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McConnel G, Lawson J, Cañas-Carrell JE, Brelsfoard CL. The effects of nano- and microplastic ingestion on the survivorship and reproduction of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae). Environ Entomol 2024:nvae038. [PMID: 38728422 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvae038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are pervasive environmental pollutants that are commonly ingested by organisms at different trophic levels. While the effects of MPs on aquatic organisms have been extensively studied, the impacts of MP ingestion on the host fitness of terrestrial organisms, mainly insects, have been relatively unexplored. This study investigates the effects of MP and NP ingestion on the survivorship and reproduction of 2 medically important mosquito species, Aedes aegypti Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae). Larval and pupal survivorship of Ae. albopictus were not significantly affected by particle size or concentration, but there was a reduction of Ae. aegypti pupal survivorship associated with the ingestion of 0.03 µm NPs. In addition, there was little observed impact of 0.03 µm NP and 1.0 µm MP ingestion on adult survivorship, fecundity, and longevity. To further investigate the effects of MP ingestion on mosquito fitness, we also examined the effects of MPs of varying shape, size, and plastic polymer type on Ae. aegypti immature and adult survivorship. The data suggest that the polymer type and shape did not impact Ae. aegypti immature or adult survivorship. These findings highlight that understanding the effects of microplastic ingestion by mosquitoes may be complicated by the size, composition, and amount ingested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella McConnel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, 1207 S. Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Jordann Lawson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main Street, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, 1207 S. Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Corey L Brelsfoard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main Street, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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2
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Edwards CC, McConnel G, Ramos D, Gurrola-Mares Y, Dhondiram Arole K, Green MJ, Cañas-Carrell JE, Brelsfoard CL. Microplastic ingestion perturbs the microbiome of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) and Aedes aegypti. J Med Entomol 2023; 60:884-898. [PMID: 37478409 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are common environmental pollutants; however, little is known about their effects after ingestion by insects. Here we fed Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) mosquito larvae 1 µm polystyrene MPs and examined the impacts of ingestion on adult emergence rates, gut damage, and fungal and bacterial microbiota. Results show that MPs accumulate in the larval guts, resulting in gut damage. However, little impact on adult emergence rates was observed. MPs are also found in adult guts postemergence from the pupal stage, and adults expel MPs in their frass after obtaining sugar meals. Moreover, MPs effects on insect microbiomes need to be better defined. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the relationship between MP ingestion and the microbial communities in Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti. The microbiota composition was altered by the ingestion of increasing concentrations of MPs. Amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that contributed to differences in the bacterial and fungal microbiota composition between MP treatments were from the genera Elizabethkingia and Aspergillus, respectively. Furthermore, a decrease in the alpha diversity of the fungal and bacterial microbiota was observed in treatments where larvae ingested MPs. These results highlight the potential for the bacterial and fungal constituents in the mosquito microbiome to respond differently to the ingestion of MPs. Based on our findings and the effects of MP ingestion on the mosquito host micro- and mycobiome, MP pollution could impact the vector competence of important mosquito-transmitted viruses and parasites that cause human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Cristina Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Gabriella McConnel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, 1207 S. Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Daniela Ramos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Yaizeth Gurrola-Mares
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kailash Dhondiram Arole
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, 1207 S. Gilbert Drive, Lubbock, TX 79416, USA
| | - Corey L Brelsfoard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, 2901 Main St., Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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Jordan JT, Oates RP, Subbiah S, Payton PR, Singh KP, Shah SA, Green MJ, Klein DM, Cañas-Carrell JE. Carbon nanotubes affect early growth, flowering time and phytohormones in tomato. Chemosphere 2020; 256:127042. [PMID: 32450352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) applications are increasing in consumer products, including agriculture devices, making them an important contaminant to study in the field of plant nanotoxicology. Several studies have observed the uptake and effects of CNTs in plants. However, in other studies differing results were observed on growth and physiology depending on the plant species and type of CNT. This study focused on the effects of CNTs on plant phenotype with growth, time to flowering, fruiting time as endpoints, and physiology, through amino acid and phytohormone content, in tomato after exposure to multiple types of CNTs. Plants grown in CNT-contaminated soil exhibited a delay in early growth and flowering (especially in treatments of 1 mg/kg multi-walled nanotubes (MWNTs), 10 mg/kg MWNTs, and 1 mg/kg MWNTs-COOH). However, CNTs did not affect plant growth or height later in the life cycle. No significant differences in abscisic acid (ABA) and citrulline content were observed between the treated and control plants. However, single-walled nanotube (SWNT) exposure significantly increased salicylic acid (SA) content in tomato. These results suggest that SWNTs may elicit a stress response in tomatoes. Results from this study offer more insight into how plants respond and acclimate to CNTs. These results will lead to a better understanding of CNT impact on plant phenotype and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette T Jordan
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
| | - R P Oates
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
| | - Paxton R Payton
- United State Department of Agriculture- Agriculture Research Service-Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, 3810 4th St, Lubbock, TX, 79415, USA
| | - Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
| | - Smit A Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, TAMU Chemical Engineering Dept. 3122 TAMU Room 200, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, TAMU Chemical Engineering Dept. 3122 TAMU Room 200, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute for Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, P.O. Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA.
