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Küçükköse E, Baars MJD, Amini M, Schraa SJ, Floor E, Bol GM, Borel Rinkes IHM, Roodhart JML, Koopman M, Laoukili J, Kranenburg O, Vercoulen Y. Stromal localization of inactive CD8 + T cells in metastatic mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2024; 130:213-223. [PMID: 38042958 PMCID: PMC10803761 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The determinants of metastasis in mismatch repair deficiency with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H) in colorectal cancer (CRC) are poorly understood. Here, we hypothesized that distinct immune and stromal microenvironments in primary tumors may discriminate between non-metastatic MSI-H CRC and metastatic MSI-H CRC. METHODS We profiled 46,727 single cells using high-plex imaging mass cytometry and analyzed both differential cell type abundance, and spatial distribution of fibroblasts and immune cells in primary CRC tumors with or without metastatic capacity. We validated our findings in a second independent cohort using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS High-plex imaging mass cytometry and hierarchical clustering based on microenvironmental markers separated primary MSI-H CRC tumors with and without metastatic capacity. Primary tumors with metastatic capacity displayed a high stromal content and low influx of CD8+ T cells, which expressed significantly lower levels of markers reflecting proliferation (Ki67) and antigen-experience (CD45RO) compared to CD8+ T cells in non-metastatic tumors. CD8+ T cells showed intra-epithelial localization in non-metastatic tumors, but stromal localization in metastatic tumors, which was validated in a second cohort. CONCLUSION We conclude that localization of phenotypically distinct CD8+ T cells within stroma may predict metastasis formation in MSI-H CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Küçükköse
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs J D Baars
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mojtaba Amini
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- UCyTOF.nl, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanna J Schraa
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evelien Floor
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guus M Bol
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine M L Roodhart
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Yvonne Vercoulen
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- UCyTOF.nl, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Strating E, Verhagen MP, Wensink E, Dünnebach E, Wijler L, Aranguren I, De la Cruz AS, Peters NA, Hageman JH, van der Net MMC, van Schelven S, Laoukili J, Fodde R, Roodhart J, Nierkens S, Snippert H, Gloerich M, Rinkes IB, Elias SG, Kranenburg O. Co-cultures of colon cancer cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts recapitulate the aggressive features of mesenchymal-like colon cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1053920. [PMID: 37261365 PMCID: PMC10228738 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1053920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Poor prognosis in colon cancer is associated with a high content of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. The relationship between these two features is incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to generate a model system for studying the interaction between cancer cells and CAFs and their effect on immune-related cytokines and T cell proliferation. Methods CAFs were isolated from colon cancer liver metastases and were immortalized to prolong lifespan and improve robustness and reproducibility. Established medium and matrix compositions that support the growth of patient-derived organoids were adapted to also support CAF growth. Changes in growth pattern and cellular re-organization were assessed by confocal microscopy, live cell imaging, and immunofluorescence. Single cell RNA sequencing was used to study CAF/organoid co-culture-induced phenotypic changes in both cell types. Conditioned media were used to quantify the production of immunosuppressive factors and to assess their effect on T cell proliferation. Results We developed a co-culture system in which colon cancer organoids and CAFs spontaneously organize into superstructures with a high capacity to contract and stiffen the extracellular matrix (ECM). CAF-produced collagen IV provided a basement membrane supporting cancer cell organization into glandular structures, reminiscent of human cancer histology. Single cell RNA sequencing analysis showed that CAFs induced a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition in a subpopulation of cancer cells, similar to what is observed in the mesenchymal-like consensus molecular subtype 4 (CMS4) colon cancer. CAFs in co-culture were characterized by high expression of ECM components, ECM-remodeling enzymes, glycolysis, hypoxia, and genes involved in immunosuppression. An expression signature derived from CAFs in co-culture identified a subpopulation of glycolytic myofibroblasts specifically residing in CMS1 and CMS4 colon cancer. Medium conditioned by co-cultures contained high levels of the immunosuppressive factors TGFβ1, VEGFA and lactate, and potently inhibited T cell proliferation. Conclusion Co-cultures of organoids and immortalized CAFs recapitulate the histological, biophysical, and immunosuppressive features of aggressive mesenchymal-like human CRC. The model can be used to study the mechanisms of immunosuppression and to test therapeutic strategies targeting the cross-talk between CAFs and cancer cells. It can be further modified to represent distinct colon cancer subtypes and (organ-specific) microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Strating
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Emerens Wensink
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ester Dünnebach
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liza Wijler
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Itziar Aranguren
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Sanchez De la Cruz
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Niek A. Peters
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Joris H. Hageman
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division LAB, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam M. C. van der Net
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division LAB, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Susanne van Schelven
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Fodde
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeanine Roodhart
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Nierkens
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Hugo Snippert
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division LAB, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Gloerich
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Division LAB, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Inne Borel Rinkes
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G. Elias
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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3
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Küçükköse E, Laoukili J, Gorelick AN, Degner S, Lacle M, van den Bent L, Peters NA, Verheem A, Hung WT, Frenkel NC, Wassenaar E, Lansu N, Lenos KJ, Vermeulen L, Koopman M, Roodhart JML, Kops GJPL, Borel Rinkes IHM, Hagendoorn J, Naxerova K, Kranenburg O. Lymphatic invasion of plakoglobin-dependent tumor cell clusters drives formation of polyclonal lung metastases in colon cancer. Gastroenterology 2023:S0016-5085(23)00256-1. [PMID: 36906044 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Colon cancer patients with liver metastases may be cured by surgery, but the presence of additional lung metastases often precludes curative treatment. Little is known about the processes driving lung metastasis. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms governing lung versus liver metastasis formation. METHODS Patient-derived organoid (PDO) cultures were established from colon tumors with distinct patterns of metastasis. Mouse models recapitulating metastatic organotropism were created by implanting PDOs into the caecum wall. Optical barcoding was applied to trace the origin and clonal composition of liver- and lung-metastases. RNA-sequencing and immunohistochemistry were used to identify candidate-determinants of metastatic organotropism. Genetic, pharmacological, and in-vitro and in-vivo modeling strategies identified essential steps in lung metastasis formation. Validation was performed by analyzing patient-derived tissues. RESULTS Caecum transplantation of three distinct PDOs yielded models with distinct metastatic organotropism: liver-only, lung-only, and liver-and-lung. Liver-metastases were seeded by single cells derived from select clones. Lung-metastases were seeded by polyclonal clusters of tumor cells entering the lymphatic vasculature with very limited clonal selection. Lung-specific metastasis was associated with high expression of desmosome markers, including plakoglobin. Plakoglobin deletion abrogated tumor cell-cluster formation, lymphatic invasion, and lung metastasis formation. Pharmacological inhibition of lymphangiogenesis attenuated lung metastasis formation. Primary human colon, rectum, esophagus, and stomach tumors with lung-metastases had a higher N-stage and more plakoglobin-expressing intra-lymphatic tumor cell-clusters than those without lung-metastases. CONCLUSION Lung and liver metastasis formation are fundamentally distinct processes, with different evolutionary bottlenecks, seeding entities, and anatomical routing. Polyclonal lung-metastases originate from plakoglobin-dependent tumor cell-clusters entering the lymphatic vasculature at the primary tumor site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Küçükköse
