1
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O'Shaughnessy EC, Lam M, Ryken SE, Wiesner T, Lukasik K, Zuchero JB, Leterrier C, Adalsteinsson D, Gupton SL. pHusion: A robust and versatile toolset for automated detection and analysis of exocytosis. J Cell Sci 2024:jcs.261828. [PMID: 38690758 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Exocytosis is a fundamental process used by eukaryotes to regulate the composition of the plasma membrane and facilitate cell-cell communication. To investigate exocytosis in neuronal morphogenesis, previously we developed computational tools with a graphical user interface to enable the automatic detection and analysis of exocytic events from fluorescence timelapse images. Though these tools were useful, we found the code was brittle and not easily adapted to different experimental conditions. Here we developed and validated a robust and versatile toolkit, named pHusion, for the analysis of exocytosis written in ImageTank, a graphical programming language that combines image visualization and numerical methods. We tested this method using a variety of imaging modalities and pH-sensitive fluorophores, diverse cell types, and various exocytic markers to generate a flexible and intuitive package. We show that VAMP3-mediated exocytosis occurs 30-times more frequently in melanoma cells compared with primary oligodendrocytes, that VAMP2-mediated fusion events in mature rat hippocampal neurons are longer lasting than those in immature murine cortical neurons, and that exocytic events are clustered in space yet random in time in developing cortical neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C O'Shaughnessy
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mable Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Samantha E Ryken
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Theresa Wiesner
- NeuroCyto, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INP UMR7051, Marseille, France
| | - Kimberly Lukasik
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine; Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - David Adalsteinsson
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Mathematics, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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2
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Vepřek NA, Cooper MH, Laprell L, Yang EJN, Folkerts S, Bao R, Boczkowska M, Palmer NJ, Dominguez R, Oertner TG, Pon LA, Zuchero JB, Trauner DH. Optical Control of G-Actin with a Photoswitchable Latrunculin. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:8895-8903. [PMID: 38511265 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells and is a key component of the cytoskeleton. A range of small molecules has emerged that interfere with actin dynamics by either binding to polymeric F-actin or monomeric G-actin to stabilize or destabilize filaments or prevent their formation and growth, respectively. Among these, the latrunculins, which bind to G-actin and affect polymerization, are widely used as tools to investigate actin-dependent cellular processes. Here, we report a photoswitchable version of latrunculin, termed opto-latrunculin (OptoLat), which binds to G-actin in a light-dependent fashion and affords optical control over actin polymerization. OptoLat can be activated with 390-490 nm pulsed light and rapidly relaxes to its inactive form in the dark. Light activated OptoLat induced depolymerization of F-actin networks in oligodendrocytes and budding yeast, as shown by fluorescence microscopy. Subcellular control of actin dynamics in human cancer cell lines was demonstrated via live cell imaging. Light-activated OptoLat also reduced microglia surveillance in organotypic mouse brain slices while ramification was not affected. Incubation in the dark did not alter the structural and functional integrity of the microglia. Together, our data demonstrate that OptoLat is a useful tool for the elucidation of G-actin dependent dynamic processes in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke A Vepřek
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich D-80539, Germany
| | - Madeline H Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Laura Laprell
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg D-20251, Germany
| | - Emily Jie-Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Sander Folkerts
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Ruiyang Bao
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Malgorzata Boczkowska
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas J Palmer
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg D-20251, Germany
| | - Liza A Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Dirk H Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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3
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Iram T, Garcia MA, Amand J, Kaur A, Atkins M, Iyer M, Lam M, Ambiel N, Jorgens DM, Keller A, Wyss-Coray T, Kern F, Zuchero JB. SRF transcriptionally regulates the oligodendrocyte cytoskeleton during CNS myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307250121. [PMID: 38483990 PMCID: PMC10962977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307250121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelination of neuronal axons is essential for nervous system development. Myelination requires dramatic cytoskeletal dynamics in oligodendrocytes, but how actin is regulated during myelination is poorly understood. We recently identified serum response factor (SRF)-a transcription factor known to regulate expression of actin and actin regulators in other cell types-as a critical driver of myelination in the aged brain. Yet, a major gap remains in understanding the mechanistic role of SRF in oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Here, we show that SRF is required cell autonomously in oligodendrocytes for myelination during development. Combining ChIP-seq with RNA-seq identifies SRF-target genes in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes that include actin and other key cytoskeletal genes. Accordingly, SRF knockout oligodendrocytes exhibit dramatically reduced actin filament levels early in differentiation, consistent with its role in actin-dependent myelin sheath initiation. Surprisingly, oligodendrocyte-restricted loss of SRF results in upregulation of gene signatures associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Together, our findings identify SRF as a transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of cytoskeletal genes required in oligodendrocytes for myelination. This study identifies an essential pathway regulating oligodendrocyte biology with high relevance to brain development, aging, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Miguel A. Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Jérémy Amand
- Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland–Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University Campus, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
| | - Achint Kaur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Micaiah Atkins
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Mable Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Nicholas Ambiel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | | | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland–Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University Campus, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
| | - Fabian Kern
- Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland–Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Saarland University Campus, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
- Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken66123, Germany
| | - J. Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA94305
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4
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Iyer M, Kantarci H, Cooper MH, Ambiel N, Novak SW, Andrade LR, Lam M, Jones G, Münch AE, Yu X, Khakh BS, Manor U, Zuchero JB. Oligodendrocyte calcium signaling promotes actin-dependent myelin sheath extension. Nat Commun 2024; 15:265. [PMID: 38177161 PMCID: PMC10767123 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44238-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Myelin is essential for rapid nerve signaling and is increasingly found to play important roles in learning and in diverse diseases of the CNS. Morphological parameters of myelin such as sheath length are thought to precisely tune conduction velocity, but the mechanisms controlling sheath morphology are poorly understood. Local calcium signaling has been observed in nascent myelin sheaths and can be modulated by neuronal activity. However, the role of calcium signaling in sheath formation remains incompletely understood. Here, we use genetic tools to attenuate oligodendrocyte calcium signaling during myelination in the developing mouse CNS. Surprisingly, genetic calcium attenuation does not grossly affect the number of myelinated axons or myelin thickness. Instead, calcium attenuation causes myelination defects resulting in shorter, dysmorphic sheaths. Mechanistically, calcium attenuation reduces actin filaments in oligodendrocytes, and an intact actin cytoskeleton is necessary and sufficient to achieve accurate myelin morphology. Together, our work reveals a cellular mechanism required for accurate CNS myelin formation and may provide mechanistic insight into how oligodendrocytes respond to neuronal activity to sculpt and refine myelin sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Husniye Kantarci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Madeline H Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Ambiel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sammy Weiser Novak
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Leonardo R Andrade
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mable Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Graham Jones
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra E Münch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xinzhu Yu
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Vepřek NA, Cooper MH, Laprell L, Yang EJN, Folkerts S, Bao R, Oertner TG, Pon LA, Zuchero JB, Trauner DH. Optical Control of G-Actin with a Photoswitchable Latrunculin. bioRxiv 2023:2023.07.17.549222. [PMID: 37502978 PMCID: PMC10370057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.17.549222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Actin is one of the most abundant proteins in eukaryotic cells and a key component of the cytoskeleton. A range of small molecules have emerged that interfere with actin dynamics by either binding to polymeric F-actin or monomeric G-actin to stabilize or destabilize filaments or prevent their formation and growth, respectively. Amongst these, the latrunculins, which bind to G-actin and affect polymerization, are widely used as tools to investigate actin-dependent cellular processes. Here, we report a photoswitchable version of latrunculin, termed opto-latrunculin (OptoLat), which binds to G-actin in a light-dependent fashion and affords optical control over actin polymerization. OptoLat can be activated with 390 - 490 nm pulsed light and rapidly relaxes to the inactive form in the dark. Light activated OptoLat induced depolymerization of F-actin networks in oligodendrocytes and budding yeast, as shown by fluorescence microscopy. Subcellular control of actin dynamics in human cancer cell lines was demonstrated by live cell imaging. Light-activated OptoLat also reduced microglia surveillance in organotypic mouse brain slices while ramification was not affected. Incubation in the dark did not alter the structural and functional integrity of microglia. Together, our data demonstrate that OptoLat is a useful tool for the elucidation of G-actin dependent dynamic processes in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynke A Vepřek
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig Maximilian University, D-80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Madeline H Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Laura Laprell
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emily Jie-Ning Yang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sander Folkerts
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ruiyang Bao
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Thomas G Oertner
- Institute for Synaptic Physiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liza A Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Dirk H Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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6