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Elizalde-Velázquez A, Crago J, Zhao X, Green MJ, Cañas-Carrell JE. In vivo effects on the immune function of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) following ingestion and intraperitoneal injection of polystyrene nanoplastics. Sci Total Environ 2020; 735:139461. [PMID: 32470671 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (1-100 nm) are potentially the most hazardous litter in the environment. Recent scientific studies have documented their toxic effects at the cellular and molecular levels, but knowledge underlying mechanisms of their toxicity is still scarce. Nanoplastics are known for their ability to induce immune and inflammatory responses as well as generating reactive oxygen species. While some studies have addressed the immunotoxicity of nanoplastics in vitro and on in vivo in fish after intraperitoneal injection, no information is available on adult fish after ingestion of a contaminated prey. The present study is the first to attempt to address the immunotoxicity of nanoplastics in adult fish after trophic transfer. Pimephales promelas is a well-established bioindicator species to study the immunotoxicity of nanoparticles and the innate immune responses of fish. This study aims to assess the in vivo innate immune response of adult P. promelas following exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics by measuring the gene expression of ncf, nox2, mst1 and c3; these genes are related with the immune function of neutrophils, macrophages and complement in fish. Two target organs (liver and head kidney) and two routes of exposure (IP- injection and ingestion) were analyzed. After 48 h of exposure, polystyrene nanoplastics were encountered in the liver and kidney of both IP-injection and ingestion exposed fish, and significantly affected the innate immune system of P. promelas by downregulating the gene expression ncf, mst1, and c3 in liver and kidney. Significant difference between treatments was only observed for the gene expression of nfc in liver. Results of this study indicate that polystyrene nanoplastics can exhibit immunotoxicity in fish through an environmentally relevant route of exposure, interfering with the synthesis and function of neutrophils, macrophages, and complement of P. promelas in their principal hematopoietic tissues, which may potentially compromise its ability to survive in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Elizalde-Velázquez
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jordan Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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Elizalde-Velázquez A, Subbiah S, Anderson TA, Green MJ, Zhao X, Cañas-Carrell JE. Sorption of three common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to microplastics. Sci Total Environ 2020; 715:136974. [PMID: 32041000 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
High disposability, high durability, and indiscriminate use have led to the accumulation of plastics at uncontrolled rates in the environment. However, plastics are not the only source of water pollution in the environment. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are a group of pharmaceuticals widely and highly consumed in the market due to a low price and over-the-counter accessibility. NSAIDs are frequently detected in surface water environments at μg L-1 concentrations. In the present study, the sorption behavior of three NSAIDs (ibuprofen, naproxen, diclofenac) was examined with four types of microplastics (polystyrene (PS), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), average molecular weight medium density polyethylene (AMWPE), and polypropylene (PP)), under varying water conditions. Low sorption occurred between NSAIDs and microplastics under environmentally relevant conditions. The sorption process exhibited a pronounced pH dependency due to the effect of pH on the speciation of the compounds and the surface charge of the particles. Only under acidic conditions (pH: 2), NSAIDs were highly sorbed onto microplastics mainly ruled by hydrophobic interactions. Among NSAIDs tested, diclofenac exhibited the highest sorption coefficients to microplastics. Polyethylene particles exhibited the highest affinity for NSAIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Elizalde-Velázquez