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander N Gorelick
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sebastian Degner
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Miangela Lacle
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lotte van den Bent
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Niek A Peters
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - André Verheem
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wei-Ting Hung
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicola C Frenkel
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emma Wassenaar
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nico Lansu
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiaan J Lenos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Vermeulen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanine M L Roodhart
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J P L Kops
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hagendoorn
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kamila Naxerova
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Laboratory Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Küçükköse E, Heesters BA, Villaudy J, Verheem A, Cercel M, van Hal S, Boj SF, Borel Rinkes IHM, Punt CJA, Roodhart JML, Laoukili J, Koopman M, Spits H, Kranenburg O. Modeling resistance of colorectal peritoneal metastases to immune checkpoint blockade in humanized mice. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005345. [PMID: 36543378 PMCID: PMC9772695 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunogenic nature of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) with high microsatellite instability (MSI-H) underlies their responsiveness to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, resistance to ICB is commonly observed, and is associated with the presence of peritoneal-metastases and ascites formation. The mechanisms underlying this site-specific benefit of ICB are unknown. METHODS We created a novel model for spontaneous multiorgan metastasis in MSI-H CRC tumors by transplanting patient-derived organoids (PDO) into the cecum of humanized mice. Anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) ICB treatment effects were analyzed in relation to the immune context of primary tumors, liver metastases, and peritoneal metastases. Immune profiling was performed by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry and single-cell RNA sequencing. The role of B cells was assessed by antibody-mediated depletion. Immunosuppressive cytokine levels (interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)b1, TGFb2, TGFb3) were determined in ascites and serum samples by ELISA. RESULTS PDO-initiated primary tumors spontaneously metastasized to the liver and the peritoneum. Peritoneal-metastasis formation was accompanied by the accumulation of ascites. ICB completely cleared liver metastases and reduced primary tumor mass but had no effect on peritoneal metastases. This mimics clinical observations. After therapy discontinuation, primary tumor masses progressively decreased, but peritoneal metastases displayed unabated growth. Therapy efficacy correlated with the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS)-containing B cells and juxtaposed T cells-and with expression of an interferon-γ signature together with the B cell chemoattractant CXCL13. B cell depletion prevented liver-metastasis clearance by anti-CTLA-4 treatment. Peritoneal metastases were devoid of B cells and TLS, while the T cells in these lesions displayed a dysfunctional phenotype. Ascites samples from patients with cancer with peritoneal metastases and from the mouse model contained significantly higher levels of IL-10, TGFb1, TGFb2 and TGFb3 than serum samples. CONCLUSIONS By combining organoid and humanized mouse technologies, we present a novel model for spontaneous multiorgan metastasis by MSI-H CRC, in which the clinically observed organ site-dependent benefit of ICB is recapitulated. Moreover, we provide empirical evidence for a critical role for B cells in the generation of site-dependent antitumor immunity following anti-CTLA-4 treatment. High levels of immunosuppressive cytokines in ascites may underlie the observed resistance of peritoneal metastases to ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Küçükköse
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Balthasar A Heesters
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University Faculty of Science, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julien Villaudy
- J&S Preclinical Solutions, Oss, The Netherlands,AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André Verheem
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Sylvia F Boj
- Hubrecht Organoid Technology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J A Punt
- Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine M L Roodhart
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hergen Spits
- AIMM Therapeutics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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5
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Laoukili J, van Schelven S, Küçükköse E, Verheem A, Goey K, Koopman M, Borel Rinkes I, Kranenburg O. BRAF V600E in colorectal cancer reduces sensitivity to oxidative stress and promotes site-specific metastasis by stimulating glutathione synthesis. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111728. [PMID: 36450250 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of BRAFV600E in colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with a higher chance of distant metastasis. Oxidative stress in disseminated tumor cells limits metastatic capacity. To study the relationship between BRAFV600E, sensitivity to oxidative stress, and metastatic capacity in CRC, we use patient-derived organoids (PDOs) and tissue samples. BRAFV600E tumors and PDOs express high levels of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis. Deletion of GCL in BRAFV600E PDOs strongly reduces their capacity to form distant liver and lung metastases but does not affect peritoneal metastasis outgrowth. Vice versa, the glutathione precursor N-acetyl-cysteine promotes organ-site-specific metastasis in the liver and the lungs but not in the peritoneum. BRAFV600E confers resistance to pharmacologically induced oxidative stress in vitro, which is partially overcome by treatment with the BRAF-inhibitor vemurafenib. We conclude that GCL-driven glutathione synthesis protects BRAFV600E-expressing tumors from oxidative stress during distant metastasis to the liver and the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Laoukili
- Lab Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-228, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Susanne van Schelven
- Lab Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-228, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emre Küçükköse
- Lab Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-228, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - André Verheem
- Lab Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-228, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kaitlyn Goey
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inne Borel Rinkes
