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Alberto NRI, Alberto IRI, Puyat CVM, Antonio MAR, Ho FDV, Dee EC, Mahal BA, Eala MAB. Disparities in access to cancer diagnostics in ASEAN member countries. Lancet Reg Health West Pac 2023; 32:100667. [PMID: 36785859 PMCID: PMC9918780 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2022.100667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Diagnostics, including laboratory tests, medical and nuclear imaging, and molecular testing, are essential in the diagnosis and management of cancer to optimize clinical outcomes. With the continuous rise in cancer mortality and morbidity in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), there exists a critical need to evaluate the accessibility of cancer diagnostics in the region so as to direct multifaceted interventions that will address regional inequities and inadequacies in cancer care. This paper identifies existing gaps in service delivery, health workforce, health information systems, leadership and governance, and financing and how these contribute to disparities in access to cancer diagnostics in ASEAN member countries. Intersectoral health policies that will strengthen coordinated laboratory services, upscale infrastructure development, encourage health workforce production, and enable proper appropriation of funding are necessary to effectively reduce the regional cancer burden.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Edward Christopher Dee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon A. Mahal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michelle Ann B. Eala
- College of Medicine, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Corresponding author.
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Bossa C, Andreoli C, Bakker M, Barone F, De Angelis I, Jeliazkova N, Nymark P, Battistelli CL. FAIRification of nanosafety data to improve applicability of (Q)SAR approaches: A case study on in vitro Comet assay genotoxicity data. Comput Toxicol 2021; 20:100190. [PMID: 34820591 PMCID: PMC8591730 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
(Quantitative) structure-activity relationship ([Q]SAR) methodologies are widely applied to predict the (eco)toxicological effects of chemicals, and their use is envisaged in different regulatory frameworks for filling data gaps of untested substances. However, their application to the risk assessment of nanomaterials is still limited, also due to the scarcity of large and curated experimental datasets. Despite a great amount of nanosafety data having been produced over the last decade in international collaborative initiatives, their interpretation, integration and reuse has been hampered by several obstacles, such as poorly described (meta)data, non-standard terminology, lack of harmonized reporting formats and criteria. Recently, the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles have been established to guide the scientific community in good data management and stewardship. The EU H2020 Gov4Nano project, together with other international projects and initiatives, is addressing the challenge of improving nanosafety data FAIRness, for maximizing their availability, understanding, exchange and ultimately their reuse. These efforts are largely supported by the creation of a common Nanosafety Data Interface, which connects a row of project-specific databases applying the eNanoMapper data model. A wide variety of experimental data relating to characterization and effects of nanomaterials are stored in the database; however, the methods, protocols and parameters driving their generation are not fully mature. This article reports the progress of an ongoing case study in the Gov4nano project on the reuse of in vitro Comet genotoxicity data, focusing on the issues and challenges encountered in their FAIRification through the eNanoMapper data model. The case study is part of an iterative process in which the FAIRification of data supports the understanding of the phenomena underlying their generation and, ultimately, improves their reusability.
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Key Words
- (Q)SAR approaches
- (Q)SAR, (Quantitative) structure-activity relationship
- AOP, Adverse Outcome Pathway
- ECHA, European Chemicals Agency
- FAIR principles
- FAIR, Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable
- Fpg, Formamido pyrimidine glycosilase
- Genotoxicity
- IATA, Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment
- ISA–Tab, Investigation/Study/Assay Tab-delimited
- JRC, Joint Research Centre
- MIRCA, Minimum Information for Reporting Comet Assay
- NMBP, Horizon 2020 Advisory Group for Nanotechnologies, Advanced Materials, Biotechnology and Advanced Manufacturing and Processing
- NMBP-13-2018 projects, Gov4Nano, NANORIGO and RiskGONE
- NMs, nanomaterials
- Nano-EHS, Nano Environment, Health and Safety
- Nanomaterials
- Nanosafety data
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OTM, Olive tail moment
- REACH, Registration, Evaluation Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
- SCGE, Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis
- SOPs, Standard Operating Procedures
- in vitro Comet assay
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bossa
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Andreoli
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Martine Bakker
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Flavia Barone
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella De Angelis
- Environment and Health Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Penny Nymark
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Nazir N, Muhammad J, Ghaffar R, Nisar M, Zahoor M, Uddin F, Ullah R, Alotaibi A. Phytochemical profiling and antioxidant potential of Daphne mucronata Royle and action against paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rabbits. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5290-5301. [PMID: 34466107 PMCID: PMC8381059 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paracetamol-induced injuries of liver and kidneys in animals are mostly used to screen out the hepato and nephroprotective effect of extract or other therapeutic agents. In the present study total phenolic and flavonoid contents, in vitro antioxidant, and in vivo hepato/nephroprotective (on paracetamol-induced intoxication in experimental rabbits) potentials of the Daphne mucronata leaves methanolic extract were determined. For the identification of possible phytochemicals, HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) analysis was carried out and a total of eight phenolic compounds; malic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, epigallocatechin gallate, quercetin, morin, ellagic acid, and rutin were identified. D. mucronata extract at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight were given for eight days to paracetamol intoxicated rabbits and the observed results were compared with standard Silymarin. The level of liver enzymes like aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, serum triglyceride, serum cholesterol, serum bilirubin, and kidneys biomarkers like serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine, as well as lipid peroxidation malondialdehyde contents were increased while the antioxidant enzymes like reduced glutathione and total antioxidant capacity were decreased. Furthermore, histopathological analysis of the liver and kidney tissues of control and treated groups also confirmed the hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effect of the D. mucronata which was most probably due to its high antioxidant phenolic and flavonoid phytoconstituents.
