brink JB, Koster C, Schlingemann RO, van Meurs J, Gorgels TGMF, Moerland PD, Heine VM, Bergen AA. Stem Cell Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium: The Role of Pigmentation as Maturation Marker and Gene Expression Profile Comparison with Human Endogenous Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 13:659-669. [PMID: 28730556 PMCID: PMC5602068 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
In age-related macular degeneration (AMD) the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) deteriorates, leading to photoreceptor decay and severe vision loss. New therapeutic strategies aim at RPE replacement by transplantation of pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived RPE. Several protocols to generate RPE have been developed where appearance of pigmentation is commonly used as indicator of RPE differentiation and maturation. It is, however, unclear how different pigmentation stages reflect developmental stages and functionality of PSC-derived RPE cells. We generated human embryonic stem cell-derived RPE (hESC-RPE) cells and investigated their gene expression profiles at early pigmentation (EP) and late pigmentation (LP) stages. In addition, we compared the hESC-RPE samples with human endogenous RPE. We used a common reference design microarray (44 K). Our analysis showed that maturing hESC-RPE, upon acquiring pigmentation, expresses markers specific for human RPE. Interestingly, our analysis revealed that EP and LP hESC-RPE do not differ much in gene expression. Our data further showed that pigmented hESC-RPE has a significant lower expression than human endogenous RPE in the visual cycle and oxidative stress pathways. In contrast, we observed a significantly higher expression of pathways related to the process adhesion-to-polarity model that is typical of developing epithelial cells. We conclude that, in vitro, the first appearance of pigmentation hallmarks differentiated RPE. However, further increase in pigmentation does not result in much significant gene expression changes and does not add important RPE functionalities. Consequently, our results suggest that the time span for obtaining differentiated hESC-RPE cells, that are suitable for transplantation, may be greatly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bennis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J G Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L A E Catsburg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J B Ten Brink
- Department of Clinical Genetics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Koster
- Department of Clinical Genetics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Cell Biology and Histology, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J van Meurs
- Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T G M F Gorgels
- The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University Eye Clinic Maastricht, MUMC+, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P D Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - A A Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,The Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN-KNAW), Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Ophthalmology, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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van Dijk SC, Enneman AW, van Meurs J, Swart KMA, Ham AH, van Wijngaarden JP, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, van der Zwaluw NL, van Schoor NM, Dhonukshe-Rutten RAM, de Groot LCPGM, Lips P, Uitterlinden AG, Blom H, Geleijnse JM, Feskens E, de Jongh RT, Smulders YM, van den Meiracker AH, Mattace-Raso FUS, van der Velde N. B-vitamin levels and genetics of hyperhomocysteinemia are not associated with arterial stiffness. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2014; 24:760-766. [PMID: 24656138 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with arterial stiffness, but underlying pathophysiological mechanisms explaining this association are to be revealed. This study was aimed to explore two potential pathways concerning the one-carbon metabolism. A potential causal effect of homocysteine was explored using a genetic risk score reflecting an individual's risk of having a long-term elevated plasma homocysteine level and also associations with B-vitamin levels were investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS Baseline cross-sectional data of the B-PROOF study were used. In the cardiovascular subgroup (n = 567, 56% male, age 72.6 ± 5.6 yrs) pulse wave velocity (PWV) was determined using applanation tonometry. Plasma concentrations of vitamin B12, folate, methylmalonic acid (MMA) and holo transcobalamin (holoTC) were assessed and the genetic risk score was based on 13 SNPs being associated with elevated plasma homocysteine. Associations were examined using multivariable linear regression analysis. B-vitamin levels were not associated with PWV. The genetic risk score was also not associated with PWV. However, the homocysteine-gene interaction was significant (p < 0.001) in the association of the genetic risk score and PWV. Participants with the lowest genetic risk of having long-term elevated homocysteine levels, but with higher measured homocysteine levels, had the highest PWV levels. CONCLUSION Homocysteine is unlikely to be causally related to arterial stiffness, because there was no association with genetic variants causing hyperhomocysteinemia, whereas non-genetically determined hyperhomocysteinemia was associated with arterial stiffness. Moreover, the association between homocysteine and arterial stiffness was not mediated by B-vitamins. Possibly, high plasma homocysteine levels reflect an unidentified factor, that causes increased arterial stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C van Dijk