- Lab Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-228, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Lab Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, G04-228, PO Box 85500, 3508GA Utrecht, the Netherlands; Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Küçükköse E, Peters NA, Ubink I, van Keulen VAM, Daghighian R, Verheem A, Laoukili J, Kranenburg O. KIT promotes tumor stroma formation and counteracts tumor-suppressive TGFβ signaling in colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:617. [PMID: 35842424 PMCID: PMC9288482 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05078-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Expression profiling has identified four consensus molecular subtypes (CMS1-4) in colorectal cancer (CRC). The receptor tyrosine kinase KIT has been associated with the most aggressive subtype, CMS4. However, it is unclear whether, and how, KIT contributes to the aggressive features of CMS4 CRC. Here, we employed genome-editing technologies in patient-derived organoids (PDOs) to study KIT function in CRC in vitro and in vivo. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of the KIT gene caused a partial mesenchymal-to-epithelial phenotype switch and a strong reduction of intra-tumor stromal content. Vice versa, overexpression of KIT caused a partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal phenotype switch, a strong increase of intra-tumor stromal content, and high expression of TGFβ1. Surprisingly, the levels of phosphorylated SMAD2 were significantly lower in KIT-expressing versus KIT-deficient tumor cells. In vitro analyses showed that TGFβ signaling in PDOs limits their regenerative capacity. Overexpression of KIT prevented tumor-suppressive TGFβ signaling, while KIT deletion sensitized PDOs to TGFβ-mediated growth inhibition. Mechanistically, we found that KIT expression caused a strong reduction in the expression of SMAD2, a central mediator of canonical TGFβ signaling. We propose that KIT induces a pro-fibrotic tumor microenvironment by stimulating TGFβ expression, and protects the tumor cells from tumor-suppressive TGFβ signaling by inhibiting SMAD2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Küçükköse
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niek A. Peters
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Ubink
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Veere A. M. van Keulen
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roxanna Daghighian
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - André Verheem
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- grid.7692.a0000000090126352Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Laoukili J, Constantinides A, Wassenaar ECE, Elias SG, Raats DAE, van Schelven SJ, van Wettum J, Volckmann R, Koster J, Huitema ADR, Nienhuijs SW, de Hingh IHJT, Wiezer RJ, van Grevenstein HMU, Rinkes IHMB, Boerma D, Kranenburg O. Peritoneal metastases from colorectal cancer belong to Consensus Molecular Subtype 4 and are sensitised to oxaliplatin by inhibiting reducing capacity. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1824-1833. [PMID: 35194192 PMCID: PMC9174226 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-022-01742-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Peritoneal metastases (PM) in colorectal cancer (CRC) are associated with therapy resistance and poor survival. Oxaliplatin monotherapy is widely applied in the intraperitoneal treatment of PM, but fails to yield clinical benefit. We aimed to identify the mechanism(s) underlying PM resistance to oxaliplatin and to develop strategies overcoming such resistance. Experimental design We generated a biobank consisting of 35 primary tumour regions and 59 paired PM from 12 patients. All samples were analysed by RNA sequencing. We also generated a series of PM-derived organoid (PMDO) cultures and used these to design and test strategies to overcome resistance to oxaliplatin. Results PM displayed various hallmarks of aggressive CRC biology. The vast majority of PM and paired primary tumours belonged to the Consensus Molecular Subtype 4 (CMS4). PMDO cultures were resistant to oxaliplatin and expressed high levels of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLC) causing detoxification of oxaliplatin through glutathione synthesis. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of GCLC sensitised PMDOs to a 1-h exposure to oxaliplatin, through increased platinum-DNA adduct formation. Conclusions These results link oxaliplatin resistance of colorectal PM to their CMS4 status and high reducing capacity. Inhibiting the reducing capacity of PM may be an effective strategy to overcome PM resistance to oxaliplatin. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Laoukili
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Emma C E Wassenaar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G Elias
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle A E Raats
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne J van Schelven
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan van Wettum
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Volckmann
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Oncogenomics, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin D R Huitema
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University Medical Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Pharmacology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon W Nienhuijs
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ignace H J T de Hingh
- Department of Surgery, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, GROW, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - René J Wiezer
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Djamila Boerma
- Department of Surgery, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands. .,Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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8
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Poghosyan S, Frenkel N, Lentzas A, Laoukili J, Rinkes IB, Kranenburg O, Hagendoorn J. Loss of Neuropilin-2 in Murine Mesenchymal-like Colon Cancer Organoids Causes Mesenchymal-to-Epithelial Transition and an Acquired Dependency on Insulin-Receptor Signaling and Autophagy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030671. [PMID: 35158941 PMCID: PMC8833430 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Many cancer types are reported to have high lymphangiogenic receptor Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2) expression, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Nrp2 is shown to be associated with tumor progression in vivo and poor prognosis in CRC patients. Although the role of Nrp2 is well established in lymphangiogenesis, the tumor cell-intrinsic role of Nrp2 remains elusive. Here, we employed murine CRC tumor-derived mesenchymal-like organoids to induce Nrp2 depletion. We demonstrate that Nrp2 deletion in CRC organoids results in a drastically altered phenotype that is characterized by mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), and an acquired dependency on IR signaling and autophagy. This phenotype is preserved in subcutaneous tumors generated by CRC organoids. We conclude that there is a complex interaction between Nrp2 and alternative pro-survival mechanisms in aggressive CRC, which could be therapeutically exploited. Abstract Neuropilin-2 (Nrp2), an important regulator of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, has been associated with progression in colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the tumor cell-intrinsic role of Nrp2 in cancer progression is incompletely understood. To address this question, we employed CRISPR-Cas9 technology to generate Nrp2-knockout organoids derived from murine CRC tumors with a mesenchymal phenotype. Transcriptome profiling and tumor tissue analysis showed that Nrp2 loss resulted in mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET), which was accompanied with restored polarity and tight junction stabilization. Signaling pathway analysis revealed that Nrp2-knockout organoids acquire de novo dependency on insulin receptor (IR) signaling and autophagy as alternative survival mechanisms. Combined inhibition of IR signaling and autophagy prevented the stabilization of cell-cell junctions, reduced metabolic activity, and caused profound cell death in Nrp2-knockout organoids. Collectively, the data demonstrate a key role for Nrp2 in maintaining the aggressive phenotype and survival of tumor-derived CRC organoids. The identified connection between Nrp2, insulin receptor signaling and autophagy may guide the development of novel combination-treatment strategies for aggressive CRC.