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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Elizalde-Velázquez A, Carcano AM, Crago J, Green MJ, Shah SA, Cañas-Carrell JE. Translocation, trophic transfer, accumulation and depuration of polystyrene microplastics in Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas. Environ Pollut 2020; 259:113937. [PMID: 31952101 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.113937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, reports of plastic debris in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of fish have been well documented in the scientific literature. This, in turn, increased concerns regarding human health exposure to microplastics through the consumption of contaminated fish. Most of the available research regarding microplastic toxicity has focused on marine organisms through direct feeding or waterborne exposures at the individual level. However, little is known about the trophic transfer of microplastics through the aquatic food chain. Freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna (hereafter Daphnia), and the fathead minnow Pimephales promelas (FHM), are well-known model species used in standard toxicological studies and ecological risk assessments that provide a simple model for trophic transfer. The aim of this study was to assess the tissue translocation, trophic transfer, and depuration of two concentrations (20 and 2000-part ml-1) of 6 μm polystyrene (PS) microplastics particles between Daphnia and FHM. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) and bioaccumulation factors (BAF) were determined. Fluorescent microscopy was used to determine the number of particles in the water media and within the organs of both species. Throughout the five days of exposure, PS particles were only found within the GI tract of both species. The BCF for Daphnia was 0.034 ± 0.005 for the low concentration and 0.026 ± 0.006 for the high concentration. The BAF for FHM was 0.094 ± 0.037 for the low concentration and 0.205 ± 0.051 for the high concentration. Between 72 and 96 h after exposure all microplastic particles were depurated from both species. The presence of food had a significant effect on the depuration of microplastic particles from Daphnia but not for FHM. Based on the low BCF and BAF values for both species, rapid depuration rates, and null translocation of microplastic particles to organs and tissues from the GI tract, there is a low probability that microplastics will bioconcentrate and bioaccumulate under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Elizalde-Velázquez
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Analicia M Carcano
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jordan Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Smit A Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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7
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French AD, Shaw K, Barnes M, Cañas-Carrell JE, Conway WC, Klein DM. Bioaccessibility of antimony and other trace elements from lead shot pellets in a simulated avian gizzard environment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229037. [PMID: 32045468 PMCID: PMC7012451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have used grit (in the form of lead (Pb) pellets) presence in avian gizzards as an indicator of Pb shot exposure. However, due to nearly complete pellet absorption in gizzards or rapid passage of pellets, the absence of Pb shot presence in a gizzard does not confirm lack of Pb shot exposure. This study provides the basis for an additional technique to identify if elevated tissue Pb concentration is due to Pb shot exposure. Bioaccessibility of Pb and trace elements (Sb, As, and Sn) present in Pb shot were quantified to determine if any of these elements would be useful as a secondary marker of Pb shot exposure. An avian physiologically based extraction test (PBET) was used to determine pellet dissolution rate and bioaccessible concentrations of Pb, Sb, As, and Sn in a simulated gizzard environment. Of the three trace elements, only Sb concentrations (44–302 μg/mL) extracted into the gizzard solution were greater than environmental background levels (US soil average 0.48 μg/g); thus, no natural source likely provides this amount of Sb. Therefore, there is evidence that Sb can be extracted from Pb shot in bird gizzards at detectable concentrations (above natural background). While further studies are needed to delineate the mechanisms of absorption and distribution, this study lends credence to the hypothesis that Sb may be a useful marker of Pb shot exposure in biological tissues, particularly when Pb pellets are not present nor observed in avian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D. French
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Katherine Shaw