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Key Words
- ABTS
- ABTS, 2, 2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Antioxidants
- D. mucronata, Daphne mucronata
- DPPH
- DPPH, 2, 2-Diphenyl,1,picrylhydrazyl
- Daphne mucronata extract
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- Kidney biomarkers
- Liver biomarkers
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- Met. Ext, Methanolic extract
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzo-quineimine
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Phytochemicals
- SEM, Standard error mean
- Silymarin
- TAC, total antioxidant capacity
- TFC, Total flavonoid content
- TPC, Total phenolic content
- p.o., Per oral
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Affiliation(s)
- Nausheen Nazir
- Department of Bio Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower) 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Jebran Muhammad
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower) 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rukhsana Ghaffar
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower) 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Nisar
- Department of Botany, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower) 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zahoor
- Department of Bio Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir (Lower) 18800, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Faheem Uddin
- University of Engineering & Technology, Mardan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, (MAPPRC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Alotaibi
- Basic Science Department, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University. Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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Yang C, Cronin MTD, Arvidson KB, Bienfait B, Enoch SJ, Heldreth B, Hobocienski B, Muldoon-Jacobs K, Lan Y, Madden JC, Magdziarz T, Marusczyk J, Mostrag A, Nelms M, Neagu D, Przybylak K, Rathman JF, Park J, Richarz AN, Richard AM, Ribeiro JV, Sacher O, Schwab C, Vitcheva V, Volarath P, Worth AP. COSMOS next generation - A public knowledge base leveraging chemical and biological data to support the regulatory assessment of chemicals. Comput Toxicol 2021; 19:100175. [PMID: 34405124 PMCID: PMC8351204 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2021.100175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The COSMOS Database (DB) was originally established to provide reliable data for cosmetics-related chemicals within the COSMOS Project funded as part of the SEURAT-1 Research Initiative. The database has subsequently been maintained and developed further into COSMOS Next Generation (NG), a combination of database and in silico tools, essential components of a knowledge base. COSMOS DB provided a cosmetics inventory as well as other regulatory inventories, accompanied by assessment results and in vitro and in vivo toxicity data. In addition to data content curation, much effort was dedicated to data governance - data authorisation, characterisation of quality, documentation of meta information, and control of data use. Through this effort, COSMOS DB was able to merge and fuse data of various types from different sources. Building on the previous effort, the COSMOS Minimum Inclusion (MINIS) criteria for a toxicity database were further expanded to quantify the reliability of studies. COSMOS NG features multiple fingerprints for analysing structure similarity, and new tools to calculate molecular properties and screen chemicals with endpoint-related public profilers, such as DNA and protein binders, liver alerts and genotoxic alerts. The publicly available COSMOS NG enables users to compile information and execute analyses such as category formation and read-across. This paper provides a step-by-step guided workflow for a simple read-across case, starting from a target structure and culminating in an estimation of a NOAEL confidence interval. Given its strong technical foundation, inclusion of quality-reviewed data, and provision of tools designed to facilitate communication between users, COSMOS NG is a first step towards building a toxicological knowledge hub leveraging many public data systems for chemical safety evaluation. We continue to monitor the feedback from the user community at support@mn-am.com.
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Key Words
- AOP, Adverse Outcome Pathway
- Analogue selection
- CERES, Chemical Evaluation and Risk Estimation System
- CFSAN, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
- CMS-ID, COSMOS Identification Number
- COSMOS DB, COSMOS Database
- COSMOS MINIS, Minimum Inclusion Criteria of Studies in COSMOS DB
- COSMOS NG, COSMOS Next Generation
- CRADA, Cooperative Research and Development Agreement
- CosIng, Cosmetic Ingredient Database
- DART, Developmental & Reproductive Toxicity
- DB, Database
- DST, Dempster Shafer Theory
- Database
- ECHA, European Chemicals Agency
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- Guided workflow
- HESS, Hazard Evaluation Support System
- HNEL, Highest No Effect Level
- HTS, High throughput screening
- ILSI, International Life Sciences Institute
- IUCLID, International Uniform Chemical Information Database
- Knowledge hub
- LEL, Lowest Effect Level
- LOAEL, Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level
- LogP, Logarithm of the octanol:water partition coefficient
- NAM, New Approach Methodology
- NGRA, Next Generation Risk-Assessment
- NITE, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (Japan)
- NOAEL, No Observed Adverse Effect Level
- NTP, National Toxicology Program
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OpenFoodTox, EFSA’s OpenFoodTox database
- PAFA, Priority-based Assessment of Food Additive database
- PK/TK, Pharmacokinetics/Toxicokinetics
- Public database
- QA, Quality Assurance
- QC, Quality Control
- REACH, Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals
- SCC, Science Committee on Cosmetics (EU)
- SCCNFP, Scientific Committee of Cosmetic Products and Non-food Products intended for Consumers (EU)
- SCCP, Scientific Committee on Consumer Products (EU)
- SCCS, Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (EU)
- Study reliability
- TTC, Threshold of Toxicological Concern
- ToxRefDB, Toxicity Reference Database
- Toxicity
- US EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- US FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yang
- MN-AM, Columbus, OH, USA
- MN-AM Nürnberg, Germany
| | - M T D Cronin
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | | | - S J Enoch
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - B Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Y Lan
- University of Bradford, UK
| | - J C Madden
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | | | | | - M Nelms
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | - K Przybylak
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - J F Rathman
- MN-AM, Columbus, OH, USA
- The Ohio State University, Columbus OH, USA
| | | | - A-N Richarz
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - V Vitcheva
- MN-AM, Columbus, OH, USA
- MN-AM Nürnberg, Germany
| | | | - A P Worth
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
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Simms L, Rudd K, Palmer J, Czekala L, Yu F, Chapman F, Trelles Sticken E, Wieczorek R, Bode LM, Stevenson M, Walele T. The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells to screen for developmental toxicity potential indicates reduced potential for non-combusted products, when compared to cigarettes. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:161-73. [PMID: 34345845 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective in vitro strategies are required to predict early developmental toxicity. devTOXqP is a metabolomics biomarker assay using iPSCs. Sample smoke/aerosol captured in bPBS, was tested up to 10% concentration. Cigarettes & HTP bPBS extracts were predicted as potentially developmentally toxic. HYB & EVP aerosols were not predicted as having developmentally toxic potential in devTOXqP.
devTOX quickPredict (devTOXqP) is a metabolomics biomarker-based assay that utilises human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to screen for potential early stage embryonic developmental toxicity in vitro. Developmental toxicity potential is assessed based on the assay endpoint of the alteration in the ratio of key unrelated biomarkers, ornithine and cystine (o/c). This work aimed to compare the developmental toxicity potential of tobacco-containing and tobacco-free non-combustible nicotine products to cigarette smoke. Smoke and aerosol from test articles were produced using a Vitrocell VC10 smoke/aerosol exposure system and bubbled into phosphate buffered saline (bPBS). iPS cells were exposed to concentrations of up to 10% bPBS. Assay sensitivity was assessed through a spiking study with a known developmental toxicant, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), in combination with cigarette smoke extract. The bPBS extracts of reference cigarettes (1R6F and 3R4F) and a heated tobacco product (HTP) were predicted to have the potential to induce developmental toxicity, in this screening assay. The bPBS concentration at which these extracts exceeded the developmental toxicity threshold was 0.6% (1R6F), 1.3% (3R4F), and 4.3% (HTP) added to the cell media. Effects from cigarette smoke and HTP aerosol were driven largely by cytotoxicity, with the cell viability and o/c ratio dose–response curves crossing the developmental toxicity thresholds at very similar concentrations of added bPBS. The hybrid product and all the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols were not predicted to be potential early developmental toxicants, under the conditions of this screening assay.