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9
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Küçükköse E, Wensink GE, Roelse CM, van Schelven SJ, Raats DAE, Boj SF, Koopman M, Laoukili J, Roodhart JML, Kranenburg O. Mismatch Repair Status in Patient-Derived Colorectal Cancer Organoids Does Not Affect Intrinsic Tumor Cell Sensitivity to Systemic Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5434. [PMID: 34771595 PMCID: PMC8582471 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) is associated with poor survival and a poor response to systemic treatment. However, it is unclear whether dMMR results in a tumor cell-intrinsic state of treatment resistance, or whether alternative mechanisms play a role. To address this, we generated a cohort of MMR-proficient and -deficient Patient-Derived Organoids (PDOs) and tested their response to commonly used drugs in the treatment of mCRC, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), oxaliplatin, SN-38, binimetinib, encorafenib, and cetuximab. MMR status did not correlate with the response of PDOs to any of the drugs tested. In contrast, the presence of activating mutations in the KRAS and BRAF oncogenes was significantly associated with resistance to chemotherapy and sensitivity to drugs targeting oncogene-activated pathways. We conclude that mutant KRAS and BRAF impact the intrinsic sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapy and targeted therapy. By contrast, tumor cell-extrinsic mechanisms-for instance signals derived from the microenvironment-must underlie the association of MMR status with therapy response. Future drug screens on rationally chosen cohorts of PDOs have great potential in developing tailored therapies for specific CRC subtypes including, but not restricted to, those defined by BRAF/KRAS and MMR status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Küçükköse
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (C.M.R.); (S.J.v.S.); (D.A.E.R.); (J.L.)
| | - G. Emerens Wensink
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.E.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Celine M. Roelse
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (C.M.R.); (S.J.v.S.); (D.A.E.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Susanne J. van Schelven
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (C.M.R.); (S.J.v.S.); (D.A.E.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Daniëlle A. E. Raats
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (C.M.R.); (S.J.v.S.); (D.A.E.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Sylvia F. Boj
- Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Miriam Koopman
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.E.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (C.M.R.); (S.J.v.S.); (D.A.E.R.); (J.L.)
| | - Jeanine M. L. Roodhart
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (C.M.R.); (S.J.v.S.); (D.A.E.R.); (J.L.)
- Division of Imaging and Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (G.E.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, Division of Imaging and Cancer, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands; (E.K.); (C.M.R.); (S.J.v.S.); (D.A.E.R.); (J.L.)
- Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Frenkel N, Poghosyan S, Alarcón CR, García SB, Queiroz K, van den Bent L, Laoukili J, Rinkes IB, Vulto P, Kranenburg O, Hagendoorn J. Long-Lived Human Lymphatic Endothelial Cells to Study Lymphatic Biology and Lymphatic Vessel/Tumor Coculture in a 3D Microfluidic Model. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 7:3030-3042. [PMID: 34185991 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lymphatic system is essential in maintaining tissue fluid homeostasis as well as antigen and immune cell transport to lymph nodes. Moreover, lymphatic vasculature plays an important role in various pathological processes, such as cancer. Fundamental to this research field are representative in vitro models. Here we present a microfluidic lymphatic vessel model to study lymphangiogenesis and its interaction with colon cancer organoids using a newly developed lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) line. We generated immortalized human LECs by lentiviral transduction of human telomerase (hTERT) and BMI-1 expression cassettes into primary LECs. Immortalized LECs showed an increased growth potential, reduced senescence, and elongated lifespan with maintenance of typical LEC morphology and marker expression for over 12 months while remaining nontransformed. Immortalized LECs were introduced in a microfluidic chip, comprising a free-standing extracellular matrix, where they formed a perfusable vessel-like structure against the extracellular matrix. A gradient of lymphangiogenic factors over the extracellular matrix gel induced the formation of luminated sprouts. Adding mouse colon cancer organoids adjacent to the lymphatic vessel resulted in a stable long-lived coculture model in which cancer cell-induced lymphangiogenesis and cancer cell motility can be investigated. Thus, the development of a stable immortalized lymphatic endothelial cell line in a membrane-free, perfused microfluidic chip yields a highly standardized lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vessel-tumor cell coculture assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Frenkel
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna Poghosyan
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen Rubio Alarcón
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Lotte van den Bent
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Inne Borel Rinkes
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Vulto
- Mimetas BV, JH Oortweg 19, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hagendoorn
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584CX, The Netherlands
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11
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van der Waals LM, Laoukili J, Jongen JMJ, Raats DA, Borel Rinkes IHM, Kranenburg O. Differential anti-tumour effects of MTH1 inhibitors in patient-derived 3D colorectal cancer cultures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:819. [PMID: 30692572 PMCID: PMC6349914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as second messengers in signal transduction, but high ROS levels can also cause cell death. MTH1 dephosphorylates oxidized nucleotides, thereby preventing their incorporation into DNA and protecting tumour cells from oxidative DNA damage. Inhibitors of MTH1 (TH588 and (S)-crizotinib) were shown to reduce cancer cell viability. However, the MTH1-dependency of the anti-cancer effects of these drugs has recently been questioned. Here, we have assessed anti-tumour effects of TH588 and (S)-crizotinib in patient-derived 3D colorectal cancer cultures. Hypoxia and reoxygenation – conditions that increase intracellular ROS levels – increased sensitivity to (S)-crizotinib, but not to TH588. (S)-crizotinib reduced tyrosine phosphorylation of c-MET and ErbB3 whereas TH588 induced a mitotic cell cycle arrest, which was not affected by adding ROS-modulating compounds. Furthermore, we show that both compounds induced DNA damage that could not be prevented by adding the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Moreover, adding ROS-modulating compounds did not alter the reduction in viability in response to TH588 and (S)-crizotinib. We conclude that TH588 and (S)-crizotinib have very clear and distinct anti-tumour effects in 3D colorectal cancer cultures, but that these effects most likely occur through distinct and ROS-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizet M van der Waals
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer M J Jongen
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle A Raats
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Laboratory Translational Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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van der Waals LM, Jongen JMJ, Elias SG, Veremiyenko K, Trumpi K, Trinh A, Laoukili J, Ubink I, Schenning-van Schelven SJ, van Diest PJ, Borel Rinkes IHM, Kranenburg O. Increased Levels of Oxidative Damage in Liver Metastases Compared with Corresponding Primary Colorectal Tumors: Association with Molecular Subtype and Prior Treatment. Am J Pathol 2018; 188:2369-2377. [PMID: 30031728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
High levels of oxidative stress in disseminated colorectal cancer tumor cells may form a therapeutically exploitable vulnerability. However, it is unclear whether oxidative stress and damage persist in metastases. Therefore, we analyzed markers of oxidative damage in primary colorectal tumors and their corresponding liver metastases. Markers of generic and oxidative DNA damage [phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)] were significantly higher in liver metastases compared with their corresponding primary tumors. Chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy before tumor resection was associated with increased persistent oxidative DNA damage, and this effect was more pronounced in metastases. Immunohistochemistry-based molecular classification into epithelial- and mesenchymal-like molecular subtypes revealed that untreated mesenchymal-like tumors contained lower levels of oxidative DNA damage compared with epithelial-like tumors. Treated mesenchymal-like tumors, but not epithelial-like tumors, showed significantly higher levels of γH2AX and 8-OHdG. Mesenchymal-like tumors expressed significantly lower levels of phosphorylated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, a master regulator of the antioxidant response, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-controlled genes. Of interest, a positive 8-OHdG status identified a subgroup of mesenchymal-like metastases with a poor overall survival. An increased capacity to tolerate therapy-induced oxidative damage in mesenchymal-like colorectal cancer may explain, at least in part, the poor responsiveness of these tumors to chemotherapy, which could contribute to the poor survival of this patient subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizet M van der Waals
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jennifer M J Jongen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd G Elias
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kateryna Veremiyenko
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Kari Trumpi
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Trinh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inge Ubink
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne J Schenning-van Schelven
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Inne H M Borel Rinkes
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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13
