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Pingrey B, Ede JD, Sayes CM, Shatkin JA, Stark N, Hsieh YL. Aqueous exfoliation and dispersion of monolayer and bilayer graphene from graphite using sulfated cellulose nanofibrils. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9860-9868. [PMID: 38528919 PMCID: PMC10962021 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00424h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic sulfated cellulose nanofibrils were synthesized with yields in excess of 99% by sulfation of dissolving pulp cellulose using chlorosulfonic acid in anhydrous N,N-dimethyl formamide followed by high-speed blending. The sulfation level was stoichiometrically tunable to between 1.48 and 2.23 mmol g-1. The optimized SCNF demonstrated the ability to act as an effective dispersant for graphene produced via exfoliation in aqueous media, allowing for the production of aqueous stabilized graphene with 3.9 ± 0.3 wt% graphite to graphene conversion and suspended solids comprised of 19.5 ± 1.5 wt% graphene. Graphene exfoliated with SCNF was observed to consist exclusively of mono- and bilayers, with 42% of sheets being monolayer. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that SCNF defibrillation and graphene exfoliation could be combined into a single one-pot process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pingrey
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis CA 95616-8722 USA +1 530 752 0843
| | - James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC PO Box 51368 Boston MA 02130 USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Stark
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory Madison WI 53726-2398 USA
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis Davis CA 95616-8722 USA +1 530 752 0843
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2
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Guo M, Ede JD, Sayes CM, Shatkin JA, Stark N, Hsieh YL. Regioselectively Carboxylated Cellulose Nanofibril Models from Dissolving Pulp: C6 via TEMPO Oxidation and C2,C3 via Periodate-Chlorite Oxidation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:479. [PMID: 38470807 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Regioselective C6 and C2,C3 carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) have been robustly generated from dissolving pulp, a readily available source of unmodified cellulose, via stoichiometrically optimized 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated and sequential sodium periodate-sodium chlorite (PC) oxidation coupled with high-speed blending. Both regioselectively optimized carboxylated CNF series possess the widest ranges of comparable charges (0.72-1.48 mmol/g for T-CNFs vs. 0.72-1.10 mmol/g for PC-CNFs), but similar ranges of thickness (1.3-2.4 nm for T-CNF, 1.8-2.7 nm PC-CNF), widths (4.6-6.6 nm T-CNF, 5.5-5.9 nm PC-CNF), and lengths (254-481 nm T-CNF, 247-442 nm PC-CNF). TEMPO-mediated oxidation is milder and one-pot, thus more time and process efficient, whereas the sequential periodate-chlorite oxidation produces C2,C3 dialdehyde intermediates that are amenable to further chemical functionalization or post-reactions. These two well-characterized regioselectively carboxylated CNF series represent coherent cellulose nanomaterial models from a single woody source and have served as references for their safety study toward the development of a safer-by-design substance evaluation tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhe Guo
- Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, P.O. Box 51368, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Stark
- USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI 53726, USA
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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3
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Ede JD, Diges AS, Zhang Y, Shatkin JA. Life-cycle risk assessment of graphene-enabled textiles in fire protection gear. NanoImpact 2024; 33:100488. [PMID: 37940075 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2023.100488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
A nanomaterial life-cycle risk assessment (Nano LCRA) of a graphene-enabled textile used in the construction of heat and fire-resistant personal protective equipment (PPE) was conducted to develop, analyze, and prioritize potential occupational, health and environmental risks. The analysis identifies potential receptors and exposure pathways at each product life-cycle stage and makes a qualitative evaluation of the potential significance of each scenario. A literature review, quality evaluation, and database were developed as part of the LCRA to identify potential hazards associated with graphene-based materials (GBMs) throughout the product life-cycle. Generally, risks identified from graphene-enabled textiles were low. Of the developed exposure scenarios, occupational inhalation exposures during raw material and product manufacturing ranked highest. The analysis identifies the key potential human and environmental hazards and exposures of the products across the product life-cycle of graphene enabled textiles. Priority research gaps to reduce uncertainty include evaluating long-term, low dose graphene exposures typical of the workplace, as well as the potential release and hazard characterization of graphene-acrylic nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yueyang Zhang