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Key Words
- ATRA, All-trans-retinoic acid
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- COT, United Kingdom Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment
- CV, coefficient of variation
- Cigarettes
- DART, developmental and reproductive toxicity
- DNPH, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- Developmental toxicity
- E-cigarettes
- ECVAM, European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods
- EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- EVP, electronic vapour product
- FDR, false discovery rate
- HPHCs, Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents
- HPLC-DAD, high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector
- HTP, heated tobacco product
- HYB, hybrid product
- Human induced pluripotent stem cells
- ISO, International Organization for Standardisation
- ISTD, internal standard
- In vitro reproduction assay
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
- LOQ, limit of quantification
- ND, No effect was detected within the exposure range tested
- NHS, United Kingdom National Health Service
- NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
- Nicotine
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PG/VG, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerine
- POD, point of difference
- Q-TOF, Quadrupole Time-of-Flight
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TP, cell viability toxicity potential concentration
- TT21C, toxicity testing in the 21st century
- UPLC-HRMS, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled high resolution mass spectrometry
- bPBS, bubbled phosphate buffered saline
- dTP, developmental toxicity potential concentration
- dTT, developmental toxicity threshold
- devTOXqP, devTOX quickPredict
- e-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes
- iPS cells, induced pluripotent stem cells
- nAChRs, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- o/c, ornithine/cystine ratio
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Masand VH, Akasapu S, Gandhi A, Rastija V, Patil MK. Structure features of peptide-type SARS-CoV main protease inhibitors: Quantitative structure activity relationship study. Chemometr Intell Lab Syst 2020; 206:104172. [PMID: 33518858 PMCID: PMC7833253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemolab.2020.104172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, an extensive QSAR (Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships) analysis of a series of peptide-type SARS-CoV main protease (MPro) inhibitors following the OECD guidelines has been accomplished. The analysis was aimed to identify salient and concealed structural features that govern the MPro inhibitory activity of peptide-type compounds. The QSAR analysis is based on a dataset of sixty-two peptide-type compounds which resulted in the generation of statistically robust and highly predictive multiple models. All the developed models were validated extensively and satisfy the threshold values for many statistical parameters (for e.g. R2 = 0.80-0.82, Q2 loo = 0.74-0.77, Q 2 LMO = 0.66-0.67). The developed QSAR models identified number of sp2 hybridized Oxygen atoms within seven bonds from aromatic Carbon atoms, the presence of Carbon and Nitrogen atoms at a topological distance of 3 and other interrelations of atom pairs as important pharmacophoric features. Hence, the present QSAR models have a good balance of Qualitative (Descriptive QSARs) and Quantitative (Predictive QSARs) approaches, therefore useful for future modifications of peptide-type compounds for anti- SARS-CoV activity.
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Key Words
- ADMET, Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity
- COVID-19
- GA, Genetic algorithm
- MLR, Multiple linear Regression
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- OFS, Objective Feature Selection
- OLS, Ordinary Least Square
- Peptide-type compounds
- QSAR
- QSAR, Quantitative structure-activity analysis
- QSARINS, QSAR Insubria
- SARS-CoV
- SARS-CoV-2
- SFS, Subjective Feature Selection
- SMILES, Simplified molecular-Input Line-Entry System
- WHO, World health organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay H Masand
- Department of Chemistry, Vidya Bharati Mahavidyalaya, Amravati, Maharashtra, 444 602, India
| | | | - Ajaykumar Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Government College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, 431 004, India
| | - Vesna Rastija
- Department of Agroecology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Agrobiotechnical Sciences Osijek, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Meghshyam K Patil
- Department of Chemistry, Osmanabad Sub-Centre Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Osmanabad, Maharashtra, India
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Murbach TS, Glávits R, Endres JR, Clewell AE, Hirka G, Vértesi A, Béres E, Pasics Szakonyiné I. A toxicological evaluation of a fulvic and humic acids preparation. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1242-1254. [PMID: 32995299 PMCID: PMC7505752 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxicological evaluations of blk. 333 according to OECD guidelines were negative. Blk. 333 was not mutagenic in vitro and showed no in vivo genotoxic activity. The NOAEL of the 90-day study was 2000 mg/kg bw/d blk. 333—the highest dose tested. No target organs or treatment-related toxicological effects were identified. Our results are relevant to a safety assessment of human ingestion of blk. 333.
Humic substances are ubiquitous in soils and waters. These complex superstructures are derived from the decomposition of dead plant and animal matter and are vital to soil health. Their heterogenous composition is specific to their site of origin and is comprised of weakly bound aggregates of small organic compounds that can sequester minerals and make them available to plants. As such, they may possess potential nutritional value for humans, and extractions of fulvic and humic acids can be produced that could be suitable for such purposes. For this reason, we evaluated the toxicological profile of a specific preparation (blk. 333) of fulvic and humic acids derived from a lignite deposit in Alberta, Canada and found it to lack genotoxic potential in a bacterial reverse mutation test, in vitro mammalian chromosomal aberration test, and in vivo mammalian micronucleus test. No general or organ toxicity was observed in Wistar rats following 90 days of continuous exposure, and a no observed adverse effect level (NOEAL) was determined at 2000 mg/kg bw/day, the highest tested dose. Our results suggest the feasibility of further evaluation for development of the preparation as a nutritional supplement in food.
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Key Words
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- CDFA, California Department of Food and Agricultural
- Cl-HA, chlorinated humic acid
- DME, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FA, fulvic acid
- FOB, functional observation battery
- Fulvic acid
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- HA, humic acid
- Humic acid
- MPCE, micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes
- NOAEL
- NOAEL, no observed adverse effect level
- O3-HA, ozonated humic acid
- O3/Cl2-HA, ozonated and chlorinated humic acid
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- S9, post mitochondrial supernatant S9-mix Phenobarbital/β-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver S9 metabolic activation system
- SCE, sister chromatid exchange
- SD, Sprague-Dawley
- SOP, standard operating procedure
- SPF, specific pathogen-free
- Safety
- TG, test guideline
- TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone
- Toxicity
- blk. 333
- fT4, free thyroxine
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Murbach
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Róbert Glávits
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary
| | - John R Endres
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Amy E Clewell
- AIBMR Life Sciences, Inc., 1425 Broadway, Suite 458, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Gábor Hirka
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Berlini utca 47-49, H-1045 Budapest, Hungary.,Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230 Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Adél Vértesi
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230 Balatonfüred, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Béres
- Toxi-Coop Zrt., Arácsi út 97, 8230 Balatonfüred, Hungary
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Ebbo AA, Sani D, Suleiman MM, Ahmad A, Hassan AZ. Acute and sub-chronic toxicity evaluation of the crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae) and its fractions. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:1138-44. [PMID: 32983901 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral toxicity effect of crude methanolic extract (CMX) of Diospyros mespiliformis hochst ex a. Dc (ebenaceae) was studied. Crude methanolic extract of D. mespiliformis has an LD50 higher than 5 g/kg post oral treatment in rats, thus relatively safe. The leaf and bark ethyl acetate fractions of D. mespiliformis were relatively safe post 28-days repeated treatment in rats.