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Iyer M, Kantarci H, Ambiel N, Novak SW, Andrade LR, Lam M, Münch AE, Yu X, Khakh BS, Manor U, Zuchero JB. Oligodendrocyte calcium signaling sculpts myelin sheath morphology. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.11.536299. [PMID: 37090556 PMCID: PMC10120717 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Myelin is essential for rapid nerve signaling and is increasingly found to play important roles in learning and in diverse diseases of the CNS. Morphological parameters of myelin such as sheath length and thickness are regulated by neuronal activity and can precisely tune conduction velocity, but the mechanisms controlling sheath morphology are poorly understood. Local calcium signaling has been observed in nascent myelin sheaths and can be modulated by neuronal activity. However, the role of calcium signaling in sheath formation and remodeling is unknown. Here, we used genetic tools to attenuate oligodendrocyte calcium signaling during active myelination in the developing mouse CNS. Surprisingly, we found that genetic calcium attenuation did not grossly affect the number of myelinated axons or myelin thickness. Instead, calcium attenuation caused striking myelination defects resulting in shorter, dysmorphic sheaths. Mechanistically, calcium attenuation reduced actin filaments in oligodendrocytes, and an intact actin cytoskeleton was necessary and sufficient to achieve accurate myelin morphology. Together, our work reveals a novel cellular mechanism required for accurate CNS myelin formation and provides mechanistic insight into how oligodendrocytes may respond to neuronal activity to sculpt myelin sheaths throughout the nervous system.
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7
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Anderson TA, Pacharinsak C, Vilches-Moure J, Kantarci H, Zuchero JB, Butts-Pauly K, Yeomans D. Focused ultrasound-induced inhibition of peripheral nerve fibers in an animal model of acute pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2023:rapm-2022-104060. [PMID: 36822815 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2022-104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moderate-to-severe acute pain is prevalent in many healthcare settings and associated with adverse outcomes. Peripheral nerve blockade using traditional needle-based and local anesthetic-based techniques improves pain outcomes for some patient populations but has shortcomings limiting use. These limitations include its invasiveness, potential for local anesthetic systemic toxicity, risk of infection with an indwelling catheter, and relatively short duration of blockade compared with the period of pain after major injuries. Focused ultrasound is capable of inhibiting the peripheral nervous system and has potential as a pain management tool. However, investigations of its effect on peripheral nerve nociceptive fibers in animal models of acute pain are lacking. In an in vivo acute pain model, we investigated focused ultrasound's effects on behavior and peripheral nerve structure. METHODS Focused ultrasound was applied directly to the sciatic nerve of rats just prior to a hindpaw incision; three control groups (focused ultrasound sham only, hindpaw incision only, focused ultrasound sham+hindpaw incision) were also included. For all four groups (intervention and controls), behavioral testing (thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia, hindpaw extension and flexion) took place for 4 weeks. Structural changes to peripheral nerves of non-focused ultrasound controls and after focused ultrasound application were assessed on days 0 and 14 using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Compared with controls, after focused ultrasound application, animals had (1) increased mechanical nociceptive thresholds for 2 weeks; (2) sustained increase in thermal nociceptive thresholds for ≥4 weeks; (3) a decrease in hindpaw motor response for 0.5 weeks; and (4) a decrease in hindpaw plantar sensation for 2 weeks. At 14 days after focused ultrasound application, alterations to myelin sheaths and nerve fiber ultrastructure were observed both by light and electron microscopy. DISCUSSION Focused ultrasound, using a distinct parameter set, reversibly inhibits A-delta peripheral nerve nociceptive, motor, and non-nociceptive sensory fiber-mediated behaviors, has a prolonged effect on C nociceptive fiber-mediated behavior, and alters nerve structure. Focused ultrasound may have potential as a peripheral nerve blockade technique for acute pain management. However, further investigation is required to determine C fiber inhibition duration and the significance of nerve structural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Anthony Anderson
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Cholawat Pacharinsak
- Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jose Vilches-Moure
- Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Husniye Kantarci
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kim Butts-Pauly
- Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David Yeomans
- Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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8
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Tan D, Konduri S, Erikci Ertunc M, Zhang P, Wang J, Chang T, Pinto AFM, Rocha A, Donaldson CJ, Vaughan JM, Ludwig RG, Willey E, Iyer M, Gray PC, Maher P, Allen NJ, Zuchero JB, Dillin A, Mori MA, Kohama SG, Siegel D, Saghatelian A. A class of anti-inflammatory lipids decrease with aging in the central nervous system. Nat Chem Biol 2023; 19:187-197. [PMID: 36266352 PMCID: PMC9898107 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-022-01165-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lipids contribute to the structure, development, and function of healthy brains. Dysregulated lipid metabolism is linked to aging and diseased brains. However, our understanding of lipid metabolism in aging brains remains limited. Here we examined the brain lipidome of mice across their lifespan using untargeted lipidomics. Co-expression network analysis highlighted a progressive decrease in 3-sulfogalactosyl diacylglycerols (SGDGs) and SGDG pathway members, including the potential degradation products lyso-SGDGs. SGDGs show an age-related decline specifically in the central nervous system and are associated with myelination. We also found that an SGDG dramatically suppresses LPS-induced gene expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from macrophages and microglia by acting on the NF-κB pathway. The detection of SGDGs in human and macaque brains establishes their evolutionary conservation. This work enhances interest in SGDGs regarding their roles in aging and inflammatory diseases and highlights the complexity of the brain lipidome and potential biological functions in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Srihari Konduri