- Vireo Advisors LLC, Boston, MA 02205, USA; University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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MacCormack TJ, Meli MV, Ede JD, Ong KJ, Rourke JL, Dieni CA. Commentary: Revisiting nanoparticle-assay interference: There's plenty of room at the bottom for misinterpretation. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 255:110601. [PMID: 33857590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a diverse class of materials whose distinct properties make them desirable in a multitude of applications. The proliferation of nanotoxicology research has improved our understanding of ENM toxicity, but an under appreciation for their potential to interfere with biochemical assays has hampered progress in the field. The physicochemical properties of ENMs can promote their interaction with membranes or biomacromolecules (e.g. proteins, genomic material). This can influence the activity of enzymes used as biomarkers or as reagents in biochemical assay protocols, bind indicator dyes in cytotoxicity tests, and/or interfere with the cellular mechanisms controlling the uptake of such dyes. The spectral characteristics of some ENMs can cause interference with common assay chromophores, fluorophores, and radioisotope scintillation cocktails. Finally, the inherent chemical reactivity of some ENMs can short circuit assay mechanisms by directly oxidizing or reducing indicator dyes. These processes affect data quality and may lead to significant misinterpretations regarding ENM safety. We provide an overview of some ENM properties that facilitate assay interference, examples of interference and the erroneous conclusions that may result from it, and a number of general and specific recommendations for validating cellular and biochemical assay protocols in nanotoxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J MacCormack
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, 63C York St., Sackville, NB E4L1E4, Canada.
| | - M-V Meli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, 63C York St., Sackville, NB E4L1E4, Canada
| | - J D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, USA
| | - K J Ong
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, USA
| | - J L Rourke
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, 63C York St., Sackville, NB E4L1E4, Canada
| | - C A Dieni
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, 1100 North Ave., Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
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5
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Ede JD, Ong KJ, Mulenos MR, Pradhan S, Gibb M, Sayes CM, Shatkin JA. Physical, chemical, and toxicological characterization of sulfated cellulose nanocrystals for food-related applications using in vivo and in vitro strategies. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 9:808-822. [PMID: 33447365 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a next-generation cellulose product with many unique properties including applications in the food industry as a food additive, food coating, and in food-contact packaging material. While CNC is anticipated to be safe due to its similarity to the many forms of cellulose currently used as food additives, special consideration is given to it as it is the first manufactured form of cellulose that is nanoscale in both length and width. A proactive approach to safety has been adopted by manufacturers to demonstrate CNC safety toward responsible commercialization. As part of the safety demonstration, in vivo and in vitro testing strategies were commissioned side-by-side with conventional cellulose, which has been safely used in food for decades. Testing included a 90-day rodent feeding study as well as additional physical, chemical, and biological studies in vitro that follow European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) guidance to demonstrate the safe use of novel food ingredients. The strategy includes assessment of neat materials side-by-side with simulated digestion, mimicking conditions that occur along the gastrointestinal tract as well as intracellularly. An intestinal co-culture model examined any potential toxicological effects from exposure to either pristine or digested forms of CNC including cytotoxicity, metabolic activity, membrane permeability, oxidative stress, and proinflammatory responses. None of the studies demonstrated any toxicity via oral or simulated oral exposure. These studies demonstrate that CNC produced by InnoTech Alberta is similarly safe by ingestion as conventional cellulose with a no-observed-adverse-effect level of 2085.3 (males) and 2682.8 (females) mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, USA
| | | | - Marina R Mulenos
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Sahar Pradhan
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Matthew Gibb
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Christie M Sayes
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
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Halappanavar S, Ede JD, Mahapatra I, Krug HF, Kuempel ED, Lynch I, Vandebriel RJ, Shatkin JA. A methodology for developing key events to advance nanomaterial-relevant adverse outcome pathways to inform risk assessment. Nanotoxicology 2020; 15:289-310. [PMID: 33317378 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1851419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances have been made in the development of Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) over the last decade, mainly focused on the toxicity mechanisms of chemicals. These AOPs, although relevant to manufactured nanomaterials (MNs), do not currently capture the reported roles of size-associated properties of MNs on toxicity. Moreover, some AOs of relevance to airborne exposures to MNs such as lung inflammation and fibrosis shown in animal studies may not be targeted in routine regulatory decision making. The primary objective of the present study was to establish an approach to advance the development of AOPs of relevance to MNs using existing, publicly available, nanotoxicology literature. A systematic methodology was created for curating, organizing and applying the available literature for identifying key events (KEs). Using a case study approach, the study applied the available literature to build the biological plausibility for 'tissue injury', a KE of regulatory relevance to MNs. The results of the analysis reveal the various endpoints, assays and specific biological markers used for assessing and reporting tissue injury. The study elaborates on the limitations and opportunities of the current nanotoxicology literature and provides recommendations for the future reporting of nanotoxicology results that will expedite not only the development of AOPs for MNs but also aid in application of existing data for decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Indrani Mahapatra