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Melanie Barnes
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jaclyn E. Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Warren C. Conway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - David M. Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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Cano AM, Maul JD, Saed M, Irin F, Shah SA, Green MJ, French AD, Klein DM, Crago J, Cañas-Carrell JE. Trophic Transfer and Accumulation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence of Copper Ions in Daphnia magna and Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas). Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:794-800. [PMID: 29261302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increase in use of nanomaterials such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) presents a need to study their interactions with the environment. Trophic transfer was measured between Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow, FHM) exposed to MWCNTs with different outer diameter (OD) sizes (MWCNT1 = 8-15 nm OD and MWCNT2 = 20-30 nm OD) in the presence and absence of copper. Pristine FHM were fed D. magna, previously exposed for 3 d to MWCNT1 or MWCNT2 (0.1 mg/L) and copper (0.01 mg/L), for 7 d. D. magna bioaccumulated less MWCNT1 (0.02 μg/g) than MWCNT2 (0.06 μg/g), whereas FHM accumulated more MWCNT1 (0.81 μg/g) than MWCNT2 (0.04 μg/g). In the presence of copper, MWCNT bioaccumulation showed an opposite trend. Mostly MWCNT1 (0.03 μg/g) bioaccumulated in D. magna, however less MWCNT1 (0.21 μg/g) than MWCNT2 (0.32 μg/g) bioaccumulated in FHM. Bioaccumulation factors were higher for MWCNT1s than MWCNT2. However, an opposite trend was observed when copper was added. Plasma metallothionein-2 was measured among treatments; however concentrations were not statistically different from the control. This study demonstrates that trophic transfer of MWCNTs is possible in the aquatic environment and further exploration with mixtures can strengthen the understanding of MWCNT environmental behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Cano
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
| | - Jonathan D Maul
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
| | - Mohammad Saed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
| | - Fahmida Irin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
| | - Smit A Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas United States
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas United States
| | - Amanda D French
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
| | - Jordan Crago
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University , Lubbock, Texas United States
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French AD, Conway WC, Cañas-Carrell JE, Klein DM. Exposure, Effects and Absorption of Lead in American Woodcock (Scolopax minor): A Review. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2017; 99:287-296. [PMID: 28710526 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2137-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to long term declines of American Woodcock (Scolopax minor) and widespread distribution of environmentally available lead (Pb) throughout their geographic range, it is important to assess if Pb exposure is a potential contributor to these declines. Woodcock are exposed to Pb through various environmental sources and are known to exhibit relatively high bone-Pb concentrations. Absorption of Pb by birds, and woodcock specifically, is not well understood. Some studies show that interactions among calcium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and vitamin D levels may play an important role in Pb absorption. Therefore, when future Pb studies are performed for woodcock, and other birds, interactions among these elements should be considered. For example, these interactions are relevant in the acquisition and mobilization of calcium in female birds during egg development and shell calcification. These factors should be considered to understand potential mechanisms of Pb exposure, Pb absorption, and subsequent Pb toxicity to birds in general, and woodcock specifically. This review discusses Pb exposure routes, effects of Pb toxicity, and the distribution of Pb in American woodcock and identifies areas for future research in woodcock and other avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda D French
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA
| | - Warren C Conway
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79416, USA.