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Meric Erikci Ertunc
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Justin Wang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tina Chang
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Antonio F M Pinto
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Rocha
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Cynthia J Donaldson
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Joan M Vaughan
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Raissa G Ludwig
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Willey
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter C Gray
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Maher
- Cellular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicola J Allen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Glenn Center for Aging Research, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Steven G Kohama
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Dionicio Siegel
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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9
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Iram T, Kern F, Kaur A, Myneni S, Morningstar AR, Shin H, Garcia MA, Yerra L, Palovics R, Yang AC, Hahn O, Lu N, Shuken SR, Haney MS, Lehallier B, Iyer M, Luo J, Zetterberg H, Keller A, Zuchero JB, Wyss-Coray T. Author Correction: Young CSF restores oligodendrogenesis and memory in aged mice via Fgf17. Nature 2023; 613:E1. [PMID: 36513761 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05630-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Fabian Kern
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Achint Kaur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Saket Myneni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Allison R Morningstar
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Heather Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Miguel A Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Yerra
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Robert Palovics
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew C Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Steven R Shuken
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Department of Clinical Bioinformatics, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS)-Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany.,Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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10
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Lam M, Takeo K, Almeida RG, Cooper MH, Wu K, Iyer M, Kantarci H, Zuchero JB. CNS myelination requires VAMP2/3-mediated membrane expansion in oligodendrocytes. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5583. [PMID: 36151203 PMCID: PMC9508103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33200-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin is required for rapid nerve signaling and is emerging as a key driver of CNS plasticity and disease. How myelin is built and remodeled remains a fundamental question of neurobiology. Central to myelination is the ability of oligodendrocytes to add vast amounts of new cell membrane, expanding their surface areas by many thousand-fold. However, how oligodendrocytes add new membrane to build or remodel myelin is not fully understood. Here, we show that CNS myelin membrane addition requires exocytosis mediated by the vesicular SNARE proteins VAMP2/3. Genetic inactivation of VAMP2/3 in myelinating oligodendrocytes caused severe hypomyelination and premature death without overt loss of oligodendrocytes. Through live imaging, we discovered that VAMP2/3-mediated exocytosis drives membrane expansion within myelin sheaths to initiate wrapping and power sheath elongation. In conjunction with membrane expansion, mass spectrometry of oligodendrocyte surface proteins revealed that VAMP2/3 incorporates axon-myelin adhesion proteins that are collectively required to form nodes of Ranvier. Together, our results demonstrate that VAMP2/3-mediated membrane expansion in oligodendrocytes is indispensable for myelin formation, uncovering a cellular pathway that could sculpt myelination patterns in response to activity-dependent signals or be therapeutically targeted to promote regeneration in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mable Lam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Koji Takeo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Toray Industries, Inc., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Rafael G Almeida
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Madeline H Cooper
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Husniye Kantarci
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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11