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Harald F Krug
- Retired International Research Cooperation Manager, Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Science and Materials Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,NanoCASE GmbH, Engelburg, Switzerland
| | - Eileen D Kuempel
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nanotechnology Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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7
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Ede JD, Lobaskin V, Vogel U, Lynch I, Halappanavar S, Doak SH, Roberts MG, Shatkin JA. Translating Scientific Advances in the AOP Framework to Decision Making for Nanomaterials. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2020; 10:E1229. [PMID: 32599945 PMCID: PMC7353114 DOI: 10.3390/nano10061229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Much of the current innovation in advanced materials is occurring at the nanoscale, specifically in manufactured nanomaterials (MNs). MNs display unique attributes and behaviors, and may be biologically and physically unique, making them valuable across a wide range of applications. However, as the number, diversity and complexity of MNs coming to market continue to grow, assessing their health and environmental risks with traditional animal testing approaches is too time- and cost-intensive to be practical, and is undesirable for ethical reasons. New approaches are needed that meet current requirements for regulatory risk assessment while reducing reliance on animal testing and enabling safer-by-design product development strategies to be implemented. The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework presents a sound model for the advancement of MN decision making. Yet, there are currently gaps in technical and policy aspects of AOPs that hinder the adoption and use for MN risk assessment and regulatory decision making. This review outlines the current status and next steps for the development and use of the AOP framework in decision making regarding the safety of MNs. Opportunities and challenges are identified concerning the advancement and adoption of AOPs as part of an integrated approach to testing and assessing (IATA) MNs, as are specific actions proposed to advance the development, use and acceptance of the AOP framework and associated testing strategies for MN risk assessment and decision making. The intention of this review is to reflect the views of a diversity of stakeholders including experts, researchers, policymakers, regulators, risk assessors and industry representatives on the current status, needs and requirements to facilitate the future use of AOPs in MN risk assessment. It incorporates the views and feedback of experts that participated in two workshops hosted as part of an Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Working Party on Manufactured Nanomaterials (WPMN) project titled, "Advancing AOP Development for Nanomaterial Risk Assessment and Categorization", as well as input from several EU-funded nanosafety research consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vladimir Lobaskin
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada;
| | - Shareen H. Doak
- Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK;
| | - Megan G. Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada;
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Pradhan SH, Mulenos MR, Steele LR, Gibb M, Ede JD, Ong KJ, Shatkin JA, Sayes CM. Physical, chemical, and toxicological characterization of fibrillated forms of cellulose using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion and co-culture model. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2020; 9:290-301. [PMID: 32670560 PMCID: PMC7329166 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrillated cellulose is a next-generation material in development for a variety of applications, including use in food and food-contact materials. An alternative testing strategy including simulated digestion was developed to compare the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of seven different types of fibrillated cellulose, following European Food Safety Authority guidance. Fibrillated forms were compared to a conventional form of cellulose which has been used in food for over 85 years and has Generally Recognized as safe regulatory status in the USA. The physical and chemical characterization of fibrillated celluloses demonstrate that these materials are similar physically and chemically, which composed of the same fundamental molecular structure and exhibit similar morphology, size, size distribution, surface charge, and low levels of impurities. Simulated gastrointestinal and lysosomal digestions demonstrate that these physical and chemical similarities remain following exposure to conditions that mimic the gastrointestinal tract or intracellular lysosomes. A toxicological investigation with an advanced intestinal co-culture model found that exposure to each of the fibrillated and conventional forms of cellulose, in either the pristine or digested form at 0.4% by weight, showed no adverse toxicological effects including cytotoxicity, barrier integrity, oxidative stress, or inflammation. The results demonstrate the physical, chemical, and biological similarities of these materials and provide substantive evidence to support their grouping and ability to read-across data as part of a food safety demonstration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar H Pradhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Marina R Mulenos
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - London R Steele
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Matthew Gibb
