1
|
Fraga S, Domingues Nasário F, Gonçalves D, Antonio Cabral F, José Maximo G, José de Almeida Meirelles A, Jocelyne Marsaioli A, Araujo Sampaio K. Caferana seeds ( Bunchosia glandulifera) as a new source of nutrients: Evaluation of the proximal composition, solvent extraction, bioactive compounds, and δ-lactam isolation. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100161. [PMID: 34877526 PMCID: PMC8633560 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Caferana seeds powder is a promising raw material for nutraceutical products. There were found 9 essential amino acids and high levels of protein and carbohydrates. 10 compounds were identified in the volatile profile. The lyophilized caferana seeds flour was subjected to solvent extraction. Extracts contained phenolic compounds, caffeine, and δ-lactam.
The proximal composition, amino acid, carbohydrate, and volatile profiles of caferana (Bunchosia glandulifera) seeds flour were here assessed. Seeds were also subjected to the following extraction processes: one with pressurized ethanol (PLE) and two with ethanol + supercritical CO2 mixture at different temperatures and pressures (SC1 and SC2). Extracts were characterized in terms of caffeine, total phenolic, and δ-lactam. The characterization of caferana seed and its extracts is unprecedented in terms of carbohydrate and volatiles profiles, besides the δ-lactam identification/isolation. SC2 extract exhibited a higher caffeine (9.3 mg/g) and δ-lactam (29.4 mg/g) content, whereas the PLE extract contained a higher total phenolic amount (3.0 mgGAE/g). Caferana is regionally associated to protective effects on mental health. Its byproduct (seed) revealed to be a promising source of bioactive compounds, and a potential raw material of nutritive extracts and flours that can be incorporated into pharmaceutical, nutraceutical, cosmetic, and food products.
Collapse
Key Words
- 1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (PubChem CID10935)
- Amino acids
- Arabinose (PubChem CID66308)
- Aspartate (PubChem CID5960)
- CO2, carbon dioxide
- Caffeine
- Caffeine (PubChem CID2519)
- Carbohydrates
- EDTA, ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid
- FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
- Fructose (PubChem CID2723872)
- GAE, gallic acid equivalent
- GC–MS, gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometry
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- Glutamate (PubChem CID33032)
- HPLC, high performance liquid chromatography
- HS-SPME, headspace solid phase microextraction
- Hexanal (PubChem CID6184)
- IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Extraction
- Leucine (PubChem CID6106)
- M%, moisture, in percentage
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PLE, pressurized ethanol extraction (process 3)
- PLE, pressurized liquid extraction
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Phenolic compounds
- SC1, supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol extraction (process 1)
- SC2, supercritical carbon dioxide and ethanol extraction (process 2)
- SFE, supercritical fluid extraction
- ScCO2, supercritical carbon dioxide
- Sorbitol (PubChem CID5780)
- Supercritical extraction
- TPC, total phenolic compounds
- VM%, volatile + moisture content, in percentage
- Volatile compounds
- δ-lactam (PubChem CID6453994)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fraga
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fábio Domingues Nasário
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Josué de Castro St., 13083-861 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniel Gonçalves
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Antonio Cabral
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Guilherme José Maximo
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anita Jocelyne Marsaioli
- Institute of Chemistry (IQ), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 126 Josué de Castro St., 13083-861 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Klicia Araujo Sampaio
- School of Food Engineering (FEA), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 80 Monteiro Lobato St., 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu Q, Chen Z, Paul PK, Lu Y, Wu W, Qi J. Oral delivery of proteins and peptides: Challenges, status quo and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2416-2448. [PMID: 34522593 PMCID: PMC8424290 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides (PPs) have gradually become more attractive therapeutic molecules than small molecular drugs due to their high selectivity and efficacy, but fewer side effects. Owing to the poor stability and limited permeability through gastrointestinal (GI) tract and epithelia, the therapeutic PPs are usually administered by parenteral route. Given the big demand for oral administration in clinical use, a variety of researches focused on developing new technologies to overcome GI barriers of PPs, such as enteric coating, enzyme inhibitors, permeation enhancers, nanoparticles, as well as intestinal microdevices. Some new technologies have been developed under clinical trials and even on the market. This review summarizes the history, the physiological barriers and the overcoming approaches, current clinical and preclinical technologies, and future prospects of oral delivery of PPs.