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Borovski T, Vellinga TT, Laoukili J, Santo EE, Fatrai S, van Schelven S, Verheem A, Marvin DL, Ubink I, Borel Rinkes IHM, Kranenburg O. Inhibition of RAF1 kinase activity restores apicobasal polarity and impairs tumour growth in human colorectal cancer. Gut 2017; 66:1106-1115. [PMID: 27670374 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related death. Novel therapeutics are urgently needed, especially for tumours with activating mutations in KRAS (∼40%). Here we investigated the role of RAF1 in CRC, as a potential, novel target. METHODS Colonosphere cultures were established from human tumour specimens obtained from patients who underwent colon or liver resection for primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma. The role of RAF1 was tested by generating knockdowns (KDs) using three independent shRNA constructs or by using RAF1-kinase inhibitor GW5074. Clone-initiating and tumour-initiating capacities were assessed by single-cell cloning and injecting CRC cells into immune-deficient mice. Expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins, localisation of polarity proteins and activation of MEK-ERK pathway was analysed by western blot, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. RESULTS KD or pharmacological inhibition of RAF1 significantly decreased clone-forming and tumour-forming capacity of all CRC cultures tested, including KRAS-mutants. This was not due to cytotoxicity but, at least in part, to differentiation of tumour cells into goblet-like cells. Inhibition of RAF1-kinase activity restored apicobasal polarity and the formation of TJs in vitro and in vivo, without reducing MEK-ERK phosphorylation. MEK-inhibition failed to restore polarity and TJs. Moreover, RAF1-impaired tumours were characterised by normalised tissue architecture. CONCLUSIONS RAF1 plays a critical role in maintaining the transformed phenotype of CRC cells, including those with mutated KRAS. The effects of RAF1 are kinase-dependent, but MEK-independent. Despite the lack of activating mutations in RAF1, its kinase domain is an attractive therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Borovski
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas T Vellinga
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evan E Santo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Szabolcs Fatrai
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andre Verheem
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieuwke L Marvin
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Ubink
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Onno Kranenburg
- Cancer Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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14
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Emmink B, Laoukili J, Kipp A, Govaert K, Fatrai S, Verheem A, Brigelius-Flohe R, Jimenez C, Borel Rinkes I, Kranenburg O. Abstract 3773: Intestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPx2) promotes differentiation of colorectal cancer stem cells by modulating the rate of protein synthesis. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Primary colorectal tumors and liver metastases can be established in vitro as colonosphere cultures. These 3D cultures are enriched in cancer stem cells (CSCs) and create phenocopies of the original patient tumor upon transplantation into mice. We have performed proteomics analysis of a series of colonosphere cultures and show high expression of the Wnt-target gene intestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPx2). GPx2 is a member of the GPx family of ROS scavenging enzymes but its function in colorectal cancer is not known. Excess oxidative damage in normal and cancer stem cell (SC) populations can lead to (C)SC exhaustion. Therefore, we tested whether GPx2 may play a role in colorectal CSC maintenance. We found that GPx2 is predominantly expressed by differentiated tumor cells in human colorectal tumors. A construct in which the GPx2-promoter drives GFP expression revealed that GPx2high cells express differentiation markers and proliferate rapidly, while GPx2low cells express stem cell markers (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, OLFM4) and proliferate slowly. To study the function of GPX2 in CSC maintenance we generated GPx2 knockdown (kd) cultures. Depletion of GPX2 greatly increased the fraction of immature CSCs and inhibited cellular differentiation. GPx2-kd cells formed slowly growing tumors with high CSC content, while GPx2 overexpression resulted in the formation of rapidly proliferating well-differentiated tumors with low CSC content. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) using gene expression profiles of two independent series of colorectal tumors showed that GPx2 expression was inversely correlated with published gene signatures for immature cells (Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2 target genes) and for cell proliferation. Low expression of GPx2 also correlated with poor patient survival. To explore how GPX2 affects CSC maintenance we performed gene ontology analyses and found that GPx2 expression is most strongly correlated with genes governing protein synthesis. GPx2 knockdown resulted in strongly reduced ribosomal gene expression and reduced protein synthesis. Strikingly, chronic cycloheximide-mediated suppression of protein synthesis in colonosphere cultures also increased the pool of slow-cycling CSCs, similar to GPx2 knockdown. Taken together, our results identify the rate of protein synthesis as a critical new determinant of the CSC phenotype. By stimulating protein synthesis GPx2 drives the differentiation, proliferation and exhaustion of colorectal CSCs. Complete elucidation of this pathway may identify targets for differentiation-stimulating anti-cancer therapy.
Citation Format: Benjamin Emmink, Jamila Laoukili, Anna Kipp, Klaas Govaert, Szabolcs Fatrai, Andre Verheem, Regina Brigelius-Flohe, Connie Jimenez, Inne Borel Rinkes, Onno Kranenburg. Intestinal glutathione peroxidase (GPx2) promotes differentiation of colorectal cancer stem cells by modulating the rate of protein synthesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3773. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3773
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Kipp
- 2German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Klaas Govaert
- 1University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Andre Verheem
- 1University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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15
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Alvarez-Fernández M, Halim VA, Aprelia M, Laoukili J, Mohammed S, Medema RH. Protein phosphatase 2A (B55α) prevents premature activation of forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 by antagonizing cyclin A/cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.a111.253724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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16
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Alvarez-Fernández M, Halim VA, Aprelia M, Laoukili J, Mohammed S, Medema RH. Protein phosphatase 2A (B55α) prevents premature activation of forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 by antagonizing cyclin A/cyclin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33029-36. [PMID: 21813648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 controls expression of a large number of genes that are specifically expressed during the G(2) phase of the cell cycle. Throughout most of the cell cycle, FoxM1 activity is restrained by an autoinhibitory mechanism, involving a repressor domain present in the N-terminal part of the protein. Activation of FoxM1 in G(2) is achieved by Cyclin A/Cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)-mediated phosphorylation, which alleviates autoinhibition by the N-terminal repressor domain. Here, we show that FoxM1 interacts with B55α, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). B55α binds the catalytic subunit of PP2A, and this promotes dephosphorylation and inactivation of FoxM1. Indeed, we find that overexpression of B55α results in decreased FoxM1 activity. Inversely, depletion of B55α results in premature activation of FoxM1. The activation of FoxM1 that is observed upon depletion of B55α is fully dependent on Cyclin A/Cdk-mediated phosphorylation of FoxM1. Taken together, these data demonstrate that B55α acts to antagonize Cyclin A/Cdk-dependent activation of FoxM1, to ensure that FoxM1 activity is restricted to the G(2) phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Alvarez-Fernández