Diospyros mespiliformis, commonly called Jackal berry or African ebony, belongs to the plant family, Ebenaceae. The roots, barks and leaves have been used traditionally to treat wide varieties of conditions, however, there is limited information and literature reports concerning the toxicity and safety of this plant. The present study was conducted to evaluate the acute and sub-chronic toxicity of the crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis and its fraction in Wistar rats. Diospyros mespiliformis was extracted by methanol 96 %. The crude methanolic extract was then fractionated into low, average and high polar compounds using hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol respectively. For the acute toxicity study, the revised limit Dose Test of “Up and Down” procedure according to the OECD guideline was used to determine the median lethal dose (LD50) of the crude methanolic leaf and bark extracts using a single fixed dose (5 g/kg) of the extracts administered by oral-gavage sequentially to 5 female Wistar rats. The rats were observed for instant death and toxicity signs for 24 h and then daily for 14 days. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, the bark and leaf ethyl acetate fractions (extract) was administered orally at doses of 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg bw /day respectively for 28 days to healthy Wistar rats. At the end of the experimental period, body weight, certain haematological, serum biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated. Results showed that acute oral administration of crude methanolic extract of Diospyros mespiliformis (5 g/kg bw) produced neither mortality nor visible changes in behavior or any other physiological activities and indicated that the LD50 of crude methanolic leaf and bark extract was greater than 5 g/kg bw in Wistar Rats. In the 28-days repeated dose oral toxicity study, no significant toxic effects was detected in any of the parameters evaluated. In conclusion, the crude methanolic extract was found safe in the acute toxicity study and the ethyl acetate fraction of Diospyros mespiliformis in the sub chronic study in rats could be safe for therapeutic purposes over a period not exceeding 28 days.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- DW, Distilled water
- Diospyros mespiliformis
- EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Ethyl acetate
- HEL, H and E haematoxylin and eosin
- K+, potassium
- LD50, median lethal dose
- MCH, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- MCHC, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
- MCV, Mean corpuscular volume
- Median lethal dose
- NC, normal control
- Na+, sodium
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PCV, Packed cell volume
- RBC, Red blood cells
- Repeated dose toxicity
- SEM, standard error of mean
- TB, Total bilirubin
- TC, Total cholesterol
- UDP, Up and Down” Procedure
- UDU, Usmanu Danfodiyo University
- WBC, White blood cells
- WHO, world health organization
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Geerlofs L, He Z, Xiao S, Xiao ZC. Repeated dose (90 days) oral toxicity study of ursolic acid in Han-Wistar rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:610-623. [PMID: 32435599 PMCID: PMC7229404 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ursolic acid was administered at a dose of 100, 300 or 1000 mg/kg/day. No Ursolic acid related effects were found after administrating orally for 90 days. The no observed adverse effect level is likely to be higher than 1000 mg/kg/day.
Background Ursolic acid (UA) has been used in alternative medicine for decades, and there has been a great interest in its medicinal properties. Despite this increased interest, a detailed long-term toxicity study has not been performed. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term toxic effect of UA on clinical chemistry, haematology, coagulation, pathology/morphology, behaviour and motor skills in rats. Methods A solution was made by dissolving UA in a mixture of 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose in Milli-Q Water. The control group received the vehicle, and the test groups received a dose up to 1000 mg/kg/day via oral gavage. The solution was administered to both male and female (Han-Wistar) rats for 90 consecutive days. Results UA did not cause any deaths, abnormal body weights or abnormal pathology at all test doses. In addition to that, no toxicological changes were observed in behaviour, neurotoxicity, coagulation, haematology or clinical chemistry that are related to the administration of UA. Conclusion This study indicates that oral dosing of UA for 90 consecutive days does not lead to toxic effects at any of the doses. Therefore, the NOAEL for UA is likely to be higher than 1000 mg/kg/day.
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Key Words
- 90 days
- A/G, Albumin/globulin ratio
- ALB, Albumin
- ALP, Alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time
- AST, Aspartate aminotransferase
- BASO, Basophils
- CA, Calcium
- CHOL, Cholesterol
- CK, Creatine kinase
- CL, Chloride
- CREAT, Creatine
- EOS, Eosinophils
- FIB, Fibrogen
- GGT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase
- GLOB, Globulin
- GLUC, Glucose
- HGB, Haemoglobin
- HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- HPMC, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- K, Potassium
- LUC, Large unstained cells percent
- LYMPH, Lymphocytes
- MCH, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- MCHC, Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration
- MCV, Mean corpuscular volume
- MONO, Monocytes percent
- N.V.L, No visible lesions
- NA, Sodium
- NEUT, Neutrophils percent
- NOEL, No observed effect level
- No observed adverse effect level
- OA, Oleanonic acid
- OECD
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PHOS, Inorganic phosphate
- PLT, Platelet count
- PT, Prothrombin time
- RBC, Red blood cell count
- RDWG, Red blood cell distribution width gated
- RETIC, Reticulocytes
- Repeated dose toxicity
- TBIL, Total bilirubin
- TPROT, Total protein
- TRIG, Triglycerides
- UA, Ursolic acid
- Ursolic acid
- WBC, White blood cell count
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Geerlofs
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.,iRiccorgpharm Health Pty Ltd, Melbourne, 3168, Australia
| | - Zhiyong He
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.,iRiccorgpharm Health Pty Ltd, Melbourne, 3168, Australia
| | - Sa Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.,iRiccorgpharm Health Pty Ltd, Melbourne, 3168, Australia
| | - Zhi-Cheng Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.,iRiccorgpharm Health Pty Ltd, Melbourne, 3168, Australia
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Afantitis A, Melagraki G, Isigonis P, Tsoumanis A, Varsou DD, Valsami-Jones E, Papadiamantis A, Ellis LJA, Sarimveis H, Doganis P, Karatzas P, Tsiros P, Liampa I, Lobaskin V, Greco D, Serra A, Kinaret PAS, Saarimäki LA, Grafström R, Kohonen P, Nymark P, Willighagen E, Puzyn T, Rybinska-Fryca A, Lyubartsev A, Alstrup Jensen K, Brandenburg JG, Lofts S, Svendsen C, Harrison S, Maier D, Tamm K, Jänes J, Sikk L, Dusinska M, Longhin E, Rundén-Pran E, Mariussen E, El Yamani N, Unger W, Radnik J, Tropsha A, Cohen Y, Leszczynski J, Ogilvie Hendren C, Wiesner M, Winkler D, Suzuki N, Yoon TH, Choi JS, Sanabria N, Gulumian M, Lynch I. NanoSolveIT Project: Driving nanoinformatics research to develop innovative and integrated tools for in silico nanosafety assessment. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:583-602. [PMID: 32226594 PMCID: PMC7090366 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has enabled the discovery of a multitude of novel materials exhibiting unique physicochemical (PChem) properties compared to their bulk analogues. These properties have led to a rapidly increasing range of commercial applications; this, however, may come at a cost, if an association to long-term health and environmental risks is discovered or even just perceived. Many nanomaterials (NMs) have not yet had their potential adverse biological effects fully assessed, due to costs and time constraints associated with the experimental assessment, frequently involving animals. Here, the available NM libraries are analyzed for their suitability for integration with novel nanoinformatics approaches and for the development of NM specific Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) for human and environmental risk assessment, all within the NanoSolveIT cloud-platform. These established and well-characterized NM libraries (e.g. NanoMILE, NanoSolutions, NANoREG, NanoFASE, caLIBRAte, NanoTEST and the Nanomaterial Registry (>2000 NMs)) contain physicochemical characterization data as well as data for several relevant biological endpoints, assessed in part using harmonized Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) methods and test guidelines. Integration of such extensive NM information sources with the latest nanoinformatics methods will allow NanoSolveIT to model the relationships between NM structure (morphology), properties and their adverse effects and to predict the effects of other NMs for which less data is available. The project specifically addresses the needs of regulatory agencies and industry to effectively and rapidly evaluate the exposure, NM hazard and risk from nanomaterials and nano-enabled products, enabling implementation of computational 'safe-by-design' approaches to facilitate NM commercialization.