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10
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Cano AM, Maul JD, Saed M, Shah SA, Green MJ, Cañas-Carrell JE. Bioaccumulation, stress, and swimming impairment in Daphnia magna exposed to multiwalled carbon nanotubes, graphene, and graphene oxide. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017; 36:2199-2204. [PMID: 28160491 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of carbon-based nanomaterials (CNMs) such as multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), graphene, and graphene oxide (GO) is increasing across many applications because of their unique and versatile properties. These CNMs may enter the aquatic environment through many pathways, creating the potential for organism exposure. The present study addresses the bioaccumulation and toxicity seen in Daphnia magna exposed to CNMs dispersed in sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS). In study I, D. magna were exposed to varying outer diameters of MWCNTs for 24 h in moderately hard or hard freshwater. Bioaccumulation of MWCNT was found in all treatments, with the highest concentrations (0.53 ± 0.27 μg/g) in D. magna exposed in hard freshwater (p < 0.005). The median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined for D. magna exposed to CNMs in moderately hard and hard freshwater. In study II, D. magna were exposed to CNMs for 72 h in moderately hard freshwater to assess swimming velocity and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) detected by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence. An overall decrease was seen in D. magna swimming velocity after exposure to CNMs. The generation of ROS was significantly higher (1.54 ± 0.38 dichlorofluorescein mM/mg dry wt) in D. magna exposed to MWCNTs of smaller outer diameters than in controls after 72 h (p < 0.05). These results suggest that further investigation of CNM toxicity and behavior in the aquatic environment is needed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2199-2204. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Cano
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan D Maul
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Mohammad Saed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Smit A Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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11
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Hettick BE, Cañas-Carrell JE, Martin K, French AD, Klein DM. Arsenic Uptake by Muskmelon (Cucumis melo) Plants from Contaminated Water. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2016; 97:395-400. [PMID: 27460822 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-016-1893-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a carcinogenic element that occurs naturally in the environment. High levels of arsenic are found in water in some parts of the world, including Texas. The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of arsenic in muskmelon (Cucumis melo) plants accumulated from arsenic spiked water and to observe effects on plant biomass. Plants were grown and irrigated using water spiked with variable concentrations of arsenic. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to quantify arsenic in different parts of the plant and fruit. Under all conditions tested in this study, the highest concentrations of arsenic were found in the leaves, soil, and roots. Arsenic in the water had no significant effect on plant biomass. Fruits analyzed in this study had arsenic concentrations of 101 μg/kg or less. Consuming these fruits would result in less arsenic exposure than drinking water at recommended levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Hettick
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, PO Box 41163, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, PO Box 41163, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA
| | - Kirt Martin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lubbock Christian University, 5601 19th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79407, USA
| | - Amanda D French
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, PO Box 41163, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, PO Box 41163, Lubbock, TX, 79409-1163, USA.
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12
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Cano AM, Kohl K, Deleon S, Payton P, Irin F, Saed M, Shah SA, Green MJ, Cañas-Carrell JE. Determination of uptake, accumulation, and stress effects in corn (Zea mays L.) grown in single-wall carbon nanotube contaminated soil. Chemosphere 2016; 152:117-22. [PMID: 26966810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are projected to increase in usage across many industries. Two studies were conducted using Zea L. (corn) seeds exposed to SWNT spiked soil for 40 d. In Study 1, corn was exposed to various SWNT concentrations (0, 10, and 100 mg/kg) with different functionalities (non-functionalized, OH-functionalized, or surfactant stabilized). A microwave induced heating method was used to determine SWNTs accumulated mostly in roots (0-24 μg/g), with minimal accumulation in stems and leaves (2-10 μg/g) with a limit of detection at 0.1 μg/g. Uptake was not functional group dependent. In Study 2, corn was exposed to 10 mg/kg SWNTs (non-functionalized or COOH-functionalized) under optimally grown or water deficit conditions. Plant physiological stress was determined by the measurement of photosynthetic rate throughout Study 2. No significant differences were seen between control and SWNT treatments. Considering the amount of SWNTs accumulated in corn roots, further studies are needed to address the potential for SWNTs to enter root crop species (i.e., carrots), which could present a significant pathway for human dietary exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Cano
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kristina Kohl
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Sabrina Deleon
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Paxton Payton
- USDA-ARS, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Unit, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Fahmida Irin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Saed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Smit Alkesh Shah