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Iram T, Kern F, Kaur A, Myneni S, Morningstar AR, Shin H, Garcia MA, Yerra L, Palovics R, Yang AC, Hahn O, Lu N, Shuken SR, Haney MS, Lehallier B, Iyer M, Luo J, Zetterberg H, Keller A, Zuchero JB, Wyss-Coray T. Young CSF restores oligodendrogenesis and memory in aged mice via Fgf17. Nature 2022; 605:509-515. [PMID: 35545674 PMCID: PMC9377328 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04722-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent understanding of how the systemic environment shapes the brain throughout life has led to numerous intervention strategies to slow brain ageing1-3. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) makes up the immediate environment of brain cells, providing them with nourishing compounds4,5. We discovered that infusing young CSF directly into aged brains improves memory function. Unbiased transcriptome analysis of the hippocampus identified oligodendrocytes to be most responsive to this rejuvenated CSF environment. We further showed that young CSF boosts oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and differentiation in the aged hippocampus and in primary OPC cultures. Using SLAMseq to metabolically label nascent mRNA, we identified serum response factor (SRF), a transcription factor that drives actin cytoskeleton rearrangement, as a mediator of OPC proliferation following exposure to young CSF. With age, SRF expression decreases in hippocampal OPCs, and the pathway is induced by acute injection with young CSF. We screened for potential SRF activators in CSF and found that fibroblast growth factor 17 (Fgf17) infusion is sufficient to induce OPC proliferation and long-term memory consolidation in aged mice while Fgf17 blockade impairs cognition in young mice. These findings demonstrate the rejuvenating power of young CSF and identify Fgf17 as a key target to restore oligodendrocyte function in the ageing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Iram
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Correspondence to or
| | - Fabian Kern
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS) - Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Saarland University Campus E8.1, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Achint Kaur
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Saket Myneni
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Allison R. Morningstar
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Heather Shin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Miguel A. Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lakshmi Yerra
- Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Robert Palovics
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Andrew C. Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Oliver Hahn
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nannan Lu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Steven R. Shuken
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael s. Haney
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Benoit Lehallier
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jian Luo
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research, Palo Alto, CA 94304
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Andreas Keller
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Chair for Clinical Bioinformatics, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.,Center for Bioinformatics, Saarland Informatics Campus, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - J. Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Correspondence to or
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12
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Lanz TV, Brewer RC, Ho PP, Moon JS, Jude KM, Fernandez D, Fernandes RA, Gomez AM, Nadj GS, Bartley CM, Schubert RD, Hawes IA, Vazquez SE, Iyer M, Zuchero JB, Teegen B, Dunn JE, Lock CB, Kipp LB, Cotham VC, Ueberheide BM, Aftab BT, Anderson MS, DeRisi JL, Wilson MR, Bashford-Rogers RJ, Platten M, Garcia KC, Steinman L, Robinson WH. Clonally expanded B cells in multiple sclerosis bind EBV EBNA1 and GlialCAM. Nature 2022; 603:321-327. [PMID: 35073561 PMCID: PMC9382663 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogenous autoimmune disease in which autoreactive lymphocytes attack the myelin sheath of the central nervous system. B lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with MS contribute to inflammation and secrete oligoclonal immunoglobulins1,2. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection has been epidemiologically linked to MS, but its pathological role remains unclear3. Here we demonstrate high-affinity molecular mimicry between the EBV transcription factor EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) and the central nervous system protein glial cell adhesion molecule (GlialCAM) and provide structural and in vivo functional evidence for its relevance. A cross-reactive CSF-derived antibody was initially identified by single-cell sequencing of the paired-chain B cell repertoire of MS blood and CSF, followed by protein microarray-based testing of recombinantly expressed CSF-derived antibodies against MS-associated viruses. Sequence analysis, affinity measurements and the crystal structure of the EBNA1-peptide epitope in complex with the autoreactive Fab fragment enabled tracking of the development of the naive EBNA1-restricted antibody to a mature EBNA1-GlialCAM cross-reactive antibody. Molecular mimicry is facilitated by a post-translational modification of GlialCAM. EBNA1 immunization exacerbates disease in a mouse model of MS, and anti-EBNA1 and anti-GlialCAM antibodies are prevalent in patients with MS. Our results provide a mechanistic link for the association between MS and EBV and could guide the development of new MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias V. Lanz
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States,Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Camille Brewer
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Peggy P. Ho
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Jae-Seung Moon
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Kevin M. Jude
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Daniel Fernandez
- Stanford ChEM-H Institute, Macromolecular Structure Knowledge Center, 290 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Ricardo A. Fernandes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Alejandro M. Gomez
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Gabriel-Stefan Nadj
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Christopher M. Bartley
- Hanna H. Gray Fellow, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Rd, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, United States,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ryan D. Schubert
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Isobel A. Hawes
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Sara E. Vazquez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Manasi Iyer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welsh Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - J. Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welsh Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Bianca Teegen