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Key Words
- (quantitative) Structure–activity relationships
- AI, Artificial Intelligence
- AOPs, Adverse Outcome Pathways
- API, Application Programming interface
- CG, coarse-grained (model)
- CNTs, carbon nanotubes
- Computational toxicology
- Engineered nanomaterials
- FAIR, Findable Accessible Inter-operable and Re-usable
- GUI, Graphical Processing Unit
- HOMO-LUMO, Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital
- Hazard assessment
- IATA, Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment
- Integrated approach for testing and assessment
- KE, key events
- MIE, molecular initiating events
- ML, machine learning
- MOA, mechanism (mode) of action
- MWCNT, multi-walled carbon nanotubes
- Machine learning
- NMs, nanomaterials
- Nanoinformatics
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PBPK, Physiologically Based PharmacoKinetics
- PC, Protein Corona
- PChem, Physicochemical
- PTGS, Predictive Toxicogenomics Space
- Predictive modelling
- QC, quantum-chemical
- QM, quantum-mechanical
- QSAR, quantitative structure-activity relationship
- QSPR, quantitative structure-property relationship
- RA, risk assessment
- REST, Representational State Transfer
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Read across
- SAR, structure-activity relationship
- SMILES, Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System
- SOPs, standard operating procedures
- Safe-by-design
- Toxicogenomics
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Anastasios Papadiamantis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura-Jayne A. Ellis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
| | - Haralambos Sarimveis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Philip Doganis
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis Karatzas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Periklis Tsiros
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene Liampa
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Vladimir Lobaskin
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dario Greco
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | - Angela Serra
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, FI-33014, Finland
| | | | | | - Roland Grafström
- Misvik Biology OY, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pekka Kohonen
- Misvik Biology OY, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Penny Nymark
- Misvik Biology OY, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Karolinska Institute, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nobels väg 13, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egon Willighagen
- Department of Bioinformatics – BiGCaT, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomasz Puzyn
- QSAR Lab Ltd., Aleja Grunwaldzka 190/102, 80-266 Gdansk, Poland
- University of Gdansk, Faculty of Chemistry, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdansk, Poland
| | | | - Alexander Lyubartsev
- Institutionen för material- och miljökemi, Stockholms Universitet, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- The National Research Center for the Work Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Gerit Brandenburg
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Germany
- Chief Digital Organization, Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephen Lofts
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Claus Svendsen
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Bldg, Benson Ln, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Samuel Harrison
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Library Ave, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Dieter Maier
- Biomax Informatics AG, Robert-Koch-Str. 2, 82152 Planegg, Germany
| | - Kaido Tamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jänes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Lauri Sikk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ülikooli 18, 50090 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maria Dusinska
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Eleonora Longhin
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Espen Mariussen
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Instituttveien 18, 2002 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Wolfgang Unger
- Federal Institute for Material Testing and Research (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Radnik
- Federal Institute for Material Testing and Research (BAM), Unter den Eichen 44-46, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Tropsha
- Eschelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 100K Beard Hall, CB# 7568, Chapel Hill, NC 27955-7568, USA
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Samueli School Of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 5531 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jerzy Leszczynski
- Interdisciplinary Nanotoxicity Center, Jackson State University, 1400 J. R. Lynch Street, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
| | - Christine Ogilvie Hendren
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnologies, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - Mark Wiesner
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnologies, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - David Winkler
- La Trobe Institute of Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Plenty Rd & Kingsbury Dr, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Australia
- CSIRO Data61, Clayton 3168, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0053, Japan
| | - Tae Hyun Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Sik Choi
- Institute of Next Generation Material Design, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Natasha Sanabria
- National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
| | - Mary Gulumian
- National Health Laboratory Services, 1 Modderfontein Rd, Sandringham, Johannesburg 2192, South Africa
- Haematology and Molecular Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT Birmingham, UK
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Ong KJ, Ede JD, Pomeroy-Carter CA, Sayes CM, Mulenos MR, Shatkin JA. A 90-day dietary study with fibrillated cellulose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:174-182. [PMID: 32021807 PMCID: PMC6994281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel forms of fibrillated cellulose offer improved attributes for use in foods. Conventional cellulose and many of its derivatives are already widely used as food additives and are authorized as safe for use in foods in many countries. However, novel forms have not yet been thoroughly investigated using standardized testing methods. This study assesses the 90-day dietary toxicity of fibrillated cellulose, as compared to a conventional cellulose, Solka Floc. Sprague Dawley rats were fed 2 %, 3 %, or 4 % fibrillated cellulose for 90 consecutive days, and parallel Solka Floc groups were used as controls. Survival, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic evaluations, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, post-mortem anatomic pathology, and histopathology were monitored and performed. No adverse observations were noted in relation to the administration of fibrillated cellulose. Under the conditions of this study and based on the toxicological endpoints evaluated, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for fibrillated cellulose was 2194.2 mg/kg/day (males) and 2666.6 mg/kg/day (females), corresponding to the highest dose tested (4 %) for male and female Sprague Dawley rats. These results demonstrate that fibrillated cellulose behaves similarly to conventional cellulose and raises no safety concerns when used as a food ingredient at these concentrations.