Collapse
Key Words
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAGR, compound annual growth
- CD, Crohn's disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell penetrating peptide
- CaP, calcium phosphate
- Clinical
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDVAP, desmopressin acetate
- DTPA, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EPD, empirical phase diagrams
- EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance
- Enzyme inhibitor
- FA, folic acid
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FcRn, Fc receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIPET, gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HPMCP, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ILs, ionic liquids
- LBNs, lipid-based nanoparticles
- LMWP, low molecular weight protamine
- MCT-1, monocarborxylate transporter 1
- MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- Oral delivery
- PAA, polyacrylic acid
- PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetics
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCL, polycarprolacton
- PGA, poly-γ-glutamic acid
- PLA, poly(latic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PPs, proteins and peptides
- PVA, poly vinyl alcohol
- Peptides
- Permeation enhancer
- Proteins
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RTILs, room temperature ionic liquids
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SDC, sodium deoxycholate
- SGC, sodium glycocholate
- SGF, simulated gastric fluids
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluids
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNAC, sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
- STC, sodium taurocholate
- Stability
- TAT, trans-activating transcriptional peptide
- TMC, N-trimethyl chitosan
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptors
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UEA1, ulex europaeus agglutinin 1
- VB12, vitamin B12
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- pHPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
- pI, isoelectric point
- sCT, salmon calcitonin
- sc, subcutaneous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Pijush Kumar Paul
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay (University), Mirzanagar Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ong KJ, Ede JD, Pomeroy-Carter CA, Sayes CM, Mulenos MR, Shatkin JA. A 90-day dietary study with fibrillated cellulose in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol Rep 2020; 7:174-182. [PMID: 32021807 PMCID: PMC6994281 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel forms of fibrillated cellulose offer improved attributes for use in foods. Conventional cellulose and many of its derivatives are already widely used as food additives and are authorized as safe for use in foods in many countries. However, novel forms have not yet been thoroughly investigated using standardized testing methods. This study assesses the 90-day dietary toxicity of fibrillated cellulose, as compared to a conventional cellulose, Solka Floc. Sprague Dawley rats were fed 2 %, 3 %, or 4 % fibrillated cellulose for 90 consecutive days, and parallel Solka Floc groups were used as controls. Survival, clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmologic evaluations, hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, post-mortem anatomic pathology, and histopathology were monitored and performed. No adverse observations were noted in relation to the administration of fibrillated cellulose. Under the conditions of this study and based on the toxicological endpoints evaluated, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for fibrillated cellulose was 2194.2 mg/kg/day (males) and 2666.6 mg/kg/day (females), corresponding to the highest dose tested (4 %) for male and female Sprague Dawley rats. These results demonstrate that fibrillated cellulose behaves similarly to conventional cellulose and raises no safety concerns when used as a food ingredient at these concentrations.
Collapse
Key Words
- % RET, percent reticulocyte
- 90-day subchronic study
- ABAS, absolute basophil
- AEOS, absolute eosinophil
- ALB, albumin
- ALKP, alkaline phosphatase
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- ALUC, absolute large unstained cell
- ALYM, absolute lymphocyte
- AMON, absolute monocyte
- ANEU, absolute neutrophil
- ANOVA, one-way analysis of variance
- ARET, absolute reticulocyte
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- BUN, urea nitrogen
- CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service
- CHOL, cholesterol
- CREAT, creatinine
- Cellulose
- DLS, dynamic light scattering
- EDXS, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- Fibrillated cellulose
- GLOB, globulin
- GLP, good laboratory practice
- GLU, glucose
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBG, hemoglobin
- HCT, hematocrit
- MCH, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin
- MCHC, mean corpuscular cell hemoglobin concentration