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, Euroimmun AG, Seekamp 31, 23560 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jeffrey E. Dunn
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Christopher B. Lock
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Lucas B. Kipp
- Division of Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 213 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Victoria C. Cotham
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, and NYU Langone Health Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU School of Medicine, 430 East 29th St, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Beatrix M. Ueberheide
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Perlmutter Cancer Center, and NYU Langone Health Proteomics Laboratory, Division of Advanced Research Technologies, NYU School of Medicine, 430 East 29th St, New York, NY, 10016, United States
| | - Blake T. Aftab
- Preclinical Science and Translational Medicine, Atara Biotherapeutics, 611 Gateway Blvd South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Mark S. Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Joseph L. DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, University of California San Francisco, 499 Illinois Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Michael R. Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, 675 Nelson Rising Ln San Francisco, CA 94158, San Francisco, United States
| | - Rachael J.M. Bashford-Rogers
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Platten
- Department of Neurology, Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167 Mannheim, Germany,Department of Neurology and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany,DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K. Christopher Garcia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Lawrence Steinman
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, 279 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - William H. Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States, and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Centers (GRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States,Corresponding Author: William H. Robinson, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States,
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13
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Cooper MH, Zuchero JB. Modeling myelin: A toolkit for exploring myelin's mysteries in vitro. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1215-1217. [PMID: 33945781 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the myelin field, there is a lack of reliable in vitro tools to study myelination, especially using human cells. In this issue of Developmental Cell, James et al. present a guide to generating human iPSC-derived "myelinoids"-3D models of myelination that reliably achieve mature myelin formation.
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14
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Abstract
Myelination in the CNS requires oligodendrocytes to first select correct axonal targets and then extend their membranes around and along these axons. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Klingseisen et al. (2019) find that the adhesion protein Neurofascin is required in oligodendrocytes for both target selection and myelin growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Garcia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Glia account for more than half of the cells in the mammalian nervous system, and the past few decades have witnessed a flood of studies that detail novel functions for glia in nervous system development, plasticity and disease. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we review the origins of glia and discuss their diverse roles during development, in the adult nervous system and in the context of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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16
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Zuchero JB, Fu MM, Sloan SA, Ibrahim A, Olson A, Zaremba A, Dugas JC, Wienbar S, Caprariello AV, Kantor C, Leonoudakis D, Leonoudakus D, Lariosa-Willingham K, Kronenberg G, Gertz K, Soderling SH, Miller RH, Barres BA. CNS myelin wrapping is driven by actin disassembly. Dev Cell 2015; 34:152-67. [PMID: 26166300 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is essential in vertebrates for the rapid propagation of action potentials, but the molecular mechanisms driving its formation remain largely unknown. Here we show that the initial stage of process extension and axon ensheathment by oligodendrocytes requires dynamic actin filament assembly by the Arp2/3 complex. Unexpectedly, subsequent myelin wrapping coincides with the upregulation of actin disassembly proteins and rapid disassembly of the oligodendrocyte actin cytoskeleton and does not require Arp2/3. Inducing loss of actin filaments drives oligodendrocyte membrane spreading and myelin wrapping in vivo, and the actin disassembly factor gelsolin is required for normal wrapping. We show that myelin basic protein, a protein essential for CNS myelin wrapping whose role has been unclear, is required for actin disassembly, and its loss phenocopies loss of actin disassembly proteins. Together, these findings provide insight into the molecular mechanism of myelin wrapping and identify it as an actin-independent form of mammalian cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Meng-Meng Fu
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Steven A Sloan
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adiljan Ibrahim
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anita Zaremba
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | - Sophia Wienbar
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew V Caprariello
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Christopher Kantor
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | - Golo Kronenberg
- Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité Campus Mitte, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Gertz
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Scott H Soderling
- Departments of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Robert H Miller