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Genomics Centre, UMC Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Stratenum 2.118, Utrecht 3584 CG, The Netherlands
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17
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Huang S, Laoukili J, Epping MT, Koster J, Hölzel M, Westerman BA, Nijkamp W, Hata A, Asgharzadeh S, Seeger RC, Versteeg R, Beijersbergen RL, Bernards R. ZNF423 is critically required for retinoic acid-induced differentiation and is a marker of neuroblastoma outcome. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:328-40. [PMID: 19345331 PMCID: PMC2693316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 01/20/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Retinoids play key roles in differentiation, growth arrest, and apoptosis and are increasingly being used in the clinic for the treatment of a variety of cancers, including neuroblastoma. Here, using a large-scale RNA interference-based genetic screen, we identify ZNF423 (also known as Ebfaz, OAZ, or Zfp423) as a component critically required for retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation. ZNF423 associates with the RARalpha/RXRalpha nuclear receptor complex and is essential for transactivation in response to retinoids. Downregulation of ZNF423 expression by RNA interference in neuroblastoma cells results in a growth advantage and resistance to RA-induced differentiation, whereas overexpression of ZNF423 leads to growth inhibition and enhanced differentiation. Finally, we show that low ZNF423 expression is associated with poor disease outcome in neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidong Huang
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 512 1952, fax: +31 20 512 1954
| | - Jamila Laoukili
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam T. Epping
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 512 1952, fax: +31 20 512 1954
| | - Jan Koster
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Hölzel
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 512 1952, fax: +31 20 512 1954
| | - Bart A. Westerman
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Center for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 512 1952, fax: +31 20 512 1954
| | - Wouter Nijkamp
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 512 1952, fax: +31 20 512 1954
| | - Akiko Hata
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Robert C. Seeger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles and Saban Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Rogier Versteeg
- Department of Human Genetics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick L. Beijersbergen
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 512 1952, fax: +31 20 512 1954
| | - René Bernards
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Center for Biomedical Genetics and Cancer Genomics Center, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands, telephone: +31 20 512 1952, fax: +31 20 512 1954
- Corresponding author;
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18
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Abstract
The Forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 is required for the timely expression of many mitotic regulators, such as Cyclin B, Plk1, Aurora B and Cdc25B.(1-3) For this, FoxM1 is specifically activated in G(2) phase through Cyclin A/cdk2-dependent phosphorylation.(4-6) However, it is currently unclear how FoxM1 activity is removed as cells complete mitosis, and need to shut down expression of the mitotic regulators that are transcriptional targets of FoxM1. Here, we demonstrate that FoxM1 is actively degraded during exit from mitosis by the APC/C. We find that FoxM1 degradation requires Cdh1, a known co-factor for APC/C that is responsible for degradation of many mitotic regulators from anaphase until early G(1). FoxM1 binds to Cdh1, and FoxM1 degradation involves both D- and KEN-boxes present in the N-terminal part of FoxM1. Based on these data we propose that Cdh1-dependent degradation of FoxM1 is required to shut down transcriptional activation of mitotic regulators during exit from mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Laoukili
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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19
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Laoukili J, Stahl M, Medema RH. FoxM1: at the crossroads of ageing and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1775:92-102. [PMID: 17014965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Forkhead transcription factors are intimately involved in the regulation of organismal development, cell differentiation and proliferation. Here we review the current knowledge of the role played by FoxM1 in these various processes. This particular member of the Forkhead family is broadly expressed in actively dividing cells and is crucial for cell cycle-dependent gene expression in the G2 phase of the cell cycle. FoxM1 plays a crucial role in insuring the fidelity of the cell division process, as inhibition of FoxM1 activity results in serious aberrancies during mitosis, such as frequent chromosome missegregation, defects in cytokinesis and overt aneuploidy. FoxM1 expression also appears to be tightly correlated with the proliferative rate of a cell. For example, FoxM1 is one of the most significantly down-regulated genes in prematurely aged human fibroblasts (Progeria syndrome), while elevated expression of FoxM1 is seen in most human carcinomas. These observations suggest that interference with FoxM1 activity may contribute to the increase in mitotic errors seen in human diseases such as cancer and early onset of ageing diseases. In this review, several aspects of FoxM1 function will be discussed, as well as their implication in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Laoukili
- Department of Medical Oncology, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Universiteitsweg 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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20
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Laoukili J, Kooistra MRH, Brás A, Kauw J, Kerkhoven RM, Morrison A, Clevers H, Medema RH. FoxM1 is required for execution of the mitotic programme and chromosome stability. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7:126-36. [PMID: 15654331 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 621] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2004] [Accepted: 12/14/2004] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional induction of cell-cycle regulatory proteins ensures proper timing of subsequent cell-cycle events. Here we show that the Forkhead transcription factor FoxM1 regulates expression of many G2-specific genes and is essential for chromosome stability. Loss of FoxM1 leads to pleiotropic cell-cycle defects, including a delay in G2, chromosome mis-segregation and frequent failure of cytokinesis. We show that transcriptional activation of cyclin B by FoxM1 is essential for timely mitotic entry, whereas CENP-F, another direct target of FoxM1 identified here, is essential for precise functioning of the mitotic spindle checkpoint. Thus, our data uncover a transcriptional cluster regulated by FoxM1 that is essential for proper mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila Laoukili
- Division of Molecular Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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21