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA, 02130-4323, USA
| | | | | | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
- Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
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9
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Ong KJ, Ede JD, Pomeroy-Carter CA, Sayes CM, Mulenos MR, Shatkin JA. A 90-day dietary study with fibrillated cellulose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:174-182. [PMID: 32021807 PMCID: PMC6994281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel forms of fibrillated cellulose offer improved attributes for use in foods. Conventional cellulose and many of its derivatives are already widely used as food additives and are authorized as safe for use in foods in many countries. However, novel forms have not yet been thoroughly investigated using standardized testing methods. This study assesses the 90-day dietary toxicity of fibrillated cellulose, as compared to a conventional cellulose, Solka Floc. Sprague Dawley rats were fed 2 %, 3 %, or 4 % fibrillated cellulose for 90 consecutive days, and parallel Solka Floc groups were used as controls. Survival, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic evaluations, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, post-mortem anatomic pathology, and histopathology were monitored and performed. No adverse observations were noted in relation to the administration of fibrillated cellulose. Under the conditions of this study and based on the toxicological endpoints evaluated, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for fibrillated cellulose was 2194.2 mg/kg/day (males) and 2666.6 mg/kg/day (females), corresponding to the highest dose tested (4 %) for male and female Sprague Dawley rats. These results demonstrate that fibrillated cellulose behaves similarly to conventional cellulose and raises no safety concerns when used as a food ingredient at these concentrations.
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Key Words
- % RET, percent reticulocyte
- 90-day subchronic study
- ABAS, absolute basophil
- AEOS, absolute eosinophil
- ALB, albumin
- ALKP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ALUC, absolute large unstained cell
- ALYM, absolute lymphocyte
- AMON, absolute monocyte
- ANEU, absolute neutrophil
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- ARET, absolute reticulocyte
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, urea nitrogen
- CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service
- CHOL, cholesterol
- CREAT, creatinine
- Cellulose
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDXS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Fibrillated cellulose
- GLOB, globulin
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- GLU, glucose
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBG, hemoglobin
- HCT, hematocrit
- MCH, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean corpuscular cell volume
- NOAEL
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- OECD 408
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Oral exposure
- PLT, platelet count
- RBC, red blood cell count
- RDW, red cell distribution width
- SCOGS, Select Committee on GRAS Substances
- SDH, sorbitol dehydrogenase
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- TBA, total bile acids
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TEMPO, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyloxyl
- TP, total protein
- TRIG, triglycerides
- WBC, white blood cell count
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, United States
| | | | - Christie M. Sayes
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
| | - Marina R. Mulenos
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
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10
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Ede JD, Ong KJ, Goergen M, Rudie A, Pomeroy-Carter CA, Shatkin JA. Risk Analysis of Cellulose Nanomaterials by Inhalation: Current State of Science. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2019; 9:E337. [PMID: 30832338 PMCID: PMC6474143 DOI: 10.3390/nano9030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanomaterials (CNs) are emerging advanced materials with many unique properties and growing commercial significance. A life-cycle risk assessment and environmental health and safety roadmap identified potential risks from inhalation of powdered CNs in the workplace as a key gap in our understanding of safety and recommended addressing this data gap to advance the safe and successful commercialization of these materials. Here, we (i) summarize the currently available published literature for its contribution to our current understanding of CN inhalation hazard and (ii) evaluate the quality of the studies for risk assessment purposes using published study evaluation tools for nanomaterials to assess the weight of evidence provided. Our analysis found that the quality of the available studies is generally inadequate for risk assessment purposes but is improving over time. There have been some advances in knowledge about the effects of short-term inhalation exposures of CN. The most recent in vivo studies suggest that short-term exposure to CNs results in transient inflammation, similarly to other poorly soluble, low toxicity dusts such as conventional cellulose, but is markedly different from fibers with known toxicity such as certain types of multiwalled carbon nanotubes or asbestos. However, several data gaps remain, and there is still a lack of understanding of the effects from long-term, low-dose exposures that represent realistic workplace conditions, essential for a quantitative assessment of potential health risk. Therefore, taking precautions when handling dry forms of CNs to avoid dust inhalation exposure is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, USA.
| | | | - Michael Goergen
- P3Nano, U.S. Endowment for Forestry and Communities, Greenville, SC 29601, USA.
| | - Alan Rudie
- Forest Products Laboratory, USDA Forest Service, Madison, WI 53726-2398, USA.