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Ben A Barres
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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17
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Paavola KJ, Sidik H, Zuchero JB, Eckart M, Talbot WS. Type IV collagen is an activating ligand for the adhesion G protein-coupled receptor GPR126. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra76. [PMID: 25118328 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GPR126 is an orphan heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled receptor (GPCR) that is essential for the development of diverse organs. We found that type IV collagen, a major constituent of the basement membrane, binds to Gpr126 and activates its signaling function. Type IV collagen stimulated the production of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in rodent Schwann cells, which require Gpr126 activity to differentiate, and in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells expressing exogenous Gpr126. Type IV collagen specifically bound to the extracellular amino-terminal region of Gpr126 containing the CUB (complement, Uegf, Bmp1) and pentraxin domains. Gpr126 derivatives lacking the entire amino-terminal region were constitutively active, suggesting that this region inhibits signaling and that ligand binding relieves this inhibition to stimulate receptor activity. A new zebrafish mutation that truncates Gpr126 after the CUB and pentraxin domains disrupted development of peripheral nerves and the inner ear. Thus, our findings identify type IV collagen as an activating ligand for GPR126, define its mechanism of activation, and highlight a previously unrecognized signaling function of type IV collagen in basement membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Paavola
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Harwin Sidik
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael Eckart
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Facility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94035, USA
| | - William S Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) are sensory neurons that facilitate somatosensation and have been used to study neurite outgrowth, regeneration, and degeneration and PNS and CNS myelination. Studies of DRGs have relied on cell isolation strategies that generally involve extended culture in the presence of antimitotic agents or other cytotoxic treatments that target dividing cells. The surviving cells typically are dependent on serum for growth. Other methods, involving purification of DRGs based on their large size, produce low yield. In contrast, the immunopanning-based method described here for prospective isolation of DRGs from rodents allows for rapid purification in the absence of antimitotic agents and serum. These DRG cultures take place in a defined medium. They are free of Schwann cells and other glia and thus can be used to study the role of glia in the biology of DRG neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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19
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Abstract
Dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) are sensory neurons that reside in ganglions on the dorsal root of the spinal cord. Here we introduce a method for the acute, prospective purification and culture of DRGs from rodents in a serum-free, defined medium, in the absence of glial cells. This immunopanning-based method facilitates the study of DRG biology and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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20
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Gibson EM, Purger D, Mount CW, Goldstein AK, Lin GL, Wood LS, Inema I, Miller SE, Bieri G, Zuchero JB, Barres BA, Woo PJ, Vogel H, Monje M. Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain. Science 2014; 344:1252304. [PMID: 24727982 DOI: 10.1126/science.1252304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 883] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myelination of the central nervous system requires the generation of functionally mature oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Electrically active neurons may influence OPC function and selectively instruct myelination of an active neural circuit. In this work, we use optogenetic stimulation of the premotor cortex in awake, behaving mice to demonstrate that neuronal activity elicits a mitogenic response of neural progenitor cells and OPCs, promotes oligodendrogenesis, and increases myelination within the deep layers of the premotor cortex and subcortical white matter. We further show that this neuronal activity-regulated oligodendrogenesis and myelination is associated with improved motor function of the corresponding limb. Oligodendrogenesis and myelination appear necessary for the observed functional improvement, as epigenetic blockade of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin changes prevents the activity-regulated behavioral improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Gibson
- Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Pediatrics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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21
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) are the myelinating glia of the central nervous system. Myelin is essential for the rapid propagation of action potentials as well as for metabolic support of axons, and its loss in demyelinating diseases like multiple sclerosis has profound pathological consequences. The many steps in the development of OLs - from the specification of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during embryonic development to their differentiation into OLs that myelinate axons - are under tight regulation. Here we discuss recent advances in understanding how these steps of OL development are controlled intrinsically by transcription factors and chromatin remodeling and extrinsically by signaling molecules and neuronal activity. We also discuss how knowledge of these pathways is now allowing us to take steps toward generating patient-specific OPCs for disease modeling and myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Fairchild Building D205, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305, United States.