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Key Words
- % RET, percent reticulocyte
- 90-day subchronic study
- ABAS, absolute basophil
- AEOS, absolute eosinophil
- ALB, albumin
- ALKP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ALUC, absolute large unstained cell
- ALYM, absolute lymphocyte
- AMON, absolute monocyte
- ANEU, absolute neutrophil
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- ARET, absolute reticulocyte
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, urea nitrogen
- CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service
- CHOL, cholesterol
- CREAT, creatinine
- Cellulose
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDXS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Fibrillated cellulose
- GLOB, globulin
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- GLU, glucose
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBG, hemoglobin
- HCT, hematocrit
- MCH, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean corpuscular cell volume
- NOAEL
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- OECD 408
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Oral exposure
- PLT, platelet count
- RBC, red blood cell count
- RDW, red cell distribution width
- SCOGS, Select Committee on GRAS Substances
- SDH, sorbitol dehydrogenase
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- TBA, total bile acids
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TEMPO, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyloxyl
- TP, total protein
- TRIG, triglycerides
- WBC, white blood cell count
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, United States
| | | | - Christie M. Sayes
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
| | - Marina R. Mulenos
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
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Niederberger K, Dahms I, Broschard T, Boehni R, Moser R. Safety evaluation of calcium L-methylfolate. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1018-1030. [PMID: 31673504 PMCID: PMC6816227 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium L-methylfolate (L-5-MTHF-Ca; CAS Number 151533-22-1) is a source of folate and an alternative to folic acid for use in human food and food supplements. The safety of L-5-MTHF-Ca was evaluated by testing for genotoxicity, subchronic and prenatal developmental toxicity. In in vitro assays L-5-MTHF-Ca was not mutagenic and did not induce other chromosomal events. Additionally, L-5-MTHF-Ca was not genotoxic in the in vivo micronucleus test nor did it induce DNA damage in rat liver cells. In a subchronic toxicity study, rats administered up to 400 mg/kg bw/day of L-5-MTHF-Ca via oral gavage for 13 weeks had no treatment-related mortalities, and no treatment-related effects were identified on behaviour, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, haematology, or organ weights. No treatment-related macroscopic or histopathological findings were observed. Calcium and sodium levels increased with increasing dosage, however the slight increases were within historical control ranges and reversible after the recovery period. L-5-MTHF-Ca is neither teratogenic nor embryotoxic. Based on the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, the safe use of L-5-MTHF-Ca as an ingredient in foods is supported. The no observed adverse effect level was the highest dose in the subchronic toxicity study, i.e. 400 mg/kg bw/day for male and female rats.
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Key Words
- 5-MTHF, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BaP, benzo[a]pyrene
- Calcium L-methylfolate
- Developmental toxicity
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- GD, gestation day
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- Genotoxicity
- HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- L-5-MTHF-Ca
- L-5-MTHF-Ca, calcium L-methylfolate
- MTT, 3-[45-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenylbromide
- NNG, net grains/nucleus
- NOAEL, No Observed Adverse Effect Level
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- TFT, 5-trifluorothymidine
- Toxicity
- USP, United States Pharmacopeia
- WE-I, Williams E medium-Incomplete
- bw, body weight
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Dahms
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - T.H. Broschard
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R. Boehni
- Merck & Cie, Im Laternenacker 5, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - R. Moser
- Merck & Cie, Im Laternenacker 5, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
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Mamoulakis C, Fragkiadoulaki I, Karkala P, Georgiadis G, Zisis IE, Stivaktakis P, Kalogeraki A, Tsiaoussis I, Burykina T, Lazopoulos G, Tsarouhas K, Kouretas D, Tsatsakis A. Contrast-induced nephropathy in an animal model: Evaluation of novel biomarkers in blood and tissue samples. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:395-400. [PMID: 31080747 PMCID: PMC6506864 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of novel biomarkers of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) that may more accurately detect renal function changes; reflect kidney damage; assist monitoring; and elucidate pathophysiology attract considerable scientific attention nowadays. To evaluate novel biomarkers of nephrotoxicity in blood/tissue samples of a CIN model, 10 New Zealand white rabbits were divided into group 1 (n = 5; iopromide) and group 2 (n = 5; control). Blood was drawn at 0 h (immediately), 24 h and 48 h after contrast medium (CM) administration. Animals were euthanized at 48 h and kidneys were removed. Serum creatinine (sCr)/symmetric-asymmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA-ADMA) levels were measured. CM genotoxic/cytotoxic effect was investigated 48 h post-CM exposure using micronucleus assay in lymphocytes. Cytological examination was conducted using touch preparation technique (TPT). All animals in group 1 developed CIN: mean sCr levels increased by 68.2% within 48 h. Significant SDMA-ADMA level elevation was observed at 0 h and 24 h with insignificant drop at 48 h in group 1, remaining normal in group 2 at all time-points. Significant increase in bi-nucleated cells with micronuclei and micronuclei frequency was detected in group 1. Cytokinesis block proliferation index was reduced insignificantly in group 1. TPT revealed degenerative lesions/inflammation, cell degeneration, abnormal uterine tubular casts and rubella in kidneys of all animals in group 1. Group 2 presented normal cells.