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Micah J Green
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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13
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Hettick BE, Cañas-Carrell JE, French AD, Klein DM. Arsenic: A Review of the Element's Toxicity, Plant Interactions, and Potential Methods of Remediation. J Agric Food Chem 2015; 63:7097-107. [PMID: 26241522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element with a long history of toxicity. Sites of contamination are found worldwide as a result of both natural processes and anthropogenic activities. The broad scope of arsenic toxicity to humans and its unique interaction with the environment have led to extensive research into its physicochemical properties and toxic behavior in biological systems. The purpose of this review is to compile the results of recent studies concerning the metalloid and consider the chemical and physical properties of arsenic in the broad context of human toxicity and phytoremediation. Areas of focus include arsenic's mechanisms of human toxicity, interaction with plant systems, potential methods of remediation, and protocols for the determination of metals in experimentation. This assessment of the literature indicates that controlling contamination of water sources and plants through effective remediation and management is essential to successfully addressing the problems of arsenic toxicity and contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Hettick
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
| | - Amanda D French
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, 1207 Gilbert Drive, Box 41163, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1163, United States
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14
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Shrestha B, Anderson TA, Acosta-Martinez V, Payton P, Cañas-Carrell JE. The influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioavailability and toxicity to soil microbial communities in alfalfa rhizosphere. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2015; 116:143-149. [PMID: 25800986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may affect bioavailability and toxicity of organic contaminants due to their adsorption properties. Recent studies have observed the influence of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other organic contaminants. Greenhouse studies (49 d) were conducted with alfalfa plants in two different soil types. Four treatment conditions (0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg MWNTs+100 mg/kg PAHs mixture-pyrene and phenanthrene) were tested in order to determine their effects on soil microbial community composition and PAH residues. Microbial community structure in the two highest treatments (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg MWNTs) showed a dramatic shift in the presence of MWNTs in sandy loam soil (1% organic matter) in comparison to the control (0 mg/kg MWNTs). Many microbial fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) markers (i15:0, 16:1ω5c, 10Me17:0, 10Me16:0) were missing in the control soil. However, there was a lower abundance of these FAMEs in the 25 mg/kg MWNT treatment (except 10Me17:0) and a higher presence of these FAMEs in the 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg MWNT treatments compared to control. In contrast, microbial community composition was not influenced by the MWNT treatments in sandy clay loam soil (5.9% organic matter). However, pyrene degradation in sandy clay loam soil significantly increased by 21% in the highest MWNT treatment group (100 mg/kg) and 9.34% in 50 mg/kg MWNT treatment. Under the conditions tested in this study, MWNTs significantly impacted the soil microbial community distribution and PAH degradation and effects were dependent on soil types, specifically organic matter content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babina Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States; Pegasus Technical Services Inc., Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Todd A Anderson
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | | | - Paxton Payton
- USDA-ARS, Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Jaclyn E Cañas-Carrell
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
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15
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Shrestha B, Acosta-Martinez V, Cox SB, Green MJ, Li S, Cañas-Carrell JE. An evaluation of the impact of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on soil microbial community structure and functioning. J Hazard Mater 2013; 261:188-97. [PMID: 23921182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impacts of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on microbial community composition and functioning in a sandy loam soil over 90 d. We used test concentrations in the range of lower MWNT concentrations (10mg/kg) to extremely high MWNT concentrations (10,000 mg/kg) as a worst case scenario. We observed no effects of MWNTs on soil respiration, enzymatic activities, and microbial community composition at 10, 100 and 1,000 mg/kg. However, increases in fungal fatty acid methyl ester markers were observed at the highest treatment. In addition, pyrosequencing demonstrated a decreased abundance of some bacterial genera like Derxia, Holophaga, Opitutus and Waddlia at the highest treatment while bacterial genera that are considered potential degraders of recalcitrant contaminants (such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) like Rhodococcus, Cellulomonas, Nocardioides and Pseudomonas increased. These results suggest a shift in soil microbial community composition to more tolerant microbial populations in the presence of extremely high MWNT concentrations. It is unlikely that the change observed at 10,000 mg/kg is due to metal or carbon impurities as the MWNTs used in this study were of high purity. Given the need for wide-ranging data for regulation and risk assessment of nanomaterials, this study provides valuable data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babina Shrestha
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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16