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Laoukili J, Perret E, Willems T, Minty A, Parthoens E, Houcine O, Coste A, Jorissen M, Marano F, Caput D, Tournier F. IL-13 alters mucociliary differentiation and ciliary beating of human respiratory epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2001; 108:1817-24. [PMID: 11748265 PMCID: PMC209466 DOI: 10.1172/jci13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In animal models of asthma, interleukin-13 (IL-13) induces goblet cell metaplasia, eosinophil infiltration of the bronchial mucosa, and bronchial hyperreactivity, but the basis of its effects on airway epithelia remain unknown. Lesions of the epithelial barrier, frequently observed in asthma and other chronic lung inflammatory diseases, are repaired through proliferation, migration, and differentiation of epithelial cells. An inflammatory process may then, therefore, influence epithelial regeneration. We have thus investigated the effect of IL-13 on mucociliary differentiation of human nasal epithelial cells in primary culture. We show that IL-13 alters ciliated cell differentiation and increases the proportion of secretory cells. IL-13 downregulates the actin-binding protein ezrin and other cytoskeletal components. IL-13 also impairs lateral cell contacts and interferes with the apical localization of ezrin seen in differentiated ciliated cells. In addition, an IL-4 antagonistic mutant protein (Y124D), which binds to the IL-4 receptor alpha subunit, a common chain of IL-4 and IL-13 receptors, inhibits IL-13's effects. IL-13 also decreases ciliary beat frequency in a time- and dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that, in human allergic asthmatic responses, IL-13 affects both ciliated and secretory cell differentiation, leading to airway damage and obstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laoukili
- Laboratoire de Cytophysiologie et Toxicologie Cellulaire, Université Paris 7, Paris, France
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22
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Laoukili J, Perret E, Willems T, Minty A, Parthoens E, Houcine O, Coste A, Jorissen M, Marano F, Caput D, Tournier F. IL-13 alters mucociliary differentiation and ciliary beating of human respiratory epithelial cells. J Clin Invest 2001. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Laoukili J, Perret E, Middendorp S, Houcine O, Guennou C, Marano F, Bornens M, Tournier F. Differential expression and cellular distribution of centrin isoforms during human ciliated cell differentiation in vitro. J Cell Sci 2000; 113 ( Pt 8):1355-64. [PMID: 10725219 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113.8.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Centrin protein is an ubiquitously expressed cytoskeletal component and is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. It was first discovered in the flagellar apparatus of unicellular green algae where it is involved in contraction of Ca(2+)-sensitive structures. Centrin protein is associated with centrosome-related structures such as spindle pole body in yeast, and centriole/basal bodies in flagellar and ciliated cells. Three centrin genes have been cloned in human cells. In this work, we have performed a comparative biochemical and functional analysis of centrin isoforms using a primary culture of human nasal epithelial cells which provides an efficient way to obtain a complete ciliated cell differentiation process. RT-PCR experiments show that the expression of the three human centrin genes increases during cell differentiation, and that only centrin 2 and 3 are expressed during cell proliferation. Using polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant human centrin 2 and 3, we show a specific pattern of protein expression. Ultrastructural immunolocalization suggests that centrin proteins are involved in the early process of centriole assembly, as they are concentrated within the precursor structures of centriole/basal bodies. It also shows a differential localisation of centrin proteins in mature centriole/basal bodies, suggesting different functions for centrins 1/2 and centrin 3. This is also supported by functional analyses showing that centrin 1 and/or centrin 2 are involved in ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Laoukili
- Laboratoire de Cytophysiologie et Toxicologie Cellulaire, Université Paris 7, France
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24
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Million K, Larcher J, Laoukili J, Bourguignon D, Marano F, Tournier F. Polyglutamylation and polyglycylation of alpha- and beta-tubulins during in vitro ciliated cell differentiation of human respiratory epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 1999; 112 ( Pt 23):4357-66. [PMID: 10564653 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.112.23.4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tubulins are the major proteins within centriolar and axonemal structures. In all cell types studied so far, numerous alpha- and beta-tubulin isoforms are generated both by expression of a multigenic family and various post-translational modifications. We have developed a primary culture of human nasal epithelial cells where the ciliated cell differentiation process has been observed and quantified. We have used this system to study several properties concerning polyglutamylation and polyglycylation of tubulin. GT335, a monoclonal antibody directed against glutamylated tubulins, stained the centriole/basal bodies and the axonemes of ciliated cells, and the centrioles of non-ciliated cells. By contrast, axonemal but not centriolar tubulins were polyglycylated. Several polyglutamylated and polyglycylated tubulin isotypes were detected by two-dimensional electrophoresis, using GT335 and a specific monoclonal antibody (TAP952) directed against short polyglycyl chains. Immunoelectron microscopy experiments revealed that polyglycylation only affected axonemal tubulin. Using the same technical approach, polyglutamylation was shown to be an early event in the centriole assembly process, as gold particles were detected in fibrogranular material corresponding to the first cytoplasmic structures involved in centriologenesis. In a functional assay, GT335 and TAP952 had a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on ciliary beat frequency. TAP952 had only a weak effect while GT335 treatment led to a total arrest of beating. These results strongly suggest that in human ciliated epithelial cells, tubulin polyglycylation has only a structural role in cilia axonemes, while polyglutamylation may have a function both in centriole assembly and in cilia activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Million
- Laboratoire Cytophysiologie et Toxicologie Cellulaire, Université Paris 7, 75251 Paris cedex 05, France
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25
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Abstract
Primary cultures of rabbit tracheal epithelial (RbTE) cells have been performed in two different ways. Quantitative analysis of both proliferative capacities and ciliated differentiation process were carried out using epithelial cell cultures from tracheal explants and from dissociated tracheal epithelial cells in air-liquid interface conditions. We show that both alpha- and beta-tubulins from RbTE cells are polyglutamylated and that this posttranslational modification is restricted to cilia axonemes and centrioles of non-ciliated cells. A monoclonal antibody raised against polyglutamylated tubulins was used to quantify the proportion of ciliated cells. Even though epithelial cells from outgrowths obtained by the explant technique highly proliferated during the first days of culture, no ciliated differentiation occurred. On the other hand, using air-liquid interface conditions after proliferation of dissociated cells, we could observe and quantify a ciliated cell differentiation in vitro by both Western blot and flow cytometric analysis. The specific detection and quantification of ciliated cells open the way for the biochemical and molecular characterization of centriolar components during ciliated differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tournier
- Laboratoire de Cytophysiologie et Toxicologie Cellulaire, Université Paris 7, France.
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