- MCV, mean corpuscular cell volume
- NOAEL
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect level
- OECD 408
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- Oral exposure
- PLT, platelet count
- RBC, red blood cell count
- RDW, red cell distribution width
- SCOGS, Select Committee on GRAS Substances
- SDH, sorbitol dehydrogenase
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- TBA, total bile acids
- TBIL, total bilirubin
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TEMPO, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyloxyl
- TP, total protein
- TRIG, triglycerides
- WBC, white blood cell count
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James D. Ede
- Vireo Advisors, LLC, Boston, MA 02130-4323, United States
| | | | - Christie M. Sayes
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
| | - Marina R. Mulenos
- Baylor University, Department of Environmental Science, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798- 7266, United States
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Niederberger K, Dahms I, Broschard T, Boehni R, Moser R. Safety evaluation of calcium L-methylfolate. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:1018-1030. [PMID: 31673504 PMCID: PMC6816227 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium L-methylfolate (L-5-MTHF-Ca; CAS Number 151533-22-1) is a source of folate and an alternative to folic acid for use in human food and food supplements. The safety of L-5-MTHF-Ca was evaluated by testing for genotoxicity, subchronic and prenatal developmental toxicity. In in vitro assays L-5-MTHF-Ca was not mutagenic and did not induce other chromosomal events. Additionally, L-5-MTHF-Ca was not genotoxic in the in vivo micronucleus test nor did it induce DNA damage in rat liver cells. In a subchronic toxicity study, rats administered up to 400 mg/kg bw/day of L-5-MTHF-Ca via oral gavage for 13 weeks had no treatment-related mortalities, and no treatment-related effects were identified on behaviour, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, haematology, or organ weights. No treatment-related macroscopic or histopathological findings were observed. Calcium and sodium levels increased with increasing dosage, however the slight increases were within historical control ranges and reversible after the recovery period. L-5-MTHF-Ca is neither teratogenic nor embryotoxic. Based on the results of the in vitro and in vivo studies, the safe use of L-5-MTHF-Ca as an ingredient in foods is supported. The no observed adverse effect level was the highest dose in the subchronic toxicity study, i.e. 400 mg/kg bw/day for male and female rats.
Collapse
Key Words
- 5-MTHF, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
- ANOVA, analysis of variance
- BaP, benzo[a]pyrene
- Calcium L-methylfolate
- Developmental toxicity
- EFSA, European Food Safety Authority
- GD, gestation day
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practice
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- Genotoxicity
- HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- JECFA, Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives
- L-5-MTHF-Ca
- L-5-MTHF-Ca, calcium L-methylfolate
- MTT, 3-[45-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenylbromide
- NNG, net grains/nucleus
- NOAEL, No Observed Adverse Effect Level
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- TFT, 5-trifluorothymidine
- Toxicity
- USP, United States Pharmacopeia
- WE-I, Williams E medium-Incomplete
- bw, body weight
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - I. Dahms
- DSM Nutritional Products, Wurmisweg 576, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - T.H. Broschard
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - R. Boehni
- Merck & Cie, Im Laternenacker 5, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| | - R. Moser
- Merck & Cie, Im Laternenacker 5, 8200, Schaffhausen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
B. Shekhawat P, B. Pokharkar V. Understanding peroral absorption: regulatory aspects and contemporary approaches to tackling solubility and permeability hurdles. Acta Pharm Sin B 2017; 7:260-280. [PMID: 28540164 PMCID: PMC5430883 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral drug absorption is a process influenced by the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical properties of the drug and its inter-relationship with the gastrointestinal tract. Drug solubility, dissolution and permeability across intestinal barrier are the key parameters controlling absorption. This review provides an overview of the factors that affect drug absorption and the classification of a drug on the basis of solubility and permeability. The biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) was introduced in early 90׳s and is a regulatory tool used to predict bioavailability problems associated with a new entity, thereby helping in the development of a drug product. Strategies to combat solubility and permeability issues are also discussed.