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Li S, Turaga U, Shrestha B, Anderson TA, Ramkumar SS, Green MJ, Das S, Cañas-Carrell JE. Mobility of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil in the presence of carbon nanotubes. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2013; 96:168-174. [PMID: 23896179 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Being a potential risk to the environment, a fate study of carbon nanotube (CNT) in the environment is urgently needed. A study of CNT impacts on the bioavailability of other conventional contaminants in a terrestrial system is particularly rare. This study explored PAH leaching behaviors in the presence of CNTs with column leaching tests. Four PAHs (Naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene), three CNTs (f-SWNTs, MWNTs, f-MWNTs), and a sandy loam soil were involved in this study. We found that at a concentration of 5mg/g, CNTs could significantly retain PAHs in soil. Such a strong PAH retention was caused by low mobilities of CNTs and their strong PAH sorption capacities. This study illustrated that the properties of both sorbents (e.g. available surface area and micropore volume) and sorbates (e.g. hydrophobicity and molecular volume) influenced the mobility of PAHs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
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17
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Li S, Anderson TA, Maul JD, Shrestha B, Green MJ, Cañas-Carrell JE. Comparative studies of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and octadecyl (C18) as sorbents in passive sampling devices for biomimetic uptake of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from soils. Sci Total Environ 2013; 461-462:560-567. [PMID: 23756215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
To avoid overestimating the risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), research is needed to evaluate the bioavailable portion of PAHs in the environment. However, limited PSDs were developed for a terrestrial soil system. In this study, two sorbents, octadecyl (C18) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), were individually evaluated as sorbents in passive sampling devices (PSDs) as biomimetic samplers to assess the uptake of PAHs from soil. C18-PSDs were an excellent biomimetic tool for PAHs with a low molecular weight in complex exposure conditions with different soil types, types of PAHs, aging periods, and initial PAH concentrations in soil. The utility of MWNT-PSDs was limited by extraction efficiencies of PAHs from MWNTs. However, when compared to C18-PSDs, they had higher adsorption capacities and were less expensive. This study provides data regarding useful techniques that can be used in risk assessment to assess the bioavailability of PAHs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock, TX 79409-1163, USA.
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18
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Li S, Anderson TA, Green MJ, Maul JD, Cañas-Carrell JE. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) sorption behavior unaffected by the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in a natural soil system. Environ Sci Process Impacts 2013; 15:1130-1136. [PMID: 23591941 DOI: 10.1039/c3em00099k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The batch equilibrium approach was used to examine the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on the sorption behaviors of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soil. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first study of PAH sorption to MWNTs in real natural soil systems. The sorption behavior of three PAHs (naphthalene, fluorene, and phenanthrene) in the presence of commercially available MWNTs in two natural soils (a sandy loam and a silt loam) and Ottawa sand was evaluated. Adsorption of PAHs by MWNTs in this study was three orders of magnitude higher than that of natural soils. Sorption coefficients of PAHs (Kd and Koc) were unchanged in the presence of 2 mg g(-1) MWNTs in soil (p > 0.05). A micro-mechanics approach, termed 'the rule of mixtures' was used for predicting PAH sorption behaviors in mixtures based on sorption coefficients derived from single sorbents. The equation, KT = KMα + KN(1 - α) (K, sorption coefficients, Kd or Koc), predicted sorption coefficients in a mixture based on mixture component sorption coefficients and mass fractions. Data presented in this study could be used to fill data gaps related to the environmental fate of carbon nanotubes in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health TIEHH, Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock TX 79409-1163, USA.
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19
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Li S, Irin F, Atore FO, Green MJ, Cañas-Carrell JE. Determination of multi-walled carbon nanotube bioaccumulation in earthworms measured by a microwave-based detection technique. Sci Total Environ 2013; 445-446:9-13. [PMID: 23298789 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Reliable quantification techniques for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are limited. In this study, a new procedure was developed for quantifying multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in earthworms (Eisenia fetida) based on freeze drying and microwave-induced heating. Specifically, earthworms were first processed into a powder by freeze drying. Then, samples were measured by utilizing 10 s exposure to 30 W microwave power. This method showed the potential to quantitatively measure MWNTs in earthworms at low concentrations (~0.1 μg in 20 mg of earthworm). Also, a simple MWNT bioaccumulation study in earthworms indicated a low bioaccumulation factor of 0.015±0.004. With an appropriate sample processing method and instrumental parameters (power and exposure time), this technique has the potential to quantify MWNTs in a variety of sample types (plants, earthworms, human blood, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, The Institute of Environmental and Human Health (TIEHH), Texas Tech University, Box 41163, Lubbock TX 79409-1163, USA.
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