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Key Words
- ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine
- AKI, acute kidney injury
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- ARRIVE, animal research: reporting of in vivo experiments
- AVMA, American Veterinary Medical Association
- Animal
- Asymmetric dimethylarginine
- BNMN, Bi-nucleated cells with micronuclei
- CBPI, cytokinesis block proliferation index
- CIN, contrast-induced nephropathy
- CKD, chronic kidney disease
- CM, contrast medium
- Contrast media
- ESI, electrospray ionization
- GFR, glomerular filtration rate
- Iopromide
- KIM-1, kidney injury molecule-1
- Kidney
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
- MN, micronuclei
- Models
- NGAL, meutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin
- NO, nitric oxide
- Nephropathy
- Nephrotoxicity
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- RBF, renal blood flow
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SCR, serum creatinine
- SD, standard deviation
- SDMA, symmetric dimethylarginine
- Symmetric dimethylarginine
- TPT, touch preparation technique
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Affiliation(s)
- Charalampos Mamoulakis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Irene Fragkiadoulaki
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Phaedra Karkala
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Georgios Georgiadis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis-Erineos Zisis
- Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Polychronis Stivaktakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
| | - Alexandra Kalogeraki
- Department of Pathology-Cytopathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Tatyana Burykina
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - George Lazopoulos
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete, Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Dimitrios Kouretas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 41500, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003, Greece
- Department of Analytical and Forensic Medical Toxicology, Sechenov University, 2-4 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya st., 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Blair A, Siddiqi A, Frank J. Canadian report card on health equity across the life-course: Analysis of time trends and cross-national comparisons with the United Kingdom. SSM Popul Health 2018; 6:158-68. [PMID: 30302366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Addressing social determinants of health (SDoH) has been acknowledged as an essential objective for the promotion of both population health and health equity. Extant literature has identified seven potential areas of investment to address SDoH: investments in sexual and reproductive health and family planning, early learning and child care, education, universal health care, as well as investments to reduce child poverty, ensure sustainable economic development, and control health hazards. The aim of this paper is to produce a ‘report card’ on Canada’s success in reducing socioeconomic and health inequities pertaining to these seven policy domains, and to assess how Canadian trends compare to those in the United Kingdom (UK), a country with a similar health and welfare system. Summarising evidence from published studies and national statistics, we found that Canada’s best successes were in reducing socioeconomic inequalities in early learning and child care and reproductive health—specifically in improving equity in maternal employment and infant mortality. Comparative data suggest that Canada’s outcomes in the latter areas were like those in the UK. In contrast, Canada’s least promising equity outcomes were in relation to health hazard control (specifically, tobacco) and child poverty. Though Canada and the UK observed similar inequities in smoking, Canada’s slow upward trend in child poverty prevalence is distinct from the UK’s small but steady reduction of child poverty. This divergence from the UK’s trends indicates that alternative investment types and levels may be needed in Canada to achieve similar outcomes to those in the UK. We summarize trends in health equity in Canada and compare Canadian trends to those in the United Kingdom (UK). Trends were assessed according to seven previously-identified domains of societal-level investments. Canada’s best improvements were in early learning and care and reproductive health. Trends were similar to those in the UK. Canadian equity trends in employment and universal health care were stable, and outperformed by those in the UK. Canada’s least promising trends were in smoking and child poverty. Unlike in the UK, child poverty has increaesd in Canada.
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Key Words
- CANSIM, Canadian Socio-Economic Information Management System
- CCS, Canadian Cancer Society
- CIHI, Canadian Institute for Health Information
- Canada
- ECEC, Early childhood education and child care
- GDP, Gross domestic product
- Health and social policy
- Health equity
- Lifecourse epidemiology
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- ONS, Office for National Statistics
- Public health
- SDoH, Social determinants of health
- UK, United Kingdom
- United Kingdom
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Du X, Khamitova A, Kyhlstedt M, Sun S, Sengoelge M. Utilisation of real-world data from heart failure registries in OECD countries - A systematic review. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc 2018; 19:90-97. [PMID: 29955668 PMCID: PMC6020857 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure represents a major public health issue that impacts 26 million people globally. Currently, real-world data represents a key instrument for providing the verification of both internal and external validity, yet there is still a lack of understanding regarding its scope in complementing evidence of treatments for heart failure. This study aims to increase understanding of the utilisation of real-word data from heart failure registries in Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries. METHOD This was a systematic review of existing observational studies from heart failure registries in 35 OECD member countries. Studies from 2000 to March 2017 were identified through electronic databases (MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE, Web of Science Core Collection, CINAHL (Ebsco), Cochrane CENTRAL) and appraised according to eligibility criteria. RESULTS Two-hundred and two studies met the inclusion criteria, in which the majority were published from 2013 to 2016. All 202 studies were observational, among which 98% were cohort studies (198). The median sample size of all studies was 5152 (2417 to 32,890) and median study period 55 months (33.0 to 72.0). Swedish heart failure registry had the most publications (24, 12%). CONCLUSION Since 2000 there has been an upward trend in the number of published observational studies on heart failure registries in OECD countries with increasingly diverse outcomes and advanced statistical methods to improve their validity and reliability. This indicates that the utilisation of real-world data has experienced a significant upsurge in complementing the findings of clinical trials for improved research of heart failure treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Du
- Department of Learning, Information, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adina Khamitova
- Department of Learning, Information, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sun Sun
- Department of Learning, Information, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Synergus AB, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Epidemiology and Global Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Mathilde Sengoelge
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Bartholomaeus A, Batista JC, Burachik M, Parrott W. Recommendations from the workshop on Comparative Approaches to Safety Assessment of GM Plant Materials: A road toward harmonized criteria? GM Crops Food 2016; 6:69-79. [PMID: 25706477 PMCID: PMC5033214 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2015.1011886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An international meeting of genetically modified (GM) food safety assessors from the main importing and exporting countries from Asia and the Americas was held in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between June 26th and 28th, 2013. Participants shared their evaluation approaches, identified similarities and challenges, and used their experience to propose areas for future work. Recommendations for improving risk assessment procedures and avenues for future collaboration were also discussed. The deliberations of the meeting were also supported by a survey of participants which canvassed risk assessment approaches across the regions from which participants came. This project was initiated by Argentine Agri-Food Health and Quality National Service (SENASA, Ministry of Agriculture, Argentina), with the support of the International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) and other partner institutions. The importance of making all possible efforts toward more integrated and harmonized regulatory oversight for GM organisms (GMOs) was strongly emphasized. This exercise showed that such harmonization is a feasible goal that would contribute to sustain a fluid trade of commodities and ultimately enhance food security. Before this can be achieved, key issues identified in this meeting will have to be addressed in the near future to enable regulatory collaboration or joint work. The authors propose that the recommendations coming out of the meeting should be used as a basis for continuing work, follow up discussions and concrete actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bartholomaeus
- a School of Pharmacy; University of Canberra; Canberra, Australia & Therapeutic Research Centre; School of Medicine; University of Queensland ; Brisbane , Queensland , Australia
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Baktavachalam GB, Delaney B, Fisher TL, Ladics GS, Layton RJ, Locke ME, Schmidt J, Anderson JA, Weber NN, Herman RA, Evans SL. Transgenic maize event TC1507: Global status of food, feed, and environmental safety. GM Crops Food 2016; 6:80-102. [PMID: 26018138 PMCID: PMC5033190 DOI: 10.1080/21645698.2015.1054093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays) is a widely cultivated cereal that has been safely consumed by humans and animals for centuries. Transgenic or genetically engineered insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize, are commercially grown on a broad scale. Event TC1507 (OECD unique identifier: DAS-Ø15Ø7–1) or the Herculex®# I trait, an insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize expressing Cry1F and PAT proteins, has been registered for commercial cultivation in the US since 2001. A science-based safety assessment was conducted on TC1507 prior to commercialization. The safety assessment addressed allergenicity; acute oral toxicity; subchronic toxicity; substantial equivalence with conventional comparators, as well as environmental impact. Results from biochemical, physicochemical, and in silico investigations supported the conclusion that Cry1F and PAT proteins are unlikely to be either allergenic or toxic to humans. Also, findings from toxicological and animal feeding studies supported that maize with TC1507 is as safe and nutritious as conventional maize. Maize with TC1507 is not expected to behave differently than conventional maize in terms of its potential for invasiveness, gene flow to wild and weedy relatives, or impact on non-target organisms. These safety conclusions regarding TC1507 were acknowledged by over 20 regulatory agencies including United States Environment Protection Agency (US EPA), US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) before authorizing cultivation and/or food and feed uses. A comprehensive review of the safety studies on TC1507, as well as some benefits, are presented here to serve as a reference for regulatory agencies and decision makers in other countries where authorization of TC1507 is or will be pursued.