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11
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Clifford AM, Bury NR, Schultz AG, Ede JD, Goss BL, Goss GG. Regulation of plasma glucose and sulfate excretion in Pacific hagfish, Eptatretus stoutii is not mediated by 11-deoxycortisol. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017; 247:107-115. [PMID: 28126345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify whether Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) possess glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid responses and to examine the potential role(s) of four key steroids in these responses. Pacific hagfish were injected with varying amounts of cortisol, corticosterone or 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) using coconut oil implants and plasma glucose and gill total-ATPase activity were monitored as indices of glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid responses. Furthermore, we also monitored plasma glucose and 11-deoxycortisol (11-DOC) levels following exhaustive stress (30 min of agitation) or following repeated infusion with SO42-. There were no changes in gill total-ATPase following implantation with any steroid, with only very small statistical increases in plasma glucose noted in hagfish implanted with either DOC (at 20 and 200mgkg-1 at 7 and 4days post-injection, respectively) or corticosterone (at 100mgkg-1 at 7days post-injection). Following exhaustive stress, hagfish displayed a large and sustained increase in plasma glucose. Repeated infusion of SO42- into hagfish caused increases in both plasma glucose levels and SO42- excretion rate suggesting a regulated glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid response. However, animals under either condition did not show any significant increases in plasma 11-DOC concentrations. Our results suggest that while there are active glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid responses in hagfish, 11-DOC does not appear to be involved and the identity and primary function of the steroid in hagfish remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Clifford
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicolas R Bury
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada; Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences Division, Kings College, London, UK; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Suffolk, Suffolk, UK
| | - Aaron G Schultz
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - James D Ede
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Brendan L Goss
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Bamfield Marine Sciences Centre, Bamfield, BC, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Ortega VA, Ede JD, Boyle D, Stafford JL, Goss GG. Polymer-Coated Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles Inhibit IgE Receptor Binding, Cellular Signaling, and Degranulation in a Mast Cell-like Cell Line. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2015; 2:1500104. [PMID: 27980913 PMCID: PMC5115347 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous reports have shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can both enhance and suppress immune effector functions; however the mechanisms that dictate these responses are still unclear. Here, the effects of polyacrylic acid (PAA) functionalized metal-oxide NP are investigated on RBL-2H3 (representative mammalian granulocyte-like cell line) cell viability, cellular degranulation, immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor binding, and cell signaling pathways related to immune function. The increasing development of PAA-NPs as pesticide dispersants and as drug carriers in therapeutics necessitates their investigation for safe production. Using two in vitro experimental approaches, this study demonstrates that pre-exposing RBL-2H3 cells, or IgE antibodies, to PAA-NPs (TiO2, CeO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, and PAA-Capsules (NP coating control) over 24 h, significantly decrease the binding capacity of IgE for Fcε receptors, inhibit the phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins (e.g., MAPK ERK) that mediate degranulation, and inhibited RBL-2H3 cell degranulation. In addition, and unlike the other NPs tested, PAA-TiO2 significantly reduced RBL-2H3 viability, in a time (4-24 h) and dose-dependent manner (>50 μg mL-1). Together, these data demonstrate that PAA-NPs at sub-lethal doses can interact with cell surface structures, such as receptors, to suppress various stages of the RBL-2H3 degranulatory response to external stimuli, and modify immune cell functions that can impact host-immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van A Ortega
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - James D Ede
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - David Boyle
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2E9; National Research Council (Canada)National Institute for Nanotechnology Edmonton Alberta Canada T6G 2M9