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - A W Enneman
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J van Meurs
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - K M A Swart
- VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H Ham
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J P van Wijngaarden
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E M Brouwer-Brolsma
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N L van der Zwaluw
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N M van Schoor
- VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - L C P G M de Groot
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - P Lips
- VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A G Uitterlinden
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Ageing, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Ageing, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - H Blom
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J M Geleijnse
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - E Feskens
- Wageningen University, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R T de Jongh
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Y M Smulders
- VU University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute for Cardiovascular Research ICaR-VU, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - A H van den Meiracker
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - F U S Mattace-Raso
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N van der Velde
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Academic Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Sluiter D, Kerkhof H, Hofman B, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden A, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Oei E, van Meurs J. AB1321 Extra-articular calcifications around the pelvis are highly prevalent and associated with bone mineral density and osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.1317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kerkhof H, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Hofman B, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden A, Janssens C, van Meurs J. OP0130 Prediction model for knee osteoarthritis including clinical, genetic and biochemical risk factors. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Williams FMK, Popham M, Hart DJ, de Schepper E, Bierma-Zeinstra S, Hofman A, Uitterlinden AG, Arden NK, Cooper C, Spector TD, Valdes AM, van Meurs J. GDF5 single-nucleotide polymorphism rs143383 is associated with lumbar disc degeneration in Northern European women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:708-12. [PMID: 21360499 PMCID: PMC3498734 DOI: 10.1002/art.30169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is a serious social and medical problem which has been shown to be highly heritable. It has similarities with peripheral joint osteoarthritis (OA) in terms of both epidemiology and pathologic processes. A few known genetic variants have been identified using a candidate gene approach, but many more are thought to exist. GDF5 is a gene whose variants have been shown to play a role in skeletal height as well as predisposing to peripheral joint OA. In vitro, the gene product growth differentiation factor 5 has been shown to promote growth and repair of animal disc. This study was undertaken to investigate whether the GDF5 gene plays a role in LDD. Methods We investigated whether the 5′ upstream single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variant rs143383 was associated with LDD, using plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging to identify disc space narrowing and osteophytes, in 5 population cohorts from Northern Europe. Results An association between LDD and the SNP rs143383 was identified in women, with the same risk allele as in knee and hip OA (odds ratio 1.72 [95% confidence interval 1.15–2.57], P = 0.008). Conclusion Our findings in 5 population cohorts from Northern Europe indicate that a variant in the GDF5 gene is a risk factor for LDD in women. Many more such variants are predicted to exist, but this result highlights the growth and differentiation cellular pathway as a possible route to a better understanding of the process behind lumbar disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M K Williams
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
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Leijten JCH, Emons J, Sticht C, van Gool S, Decker E, Uitterlinden A, Rappold G, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Scherjon S, Wit JM, van Meurs J, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. Gremlin 1, Frizzled-related protein, and Dkk-1 are key regulators of human articular cartilage homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:3302-12. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Veckeneer M, Derycke L, Lindstedt EW, van Meurs J, Cornelissen M, Bracke M, Van Aken E. Persistent subretinal fluid after surgery for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment: hypothesis and review. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012; 250:795-802. [PMID: 22234351 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-011-1870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent subretinal fluid after rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) surgery is responsible for delayed recovery, and may affect the final visual outcome. Cause, consequences, and treatment remain elusive. DESIGN Literature review and case series. METHODS We reviewed the pathophysiological principles and therapeutic options from the literature, and we report the results from a subretinal fluid cytology study. Nine eyes from nine patients with macula-involving RRD underwent surgical repair. The cellular content of subretinal fluid (SRF) was studied by electron microscopy and anti-rhodopsin immunostaining. All eyes were assessed postoperatively with optical coherence tomography for the detection of persistent submacular fluid (PSF) (Ethics Committee Ghent University Hospital, registration number B6702006169). RESULTS Certain patient characteristics as well as surgical methods were implicated. PSF appears to occur more frequently in patients with longstanding detachments treated with buckling surgery. Several therapeutic options have been suggested but safety and efficacy remain unclear. We found PSF in three eyes on postoperative OCT scans, which corresponded to the three cell-rich subretinal samples. CONCLUSIONS PSF after successful RRD repair seems to be related to fluid composition. We hypothesize, in the absence of an effective treatment, that a modified surgical drainage, including a washout of the subretinal space, could evacuate the subretinal fluid more completely, and may prevent this complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Veckeneer
- Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Vitreoretinal Surgery, Schiedamse vest 180, 3000LM Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Vujkovic M, Steegers EA, van Meurs J, Yazdanpanah N, van Rooij IA, Uitterlinden AG, Steegers-Theunissen RP. The maternal homocysteine pathway is influenced by riboflavin intake and MTHFR polymorphisms without affecting the risk of orofacial clefts in the offspring. Eur J Clin Nutr 2009; 64:266-73. [PMID: 19935819 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2009.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Riboflavin is a cofactor for the 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) enzyme involved in the homocysteine pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of maternal riboflavin intake and two MTHFR polymorphisms (677C>T; Ala222Val and 1298A>C; Glu429Ala substitutions) on the biomarkers of the homocysteine pathway, and investigate the risk of having offspring with an orofacial cleft (OFC). SUBJECTS/METHODS In a case-control study design, dietary riboflavin intake and the MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C polymorphisms were evaluated in 123 OFC and 108 control mothers by using food frequency questionnaires and blood samples. Homocysteine (tHcy), folate and vitamin B12 concentrations in blood were analyzed in 70 cases and 68 controls. Linear and logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS At 14 months postpartum riboflavin intake and MTHFR 677C>T and 1298A>C genotypes were not significantly different between cases and controls. The 677TT genotype showed lower folate concentrations compared to C-allele carriers with a mean difference of 2.8 nmol/l in serum and 174 nmol/l in red blood cell (both P's=0.01). Every mg per day increase of dietary riboflavin intake was positively associated with increase in vitamin B12 concentration by 52.1% (P<0.01). This effect was most pronounced in MTHFR 677TT homozygotes (205.1%, P=0.03). The riboflavin-adjusted MTHFR 677TT and 1298CC genotypes showed a trend toward an increasing risk for OFC, adjusted odds ratio 1.7 (confidence interval (95% CI), 0.7-4.5) and 1.6 (95% CI, 0.7-4.2), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Maternal riboflavin intake is significantly associated with biomarkers of the homocysteine pathway, with the strongest effects in MTHFR 677TT homozygotes. The maternal risk of having OFC offspring, however, is not associated with dietary riboflavin intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vujkovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Veckeneer M, van Overdam K, Monzer J, Kobuch K, van Marle W, Spekreijse H, van Meurs J. Ocular toxicity study of trypan blue injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001; 239:698-704. [PMID: 11688671 DOI: 10.1007/s004170100341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the ocular toxicity of trypan blue (TB) injected into the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes. TB is a dye that could be useful for staining epiretinal membranes during vitrectomy surgery. METHODS Ten New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits underwent gas-compression vitrectomy. Rabbits were divided into three groups to receive injections of 0.1 ml basic salt solution, 0.1 ml of a 0.06% TB solution or 0.1 ml of a 0.2% TB solution. Ocular toxicity was assessed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, ophthalmoscopy, electroretinography and histology. RESULTS Transient posterior capsule opacification was noted in all animals. No significant reductions in a-wave or b-wave amplitudes were found in any of the animals. Light and electron microscopic examination of the inferior retina in the 0.2% TB-treated eyes showed damaged photoreceptors and marked disorganization. Immunohistochemical staining for rhodopsin was strongly reduced in those sections and staining for proliferation with Ki-67 was positive. No histological abnormalities were found in the upper retina of the 0.2% TB-treated eyes or in any part of the retina of the 0.06% TB-treated or control eyes. No histological abnormalities were found in any of the anterior chamber angle specimens. CONCLUSIONS Although no signs of toxicity were found after the prolonged presence of TB at a concentration of 0.06% in the vitreous cavity of rabbit eyes, marked damage occurred in the lower retina of 0.2% TB-treated eyes. The short-term presence of TB at a concentration of 0.06% in the vitreous cavity is harmless to the rabbit eye but a higher concentration of TB could be unsafe.