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Key Words
- Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis
- CFIA, Canadian Food Inspection Agency
- CTNBio, Comissão Técnica Nacional de Biossegurança
- Cry, crystalline
- Cry1F
- DA-BPI, Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Plant Industry
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERA, environmental risk assessment
- EU, European Union
- FAO, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FFP, food, feed, and processing
- FSANZ, Food Standards Australia New Zealand
- GAIN, Global Agricultural Information Network
- GE maize
- GE, genetically engineered
- HGT, horizontal gene transfer
- ISAAA, International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
- LD50, median lethal dose
- NCGA, National Corn Growers Association
- NTOs, non-target organisms
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PAT, phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- SDS-PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SE, Substantial Equivalence
- SGF, simulated gastric fluid
- TC1507
- US EPA, United States Environment Protection Agency
- USDA APHIS, US Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
- WHO, World Health Organization
- aa, amino acid
- environmental safety
- food and feed safety
- global authorizations
- nptII, neomycin phosphotransferase II
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Briggs K, Barber C, Cases M, Marc P, Steger-Hartmann T. Value of shared preclinical safety studies - The eTOX database. Toxicol Rep 2014; 2:210-221. [PMID: 28962354 PMCID: PMC5598263 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
First analysis of the eTOX database for 1214 drugs or drug candidates. Shared data mainly from short term <20 days preclinical studies in rat via oral route. Identified the most frequent treatment related findings. Evaluated predictivity of clinical chemistry biomarkers. Present a first use case of the database during early drug development.
A first analysis of a database of shared preclinical safety data for 1214 small molecule drugs and drug candidates extracted from 3970 reports donated by thirteen pharmaceutical companies for the eTOX project (www.etoxproject.eu) is presented. Species, duration of exposure and administration route data were analysed to assess if large enough subsets of homogenous data are available for building in silico predictive models. Prevalence of treatment related effects for the different types of findings recorded were analysed. The eTOX ontology was used to determine the most common treatment-related clinical chemistry and histopathology findings reported in the database. The data were then mined to evaluate sensitivity of established in vivo biomarkers for liver toxicity risk assessment. The value of the database to inform other drug development projects during early drug development is illustrated by a case study.
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Key Words
- ALP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Biomarkers
- CDISC, Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium
- CRO, contract research organisation
- DILI, drug induced liver injury
- Data mining
- Data sharing
- EFPIA, European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations
- FN, false negative
- FP, false positive
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- ICH, International Conference on Harmonisation
- IMI, Innovative Medicines Initiative
- INHAND, International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria
- IT, information technology
- MCC, Matthews correlation coefficient
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Ontology
- PDF, Portable Document Format
- PDF/A, ISO-standardized version of PDF specialized for the digital preservation of electronic documents.
- QA, quality assurance
- SEND, Standard for Exchange of Nonclinical Data
- SME, small-to-medium enterprise
- TN, true negative
- TP, true positive
- Toxicology
- ULN, upper limit of normal
- eTOX, integrating bioinformatics and chemoinformatics approaches for the development of expert systems allowing the in silico prediction of toxicities
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Briggs
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Barber
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Montserrat Cases
- Research Programme on Biomedical Informatics (GRIB), Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/Dr Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philippe Marc
- PreClinical Safety, Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Klybeckstrasse 141, CH-4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Steger-Hartmann
- Bayer Pharma AG, Bayer HealthCare, Investigational Toxicology, Müllerstrasse 178, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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Nakai M, Tsubokura M, Suzuki M, Fujishima S, Watanabe Y, Hasegawa Y, Oyama K, Ogura S. Genotoxicity of styrene oligomers extracted from polystyrene intended for use in contact with food. Toxicol Rep 2014; 1:1175-1180. [PMID: 28962327 PMCID: PMC5598101 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the genotoxicity of styrene oligomers extracted from polystyrene intended for use in contact with food. Compared with 50% ethanol, acetone extracted a far greater amount of styrene dimers and trimers from polystyrene. Ames tests and an in vitro chromosomal aberration test were negative. The risk of the genotoxicity of styrene oligomers migrated from polystyrene food packaging into food is likely very low.
Here, we conducted in vitro genotoxicity tests to evaluate the genotoxicity of styrene oligomers extracted from polystyrene intended for use in contact with food. Styrene oligomers were extracted with acetone and the extract was subjected to the Ames test (OECD test guideline No. 471) and the in vitro chromosomal aberration test (OECD test guideline No. 473) under good laboratory practice conditions. The concentrations of styrene dimers and trimers in the concentrated extract were 540 and 13,431 ppm, respectively. Extraction with acetone provided markedly higher concentrations of styrene oligomers compared with extraction with 50% ethanol aqueous solution, which is the food simulant currently recommended for use in safety assessments of polystyrene by both the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Food Safety Authority. And these high concentrations of styrene dimers and trimers were utilized for the evaluation of genotoxicity in vitro. Ames tests using five bacterial tester strains were negative both in the presence or absence of metabolic activation. The in vitro chromosomal aberration test using Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU) was also negative. Together, these results suggest that the risk of the genotoxicity of styrene oligomers that migrate from polystyrene food packaging into food is very low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakai
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Mifumi Tsubokura
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Masaru Suzuki
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Saori Fujishima
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoichi Watanabe
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Kurume, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yu Hasegawa
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Kurume, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oyama
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Kurume, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shozo Ogura
- Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Japan, CERI Hita, Hita-shi, Oita, Japan
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