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Yang N, Zuchero JB, Ahlenius H, Marro S, Ng YH, Vierbuchen T, Hawkins JS, Geissler R, Barres BA, Wernig M. Generation of oligodendroglial cells by direct lineage conversion. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31:434-9. [PMID: 23584610 PMCID: PMC3677690 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is a promising potential therapeutic strategy for diseases affecting myelin. However, the derivation of engraftable OPCs from human pluripotent stem cells has proven difficult and primary OPCs are not readily available. Here we report the generation of induced OPCs (iOPCs) by direct lineage conversion. Forced expression of the three transcription factors Sox10, Olig2 and Zfp536 was sufficient to reprogram mouse and rat fibroblasts into iOPCs with morphologies and gene expression signatures resembling primary OPCs. More importantly, iOPCs gave rise to mature oligodendrocytes that could ensheath multiple host axons when co-cultured with primary dorsal root ganglion cells and formed myelin after transplantation into shiverer mice. We propose direct lineage reprogramming as a viable alternative approach for the generation of OPCs for use in disease modeling and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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23
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Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential to all eukaryotic cells. In addition to playing important structural roles, assembly of actin into filaments powers diverse cellular processes, including cell motility, cytokinesis, and endocytosis. Actin polymerization is tightly regulated by its numerous cofactors, which control spatial and temporal assembly of actin as well as the physical properties of these filaments. Development of an in vitro model of actin polymerization from purified components has allowed for great advances in determining the effects of these proteins on the actin cytoskeleton. Here we describe how to use the pyrene actin assembly assay to determine the effect of a protein on the kinetics of actin assembly, either directly or as mediated by proteins such as nucleation or capping factors. Secondly, we show how fluorescently labeled phalloidin can be used to visualize the filaments that are created in vitro to give insight into how proteins regulate actin filament structure. Finally, we describe a method for visualizing dynamic assembly and disassembly of single actin filaments and fluorescently labeled actin binding proteins using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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24
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Abstract
In the cytoplasm, JMY regulates actin assembly, whereas in the nucleus, it promotes DNA damage–induced apoptosis. This study demonstrates that nuclear translocation of JMY is controlled by the concentration of monomeric actin in the cytoplasm. Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY) is a regulator of both transcription and actin filament assembly. In response to DNA damage, JMY accumulates in the nucleus and promotes p53-dependent apoptosis. JMY's actin-regulatory activity relies on a cluster of three actin-binding Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein homology 2 (WH2) domains that nucleate filaments directly and also promote nucleation activity of the Arp2/3 complex. In addition to these activities, we find that the WH2 cluster overlaps an atypical, bipartite nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and controls JMY's subcellular localization. Actin monomers bound to the WH2 domains block binding of importins to the NLS and prevent nuclear import of JMY. Mutations that impair actin binding, or cellular perturbations that induce actin filament assembly and decrease the concentration of monomeric actin in the cytoplasm, cause JMY to accumulate in the nucleus. DNA damage induces both cytoplasmic actin polymerization and nuclear import of JMY, and we find that damage-induced nuclear localization of JMY requires both the WH2/NLS region and importin β. On the basis of our results, we propose that actin assembly regulates nuclear import of JMY in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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25
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Abstract
Neural development requires both synapse elaboration and elimination, yet relatively little is known about how these opposing activities are coordinated. Here, we provide evidence Hts/Adducin can serve this function. We show that Drosophila Hts/Adducin is enriched both pre- and postsynaptically at the NMJ. We then demonstrate that presynaptic Hts/Adducin is necessary and sufficient to control two opposing processes associated with synapse remodeling: (1) synapse stabilization as determined by light level and ultrastructural and electrophysiological assays and (2) the elaboration of actin-based, filopodia-like protrusions that drive synaptogenesis and growth. Synapse remodeling is sensitive to Hts/Adducin levels, and we provide evidence that the synaptic localization of Hts/Adducin is controlled via phosphorylation. Mechanistically, Drosophila Hts/Adducin protein has actin-capping activity. We propose that phosphorylation-dependent regulation of Hts/Adducin controls the level, localization, and activity of Hts/Adducin, influencing actin-based synapse elaboration and spectrin-based synapse stabilization. Hts/Adducin may define a mechanism to switch between synapse stability and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pielage
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 4(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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26
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Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is essential to all eukaryotic cells. In addition to playing important structural roles, assembly of actin into filaments powers diverse cellular processes, including cell motility and endocytosis. Actin polymerization is tightly regulated by various cofactors, which control spatial and temporal assembly of actin as well as the physical properties of these filaments. Development of an in vitro model of actin polymerization from purified components has allowed for great advances in determining the effects of these proteins on the actin cytoskeleton. The pyrene actin assembly assay is a powerful tool for determining the effect of a protein on the kinetics of actin assembly, either directly or as mediated by proteins such as nucleators or capping factors. In addition, fluorescently labeled phalloidin can be used to visualize the filaments that are created in vitro to give insight into how these proteins influence actin filament superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bradley Zuchero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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