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Ede JD, Ortega VA, Boyle D, Beingessner RL, Hemraz UD, Fenniri H, Stafford JL, Goss GG. Rosette Nanotubes Alter IgE-Mediated Degranulation in the Rat Basophilic Leukemia (RBL)-2H3 Cell Line. Toxicol Sci 2015. [PMID: 26224082 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the effects of rosette nanotube (RNT) exposure on immune cell viability and function were investigated in vitro using the rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cell line. RBL-2H3 viability was decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner after lysine-functionalized RNT (K-RNT) exposure. In addition, K-RNTs had a significant effect on RBL-2H3 degranulation. When K-RNT exposure was concurrent with IgE sensitization, 50 and 100 mg l(-1) K-RNTs elicited a heightened degranulatory response compared with IgE alone. Exposure to 50 and 100 mg l(-1) K-RNTs also caused degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells not sensitized with IgE (0 ng ml(-1) IgE). Furthermore, in cells preexposed to K-RNTs for 2 h and subsequently washed, sensitized, and stimulated with IgE, a potentiated degranulatory response was observed. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy and a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-functionalized RNT construct (termed FITC(1)/TBL(19)-RNT), we demonstrated a strong and direct affiliation between RNTs and RBL-2H3 cell membranes. We also demonstrated cellular internalization of RNTs after 2 h of exposure. Together, these data demonstrate that RNTs may affiliate with the cellular membrane of RBL-2H3 cells and can be internalized. These interactions can affect viability and alter the ability of these cells to elicit IgE-FcεR mediated degranulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Ede
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9;
| | - Van A Ortega
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - David Boyle
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Rachel L Beingessner
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M9; and
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M9; and
| | - Hicham Fenniri
- Department of Chemical Engineering, 313 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Northeastern University, Boston, Maryland 02115
| | - James L Stafford
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9
| | - Greg G Goss
- *Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2E9; National Institute for Nanotechnology, 11421 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, T6G 2M9; and
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Felix LC, Ortega VA, Ede JD, Goss GG. Physicochemical characteristics of polymer-coated metal-oxide nanoparticles and their toxicological effects on zebrafish (Danio rerio) development. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:6589-6596. [PMID: 23668311 DOI: 10.1021/es401403p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Coated nanoparticles (NPs) will end up in the environment due to their proposed use in agricultural applications and may potentially cause toxic effects due to their unique properties. To determine the effects of coated NPs on zebrafish (Danio rerio) development, we tested aqueous poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-coated metal-oxide NPs including TiO2, ZnO, Fe2O3, and CeO2, as well as the polymer coating alone (nanocapsule). Zebrafish embryos were exposed to NPs over a 72 h period at 1, 10, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, and 2000 mg/L to measure various end points. We also ran free metal controls. Time-dependent changes in physicochemical properties of NPs were characterized using dynamic light scattering. Dissolution experiments over 72 h showed minimal free metals were present in stock suspensions and released from the NPs. Interestingly, nanocapsules (≥ 800 mg/L) cause inhibition of hatch, and we suggest that a low pH environment may explain this effect. This study has also demonstrated that CeO2 NPs and nanocapsules containing Nile red are able to traverse the chorion. Overall, our findings indicate that each NP type is stable and neither the NP or encapsulating PAA coating causes apparent toxicity to developing zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey C Felix
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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Zhao X, Ong KJ, Ede JD, Stafford JL, Ng KW, Goss GG, Loo SCJ. Evaluating the toxicity of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in catfish cells and zebrafish embryos. Small 2013; 9:1734-1741. [PMID: 22887936 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of needle-(nHA-ND) and rod-shaped (nHA-RD) hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles is evaluated in vitro on catfish B-cells (3B11) and catfish T-cells (28s.3) and in vivo on zebrafish embryos to determine if biological effects are similar to the effects seen in mammalian in vitro systems. Neither nHA-ND nor nHA-RD affect cell viability at concentrations of 10 to 300 μg mL(-1) . However, 30 μg mL(-1) needle-shaped nHA lower metabolic activity of the cells. Axial deformations are seen in zebrafish exposed to 300 μg mL(-1) needle shaped nHA after 120 h. For the first time, nHA is reported to cause zebrafish hatching delay. The lowest concentration (3 μg mL(-1) ) of both types of nHA cause the highest hatching inhibition and needle-shaped nHA exposed zebrafish exhibit the lowest hatch at 72 h post fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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