Collapse
Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- AP, absorption potential
- API, active pharmaceutical ingredient
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- AZT, azidothymidine
- BA/BE, bioavailability/bioequivalence
- BCRP, breast cancer resistance protein
- BCS
- BCS, biopharmaceutical classification system
- BDDS, biopharmaceutical drug disposition system
- BSP, bromosulfophthalein
- CD, cyclodextrin
- CDER, Centre for Drug Evaluation and Research
- CNT, Na+-dependent concentrative transporter
- CNT, concentrative nucleoside transporter
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- D:S, dose:solubility
- E217G, estradiol 17β-glucuronide
- EMEA, European Medicines Agency
- ENT, equilibrative nucleoside transporter
- FATP, fatty acid transporter protein
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FIP, International Pharmaceutical Federation
- FaSSIF, fasted state simulated intestinal fluid
- Factors affecting absorption
- FeSSIF, fed state simulated intestinal fluid
- Formulation strategies
- GIS, gastrointestinal simulator
- GIT, gastrointestinal tract
- GITA, gastrointestinal transit and absorption
- GLUT, sodium-independent facilitated diffusion transporter
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HIV, human immunodeficiency disease
- HPC-SL, LBDDS, lipid based drug delivery system
- HUGO, Human Genome Organization
- ICH, International Council of Harmonization
- IDR, intrinsic dissolution rate
- IR, immediate release
- ISBT, sodium dependent bile salt transporter
- MCT, monocarboxylate transporter
- MPP, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
- MRP, multidrug resistance associated protein
- NLC, nanostructured lipid carrier
- NME, new molecular entity
- NTCP, sodium-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide
- OAT, organic anion transporter
- OATP, organic anion transporting polypeptide
- OCT, organic cationic transporter
- OCTN, organic cationic/carnitine transporter
- OMM, ordered mesoporous material
- P-gp, P-glycoprotein
- PAH, p-aminohippurate
- PAMPA, parallel artificial membrane permeability assay
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PEI, polyethyleneimine
- PEPT, peptide transporter
- PGA, polyglycolic acid
- PLA, poly(lactic acid)
- PLGA, poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycoside
- PMAT, plasma membrane monoamine transport
- PSA, polar surface area
- PVDF, polyvinylidene difluoride
- Papp, apparent permeability
- Peff, effective permeability
- Permeability
- Psi, porous silicon
- RFC, reduced folate transporter
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SGLT, sodium dependent secondary active transporter
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluid
- SLC, solute carrier
- SLCO, solute carrier organic anion
- SLN, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SMVT, sodium dependent multivitamin transporter
- SPIP, single pass intestinal perfusion
- SUPAC, scale-up and post approval changes
- SVCT, sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter
- Solubility
- TEOS, tetraethylortho silicate
- UWL, unstirred water layer
- VDAD, volume to dissolve applied dose
- WHO, World Health Organization
- pMMA, polymethyl methacrylate
- vit. E TPGS, vitamin E tocopherol polyethylene glycol succinate
Collapse
|
6
|
Karanewsky DS, Arthur AJ, Liu H, Chi B, Ida L, Markison S. Toxicological evaluation of a novel umami flavour compound: 2-(((3-(2,3-Dimethoxyphenyl)-1 H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:501-512. [PMID: 28959573 PMCID: PMC5615911 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A toxicological evaluation of a umami flavour compound, 2-(((3-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl)thio)methyl)pyridine (S3643; CAS 902136-79-2), was completed for the purpose of assessing its safety for use in food and beverage applications. S3643 undergoes extensive oxidative metabolism in vitro with rat microsomes producing the S3643-sulfoxide and 4′-hydroxy-S3643 as the major metabolites. In incubations with human microsomes, the O-demethyl-S3643 and S3643-sulfoxide were produced as the major metabolites. In pharmacokinetic studies in rats, the S3643-sulfoxide represents the dominant biotransformation product. S3643 was not found to be mutagenic or clastogenic in vitro, and did not induce micronuclei in CHO-WBL cells. In subchronic oral toxicity studies in rats, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) for S3643 was 100 mg/kg bw/day (highest dose tested) when administered in the diet for 90 consecutive days.
Collapse
Key Words
- AUC, area under the curve
- CL, plasma clearance
- CYP, cytochrome P450
- Cmax, peak plasma concentration
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FEMA GRAS
- FEMA, Flavour and Extract Manufacturers Association of the United States
- FL-no, FLAVIS number
- GLP, Good Laboratory Practices
- GMP, Good Manufacturing Practices
- GPCR, G-protein-coupled receptor
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- Genetic toxicological evaluation
- HPBL, human peripheral blood lymphocytes
- LC/MS, liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry
- MC, methylcellulose
- MSG, monosodium glutamate
- NOAEL, no-observed-adverse-effect-level
- NOEL, no-observed-effect-level
- OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
- PK, pharmacokinetics
- RCG, Relative Cell Growth
- RMI, Relative Mitotic Index
- S3643
- Subchronic toxicological evaluation
- TK, toxicokinetics
- Tmax, time to reach Cmax
- Umami flavour
- Vss, volume of distribution at steady-state
- amu, atomic mass unit
- t1/2, half-life
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy J Arthur
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Hanghui Liu
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Bert Chi
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Lily Ida
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Stacy Markison
- Senomyx, Inc., 4767 Nexus Centre Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| |
Collapse
|