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van Meurs J, van Lent P, Holthuysen A, Lambrou D, Bayne E, Singer I, van den Berg W. Active matrix metalloproteinases are present in cartilage during immune complex-mediated arthritis: a pivotal role for stromelysin-1 in cartilage destruction. J Immunol 1999; 163:5633-9. [PMID: 10553093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of immune complexes during experimental arthritis in induction of metalloproteinases (MMP)-induced neoepitopes in aggrecan in cartilage, as well as the role of stromelysin-1 (SLN-1) in the induction of this neoepitope, was investigated. Passive immune complex arthritis was induced, and generation of the MMP-specific cleavage product (VDIPEN) was studied by immunolocalization. The role of SLN-1 was studied with use of SLN-1-deficient (SLN-1KO) mice. VDIPEN expression was studied in vitro by exposing the cartilage to IL-1 and subsequent activation of latent MMPs. Immune complex arthritis was characterized by an acute inflammation, with influx of mainly polymorphonuclear cells into the joint cavity. Expression of VDIPEN neoepitopes was consistently found in areas extensively depleted from proteoglycans. SLN-1KO mice did not show expression of the VDIPEN neoepitope, although inflammation and proteoglycan depletion was comparable to wild-type mice. In addition, erosions of cartilage were absent in SLN-1KO mice, but were present in wild-type mice, suggesting an important role for SLN-1 in cartilage destruction. In vitro studies showed that SLN-1 is also pivotally involved in IL-1-induced MMP activity. Stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophils were able to activate latent MMPs present in the cartilage. Neutrophil elastase was also capable of activating IL-1-induced latent MMPs, which identifies elastase as a possible activator for latent VDIPEN-inducing MMPs. This study suggests that IC are important in the activation of latent MMPs in cartilage, possibly through polymorphonuclear neutrophil activation on the cartilage edge. SLN-1 is a pivotal enzyme in overall MMP-activity in cartilage during immune complex-mediated arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Meurs
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van Meurs J, van Lent P, Stoop R, Holthuysen A, Singer I, Bayne E, Mudgett J, Poole R, Billinghurst C, van der Kraan P, Buma P, van den Berg W. Cleavage of aggrecan at the Asn341-Phe342 site coincides with the initiation of collagen damage in murine antigen-induced arthritis: a pivotal role for stromelysin 1 in matrix metalloproteinase activity. Arthritis Rheum 1999; 42:2074-84. [PMID: 10524678 DOI: 10.1002/1529-0131(199910)42:10<2074::aid-anr7>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The destruction of articular cartilage during arthritis is due to proteolytic cleavage of the extracellular matrix components. This study investigates the kinetic involvement of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the degradation of the 2 major cartilage components, aggrecan and type II collagen, during murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). In addition, the role of stromelysin 1 (SLN-1) induction of MMP-induced neoepitopes was studied. METHODS VDIPEN neoepitopes in aggrecan and collagenase-induced COL2-3/4C neoepitopes in type II collagen were identified by immunolocalization. Stromelysin 1-deficient knockout (SLN1-KO) mice were used to study SLN-1 involvement. RESULTS In AIA, the VDIPEN epitopes in aggrecan appeared after initial proteoglycan (PG) depletion. The collagenase-induced type II collagen neoepitopes colocalized with VDIPEN epitopes. Remarkably, cartilage from arthritic SLN1-KO mice showed neither the induction of VDIPEN nor collagen cleavage-site neoepitopes during AIA, suggesting that stromelysin is a pivotal mediator in this process. PG depletion, as measured by the loss of Safranin O staining, was similar in SLN1-KO mice and wild-type strains. Furthermore, in vitro induction of VDIPEN epitopes in aggrecan and COL2-3/4C epitopes in type II collagen, on exposure of cartilage to interleukin-1, could not be accomplished in SLN1-KO mice, whereas intense staining was achieved for both epitopes in cartilage of wild-type strains. CONCLUSION This study emphasizes that SLN-1 is essential in the induction of MMP-specific aggrecan and collagen cleavage sites during AIA. It suggests that SLN-1 is not a dominant enzyme in PG breakdown, but that it activates procollagenases and is crucial in the initiation of collagen damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Meurs
- University Hospital Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Zwaal RR, Broeks A, van Meurs J, Groenen JT, Plasterk RH. Target-selected gene inactivation in Caenorhabditis elegans by using a frozen transposon insertion mutant bank. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:7431-5. [PMID: 8395047 PMCID: PMC47155 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.16.7431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand how genotype determines the phenotype of the animal Caenorhabditis elegans, one ideally needs to know the complete sequence of the genome and the contribution of genes to phenotype, which requires an efficient strategy for reverse genetics. We here report that the Tc1 transposon induces frequent deletions of flanking DNA, apparently resulting from Tc1 excision followed by imprecise DNA repair. We use this to inactivate genes in two steps. (i) We established a frozen library of 5000 nematode lines mutagenized by Tc1 insertion, from which insertion mutants of genes of interest can be recovered. Their address within the library is determined by PCR. (ii) Animals are then screened, again by PCR, to detect derivatives in which Tc1 and 1000-2000 base pairs of flanking DNA are deleted, and thus a gene of interest is inactivated. We have thus far isolated Tc1 insertions in 16 different genes and obtained deletion derivatives of 6 of those.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Zwaal
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
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